Ge 7: Science, Technology and Society: University of Eastern Philippines

Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar
Website: uep.educ.ph; Email: uepnsofficial@gmail.com
GE 7: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

First Semester, SY 2020 – 2021
Prepared and Compiled by:
RUTH L. SAYDE
PAULA MAE M. CAPARIC
JERICK BESALO
IRVIN MORALES
CAC, Part-Time Lecturers
NAME OF STUDENT: _______________________________________________________________

COURSE & YEAR: _________________________________________________________________
PROFESSOR: _____________________________________________________________________
UNIT-1 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 2- INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY………………………. 4

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………… 4
OUTCOMES ………………………………………………………………………………………... 4
1.0 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ………………………………………………………………… 4

LET’S TAKE A BREAK ………………………………………………………………………. 6
2.0 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS ………………………… 7

2.1 THREE NOTABLE SCIENTISTS ……………………………………………………….. 7
2.1.1. Nicolaus Copernicus …………………………………………………... 8
2.1.2. Charles Darwin …………………………………………………………. 10
2.1.3. Sigmund Freud …………………………………………………………. 11
LET’S TAKE A BREAK ………………………………………………………………..……12
3.0 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE ………………………………………………………….. 13

3.1. Development of Science in Mesoamerica……………………………………13
3.2. Development of Science in Asia ……………………………………………….14
3.3. Development of Science in Africa ……………………………………………. 16
LET’S TAKE A BREAK ……………………………………………………….…………… 17

Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………..17
Learning Task Assessment …………………………………………………………………..... 18
References ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Suggested Readings …………………………………………………………………………… 19
GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 2

UNIT 1
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS
IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

2
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION
Hello. Welcome back. How are you today?

I hope you are ready for Module 2!
Now, let us get started!
This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in
the heart of the society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society
is transformed by science and technology.
Here, we will discuss about scientific revolution and how it began. The names
might ring a bell to you, I know you have already discussed them in high school but
we will still discuss Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. These
men had greatly contributed to scientific revolution. Of course, we will discuss about
the development of early science and technology throughout civilizations particularly
in Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa.
OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud

contributed to the spark of scientific revolution; and
 analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like
in Latin America, East Asia, Middles East, and Africa.
Now, let us properly begin our discussion on Intellectual Revolutions

that defined Society.
1.0 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic
explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical

study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic
observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study,

or body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural
and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both
knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding
of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with the people’s lives.
The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 th

century up to the 18th century in Europe. Why in Europe? It is because the invention of
the printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities done in various place of
learning, and the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests.
What is scientific revolution?
• The period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of

mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature.
• It explained the emergence or birth of modern science.
• The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink,
and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life.
• It is the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was
a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful
death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their
faith, religion, and theological views.
Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of
scientists. However, this does not stop scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural
and physical world.
Figure 1. Influence to Scientific Revolution

Scientific revolution is very important in the development of human beings,

transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. It significantly
improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. It
also led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the
establishment of a strong foundation for modern science. It transformed the natural
world and the world of ideas.
Okay! Take a deep breath and sharpen your

pencil for the learning exercise below.
LET’S TAKE A BREAK!
Learning Exercise #1
1. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific activities? If yes, why? If no,
why not?
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Below is the criteria for written requirements.

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Information is very Information is slightly Information is The information
organized in a well- organized in a well- organized but appears to be
Organization
constructed paragraph or constructed paragraph or paragraph(s) are not disorganized.
paragraphs. paragraphs. well-constructed.
Information relates to the Information relates to the Information partially Information has little or
topic. It provides a lot of topic. It provides few relates to the topic. No nothing to do with the
Content
supporting details and/or supporting details and/or details and/or topic.
examples. examples. examples are given.
Main points well developed Main points well Main points are Main points lack
with high quality and developed with quality present with limited detailed development.
quantity support. Reveals supporting details and detail and Ideas are vague with
Development
high degree of critical quantity. Critical thinking development. Some little evidence of critical
thinking. is weaved into points. critical thinking is thinking.
present.
Essay is free of distracting Essay has few punctuation Most spelling, Spelling, punctuation,
Grammar spelling, punctuation, and and grammatical errors punctuation, and and grammatical errors
& Mechanics grammatical errors; absent allowing reader to follow grammar correct create distraction,
allowing reader to making reading difficult;

of fragments, comma ideas clearly. Very few progress through fragments, comma
splices, and run-ons. fragments or run-ons. essay. Some errors splices, run-ons evident.
remain. Errors are frequent.
Meets all formal and Meets format and Meets format and Fails to follow format
assignment requirements assignment requirements; assignment and assignment
and evidences attention to margins, spacing, and requirements; requirement; cover
detail; all margins, spacing indentations are correct; generally correct format, incorrect
Format
and indentations are essay is neat and correctly margins, spacing, and indentations; neatness
correct; essay is neat and assembled. indentations; essay is of essay needs
correctly assembled with neat but may have attention.
professional look. some assembly errors.
Don’t walk out on me right now –

this is a bit of mental work but look at this as a challenge
– and work through it. 
COMMENT FOR LEARNING EXERCISE #1
I hope you are doing fine with your first learning exercise.
Expect that we will have more of them throughout this module.
You can take a quick break. Stretch your arms. Shake your hands.
Then, we can proceed to the next subtopic.
2.0 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
To further understand what exactly happened during the scientific revolution,

it is important to examine the different individuals whose ideas have shaken and
contested the dominant theories and ideas during this period – the truths of their time.
Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking, and
creativity to explore the physical and natural world. Their love for science is driven by
their deep passion to know and to discover.
Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas,

Science Discoveries, and Technology
Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. Some scientists were
never appreciated during their times, some were sentenced to death, while others
were condemned by the Church during their time. In spite of all the predicaments
and challenges they experienced, they never stopped experimenting, theorizing, and
discovering new knowledge and ideas.

