SYNCHRONIZING

OF

DIESEL GENERATOR

INTERNAL USE ONLY

1 © Wärtsilä

SYNCHRONISING
At the instance of opening the valve in hydraulic
circuit if the pressure difference across both sides
of the valve is ZERO;
• Fluid will not flow through it after opening.
P

At the instance of connecting two different sources,

if the potential difference between them is ZERO
• Current will not flow in between two sources
when they are paralleled.

INTERNAL USE ONLY

V
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 SYNCHRONISING
Basic
BasicRequirements
Requirements
Conditions to be checked on Incomer & Busbar
supply:
1 Check equal voltages

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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SYNCHRONISING

2 Check equal frequencies

1/ freq

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 SYNCHRONISING

3 Same phase sequence

G G

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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SYNCHRONISING

4 Sources in synchronism (Check for

synchronism)

Incomer 300 Ahead

Incomer
Busbar
INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 SYNCHRONISING

Incomer 600 Ahead

Incomer 1800 Ahead

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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SYNCHRONISING

Incomer 2700 Ahead

Sources in Synchronism

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 SYNCHRONISING
Recommended settings for synchroscope

• Difference in Voltage V 5%
• Difference in Phase Angle 10 deg
• Time Delay t 0.5 sec

INTERNAL USE ONLY

9 © Wärtsilä

SYNCHRONISING
Control system requirement

Compare magnitude & frequency and indicate

their relative status
Facilitate adjustment of voltage & frequency
Check for synchronism
Facilitate synchronising breaker closure
Isolate synchronising systems after breaker
closure

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 SYNCHRONISING
Operational requirement

• Maintain speed & voltage higher to prevent

reverse power & reverse kVAR trip.
• Neutral isolator condition to be checked. For
medium or low resistance grounding Neutral of
any one machine should be kept closed. This
precaution is taken to prevent earth fault relay
operation.
• It may be necessary to float all DG neutrals
during grid parallel operation.
INTERNAL USE ONLY

11 © Wärtsilä

SYNCHRONISING

Devices used

Double voltmeter
Double frequency meter
Synchroscope with check synchronising relay
Auto synchroniser
Programmable logic controllers

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 SYNCHRONISING
Synchronising First Time!
Employ ‘Phasing out’ techniques - using following.
A. On secondary side of PT
Phase Sequence Indicator
• Check phase sequence of existing source on
its PT
• Switch on incomer breaker on Dead Bus &
check phase sequence on the same Bus PT.
Multimeter
• Check Voltage across PT reference of two
sources while both PT’s have same primary
reference.
INTERNAL USE ONLY

13 © Wärtsilä

SYNCHRONISING
Lamp method / Analog Multimeter
• To be used for checking the wiring between
check synch relay & the point where phase
sequence & voltage reference have been
checked.
B. On HT side
HT phasing probes
By starting an AC motor whose direction of
rotation is already confirmed with an existing
source.
INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 Bus PT
Incomer
PT
G
V Breaker close

Fuel Increase
Decrease
Auto
Synchro- Excitation Increase
-niser Decrease

Breaker close

Fuel Increase
Decrease

PLC Excitation Increase

Decrease
INTERNAL USE ONLY
Breaker close

15 © Wärtsilä

PARALLEL OPERATION

OF

DIESEL GENERATOR

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 MODES OF OPERATION OF D.G. SETS

Mode of Operation
Control Options
Solo Island parallel Grid parallel
DG Load No Yes Yes
Total Plant Load No No Yes
Voltage Yes Yes No
Frequency Yes Yes No

INTERNAL USE ONLY

17 © Wärtsilä

MODES OF OPERATION OF D.G. SETS

Solo Mode
One set running independently

Island Parallel Mode

More than one set sharing common load and not
parallel with grid

Grid Parallel Mode

One or more sets in parallel with grid

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 GRID PARALLEL OPERATION
Stable Grid
– DG continues to supply kW & kVAR as set
initially

Unstable Grid
– kW decreases with increase in grid frequency
and vice versa
– kVAR decreases with increase in grid voltage
and vice versa

