Governor, what is the governor?

A governor is an engine rpm-sensing device and high-pressure oil pump, it is used to sense the
speed of an aircraft engine and changes the propeller blade angle to maintain a selected RPM
regardless of the operational conditions of the aircraft. 
Parts of the governor
The propeller governor consists essentially of these parts, in the picture we can see a “gear pump”
this one is to increase the pressure of the engine oil to the pressure required for propeller operations,
then we have the “pilot valve” and the “flyweight”. So, the pilot valve actuated by the flyweights
which control the flow of oil through the governor

Then is the “speeder spring” that provides a mean by which the initial load on the pilot valve can be
changed through the “control lever” that is another part and that one is controlled by the pilot.

How does it work?

The gear drive shaft is connected directly to the engine, meaning it turns the same rpm as the engine
the governor responds to a change in engine rpm by directing oil under pressure to the propeller
hydraulic cylinder or by releasing oil from the hydraulic cylinder. The change in oil volume in the
hydraulic cylinder changes the blade angle and maintains the propeller system rpm. The governor is
set for a specific rpm via the cockpit propeller control, which compresses or releases the governor
speeder spring.
Conditions
We can have 3 operating conditions, these conditions are, underspeed, overspeed and onspeed
Underspeed: Airspeed is reduced and, since the pitch of the propeller blades is too high, the engines
start to slow down. But the instant this happens, the flyweights will droop, causing the pilot valves
to move down. Simultaneously, oil flows to the propellers, reducing the pitch of the blades. This
automatically increases the speed of the engines to maintain the original RPM setting.
Onspeed: This exists when the RPM is constant. Movement of the cockpit controls have set the
speeder springs at the desired RPM. The flyweights have positioned the pilot valves to direct oil
from or to the propellers. This, in turn, has positioned the propeller blades at a pitch that absorbs the
engine power at the RPM selected. When the movement of RPM balance occurs, the force of the
flyweights equals the speeder spring load. This positions the pilot valves in the constant RPM
position with no oil flowing to or from the propellers.
Overspeed: Airspeed increases. Since the pitch of the propeller blades is too low to absorb engine
power, the engine RPM begins to increase. However, the instant this happens, the flyweights move
out and raise the pilot valves. This, in turn, causes oil flow to flow from the propellers, increasing
the pitch of the blades. Engine speed then slows down to maintain the original RPM setting.