DYNAMICS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Guided By:-
Anisha Ekka
 CONTENTS

Sl. Name of the Date of the Date of the Remarks

No. Experiment Experiment Submission
01 To visualize the working 10/06/2021 10/06/2021
and effect of speed
change of Hartnell
governor through
simulation.

02 To visualise the working 24/06/2021 24/06/21

and effect of porter
governor through
simulation
Experiment 1 Date:-03/06/2021

AIM-
To visualize the working and effect of speed change of Hartnell governor through
simulation.

Materials required -hartnell governor

THEORY-

CONSTRUCTION

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Hartnell governor is spring controlled governor.Two bell crank levers, each carrying a
ball at one end and a roller on the other end. The roller fits into a groove in the
sleeve. The frame is attached to the governor spindle and hence rotates with it. A
helical spring in compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers
through a collar on the sleeve. With increase in speed, the radius of rotation of balls
increases and rollers lift the sleeve against the spring force. With decrease in speed,
sleeves move downwards with the spring force. The movement of this sleeve is
transferred to the throttle valve.The spring force may be adjusted by screwing a nut
up or down on the sleeve.With the spring force adjustment, we can change the
Engine normal operating speed (Equilibrium speed). This is the one advantage of the
spring-loaded Governors over the deadweight governors.
This governor can also work at higher engine speeds as like the dead weight
governors. This governor is much more compact in design than the dead weight
governors.

This is how the Hartnell Governor works to govern the fuel supply and regulate the
mean speed of the engine when there is a variation in the load. And this Governor is
capable of adjusting the engine nominal speed.

MINIMUM POSITION MAXIMUM POSITION

EQUATIONS INVOLVED-

Mass of each ball (kg)

Mass of central load (N)

Height of gove rnor (m)

Minimum radius of rotation (m)

Maximum radius of rotation (m)

Angular speed of the governor at minimum radius (rad/s)

Angular speed of the governor at maximum radius (rad/s)

Spring force e xerted on the sleeve at (N)

Spring force exerted on the sleeve at (N)

Centrifugal force at (N)

Centrifugal force at (N)

Stiffness of the spring or the force required to compress the spring by a unit
distance

Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever (m)

Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever (m)

Distance of fulcrum from the governor axis or the radius of rotation when the the
governor is in mid-position (m)

The stiffness of the spring is obtained as:

OBSERVATION

TABLE FOR MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM :

sSl. No. Mass in Minimum Maximum Stiffness Lift of

kg position position in N/mm sleeves in
mm
1 1 365 399 4.65 40

2 2 373 365 9.3 40

3 3 387 373 13.94 40

4 4 391 375 18.59 40

5 5 393 395 23.24 40

CALCULATION:

Constant parameters

X & Y = 90mm ω 1 = 38rad/s ω2 = 42rad/s

r= 90mm r1 = 70mm r2 = 110mm

Lift of the sleeve

h=(110-70)*90/90=40mm

Stiffness of spring

For mass 1 kg

2{[1*42*42*.11]}-{[1*38*38*.07]}/(110-70)

=4.65N/mm

For mass of 2 kg

2{[2*42*42*.11]}-{[2*38*38*.07]}/(110-70)

=9.3N/mm

CONCLUSION

We observe that when the mass of the ball increases the stiffness of spring also
increases.

We observed , when speed increases, the radius of rotation also increases.

 The lift of the sleeve depends on minimum radius of rotation, maximum radius of
rotation, length of the ball arm of the lever, length of the sleeve arm of the lever and
so here it is constant .

Power point
EXPERIMENT 2

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT -To visualize the working and effect of speed change of
porter governor through simulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-porter governor

THEORY-

Construction

principle

Porter governor is a dead weight type of gravity controlled centrifugal governor. The
centrifugal governor works on the principle of centrifugal force, which gets applicable
on the rotating balls. These balls are known as fly balls, which is attached to the
spindle through links. The balls rotate with a spindle which is rotated by the engine
through a bevel gear. The upper ends of the arms are pivoted to the spindle, so that
the balls may rise up or fall down as they revolve about the vertical axis. The arms
are connected by the links to a sleeve, which is keyed to the spindle. This sleeve
revolves with the spindle; but can slide up and down. The balls and the sleeve rises
when the spindle speed increases, and falls when the speed decreases. This
controls the throttle valve thus regulating the fuel intake of the engine, hence
controlling the speed. In Porter governor, fly balls are attached at the junction of two
links, central load is attached to the sleeve.
Equation used

m Mass of each ball (kg)

W Weight of each ball = m \times g (N)

M Mass of central load (N)

h Height of governor (m)

alpha Angle of inclination of the arm (rad)

beta Angle of inclination of the link (rad)

Observation -

Table for maximum and minimum

Sl no. Mass in kg Height in Speed in Speed in
mm rpm rad/sec
1 2 582.35 130 13.606
2 3 394.013 132 13.816
3 4 299.222 134 14.02
4 5 242.072 136 14.23
5 6 192.441 142 14.862

Calculation

m=2kg

M=20kg

N^2=m+M/m*895/h=2+20/2*895/582.35=272.25

N=16.5rpm

CONCLUSION

From the above experiment we observe that as the mass increases the
lift of the governor also increases

As the mass increases the speed also increases .

Power point