INTERNAL USE ONLY

19 © Wärtsilä

GRID PARALLEL OPERATION - kW & PF

Regulation
For Hydraulic Governors use kW regulator &
governor motor to adjust speed of engine to
maintain kW load.
Run electronic governors in kW mode.
For Analog AVR use kVAR / pf regulator to
adjust voltage of the alternator to maintain
the power factor and hence kVAR load.
Run Digital AVR in pf / kVAR mode.
PLC’s can also be used to maintain kW and
INTERNAL USE ONLY
kVAR
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 GRID PARALLEL OPERATION - Difficulties
Reverse power flow to grid, when
• Generation is more than demand
• Grid fails without physical isolation
Overload caused by transfer of grid share of
plant load on running DG’s
Over voltage due to leading power factor
caused by excess power factor improving
capacitors
INTERNAL USE ONLY

21 © Wärtsilä

GRID PARALLEL OPERATION - Solution to

Difficulties
Use of directional power relay and grid sensing
relay to sense grid failure and to,
Isolate grid
Deactivate regulators or
Bring governor & AVR back to Isochronous
or droop mode.
Isolate non essential loads
Isolate pf improving capacitors

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 GRID PARALLEL OPERATION
Most important !

Provide interlocks to prevent grid breaker

closure without synchronising when grid
supply resumes.

INTERNAL USE ONLY

23 © Wärtsilä

SPEED (VOLTAGE) DROOP

Speed (Voltage) droop is the reduction in Speed

(Voltage) from no load Speed (Voltage) to full load
Speed (Voltage). Expressed as percentage of
rated Speed (Voltage).

%DROOP = (NO LOAD VALUE - FULL LOAD VALUE) X 100

RATED VALUE

INTERNAL USE ONLY

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 ISLAND PARALLEL OPERATION
Relation between Droop and Load Sharing
Capacity Droop Load Sharing

Equal Equal Equal 1

Equal Unequal Lower droop - higher load

and vice versa
Unequal Equal Proportional to
2
capacity
Unequal Unequal Proportional to capacity &
inversely proportional to
droop
INTERNAL USE ONLY

25 © Wärtsilä

ISLAND PARALLEL OPERATION

Difficulties encountered
Variations in load sharing - engine or governor
response.
Change in speed droop in case of hydraulic
governors over a period of time due to
change in fuel / engine condition.
Difficulty to share to ‘derated’ capacity.
Fall in system frequency and voltage - droop
INTERNAL USE ONLY
characteristics

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 ISLAND PARALLEL OPERATION
How to overcome?
• Isochronous mode
• For hydraulic governor droop of one DG is
set near Zero.
• For electronic governor we can either select
Isochronous mode or we have to follow
the same procedure that
is used for hydraulic
governors.
• Using suitable control systems

INTERNAL USE ONLY

27 © Wärtsilä

Speed Droop

NOMINAL SPEED
OPERATING SPEED 48 Hz / 720
50 Hz / 750 RPM
RPM for 4%
droop
_______________________________
__ _ _
SPEED / FREQUENCY

0 100%
INTERNAL USE ONLY LOAD - %

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 LOAD SHARING BETWEEN TWO MACHINES
EQUAL RATINGS - DIFFERENT DROOPS

NOMINAL SPEED
OPERATING SPEED
50 Hz
49 ___________________________
48 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __
_ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
47 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __
M/c 1

LOAD
on M/c 2 M/c 2
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
LOAD ON M/c 1

0
0 100%
INTERNAL USE ONLY LOAD - %

29 © Wärtsilä

LOAD SHARING BETWEEN TWO MACHINES

DIFFERENT RATINGS - EQUAL DROOP

NOMINAL SPEED OPERATING SPEED 1

OPERATING SPEED 2
50 Hz
49 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
48 _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _|
____ _ _ _ _ _ _| __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
| | |
| | 4 MW | 6 MW
| | |
| | |
| | |
F | | |
R | | |
E | | |
Q | | |
U | | |
E | | |
N | | |
C LOAD ON 6MW | SET | |
Y AT OP. SP 1 | | |
| | |
LOA D ON 4MW | | |
SET A T OP.SP-1 | | |
| | |
LOAD ON 4 MW | SET | |
AT OP. SP - 2 | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
LOAD ON 6 MW | SET A T OP | SP - 2 |
| | |
INTERNAL USE ONLY ! ! !
0 2 MW 3 MW 4 MW 6 MW
4.5 MW
30 © Wärtsilä
LOAD

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