2.1 THREE NOTABLE SCIENTISTS
There were many scientists who worked before and after these individuals.
However, it is important to note that these men, particularly through their ideas, had
shaken the world.
2.1.1. Nicolaus Copernicus
 Born in the city of Torun, in the Prince-Bishopric of

Warmia, Northern Poland on February 19, 1473.
 His father is Mikolaj Kopernik, a prosperous copper
trader.
 His mother is Barbara Watzenrode, a wealthy, upper-
class family of merchants.
 When Nicolaus was 10 years old, his father died.
Nicolaus’s nobleman uncle, Lucas Watzenrode,
became his guardian.
 He was strongly influenced by a book entitled
Epitome or Summary of Ptolemy’s Almagest
published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes
Mueller, in some other books, Johannes Regiomontanus.
 Epitome contains observations of the heavens and some commentary an
earlier works especially that of Ptolemy.
Figure 3. Ptolemy’s Universe Model
According to Claudius Ptolemy’s Universe:
 Earth is placed at the center.

 The sun is one of the bodies orbiting earth.
 Placed earth in a privileged location, at the center of the universe.
However, Copernicus opposed Claudius Ptolemy’s Universe.

 He placed the Mediterranean Sea in a privileged location, at the center of the
world.
 Mediterranean means middle of the land in Latin. The Greeks called it
mesogeios, meaning the same.
 Copernicus’ idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510.

 He circulated a summary of his ideas to his few friends in a manuscript called
Commentariolus (Little Commentary).
 In this hand-written document he put forward his new view of the universe.
 He thought people should shift from a Geocentric (earth centered) view to
a Heliocentric (sun centered) view.
Figure 4. Heliocentric Universe Model
As you observed, there are similarities with the above two (2) figures. The
Heliocentric Universe paved way to the scientific notion of today’s Solar System.
Moreover, Nicolaus Copernicus took the basic starting points of his theory:
 The earth is not the center of the universe.

 The center of the universe is near the sun.
 The earth-sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars.
 Earth’s rotation on its own axis accounts for the apparent daily rotation of the
stars.
 The apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is seen because the earth
is orbiting it.
 The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the fact we
observe them from a moving location, because the earth is orbiting the sun.
With these starting points, he had relegated our planet from a special, highly
privileged position at the center of the universe, to nothing very special – another
planet moving around the sun. This was potentially dangerous, because a lot of
people held the view that:
 passages in the bible imply that the earth does not move
 the bible is the word of god
 the penalty for disagreeing with god is death
By 1532, Copernicus had made all of the observations and applied all of the
mathematics he needed to identify earth’s place in the universe. And he had finished
writing the first manuscript of his groundbreaking book De Revolutionibus Orbium
Coelestium – The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres.
By 1539, seven more years had passed and Copernicus had still not published.
This changed when Georg Joachim Rheticus, a German Mathematician, came to
learn everything he could from Copernicus. Rheticus studied with Copernicus book

for two years. He read De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium and was incredibly
enthusiastic about it. He thought Copernicus owed it to the world to publish it.
Meanwhile, Copernicus allowed Rheticus to publish a book called Narratio

Prima – The First Report, in which Rheticus gave a basic summary of Copernicus’s
Heliocentric Theory. And so Copernicus gave the manuscript of his book to Rheticus
to be printed in Germany. He then formally published his book De Revolutionibus

Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543. It is often
cited as the start of the scientific revolution.
The printing was supervised by Andreas Osiander, who added a note at the
beginning of the book which said that, even though the book’s theory was unusual, if
it helped people do astronomy calculations, it didn’t matter if it wasn’t really true.
Although Rheticus and Copernicus were deeply unhappy with Osiander’s
unauthorized note, there’s every chance that the book was only allowed to begin
circulating because of it.
Osiander had given the church an excuse not to immediately condemn the
book as heretical. The book finally emerged from the printing presses shortly before
Copernicus’s death in 1543. Copernicus, diplomatically, dedicated his book to the
Pope.
Moreover, Nicolaus Copernicus’ ideas were an example of what is presently

called as a thought experiment.
What is thought experiment?
 Performed in the imagination.

 We set up some situations, we observe what happens, and then we try to draw
appropriate conclusions.
 Resemble real experiments except that they are experiment in the mind.
 Also called as imaginary experiment or gedankeneexperiment.
How can we learn something new about the world by just thinking? We have
some sort of priori insight into how nature works.
2.1.2 Charles Darwin

 Famous for his Theory of Evolution.
 The greatest biologist in history.
 He changed our concept of the world’s creation and
its evolution.
 Darwin believed that all of life on earth had
descended from a common ancestor, whose
offspring could vary slightly from the previous
generation. Successive generations of life took part in
a struggle for existence in which the best adapted
variations survived to seed new generations. Less well
adapted variations became extinct.

Near the end of summer 1831, after completing his degree, Darwin was offered
a position as a naturalist on HMS Beagle, one of the British Royal Navy’s Survey Ships.
The position had previously been offered to John Henslow, a geologist and naturalist
at Cambridge, but he had turned it down and recommended Darwin. He joined a
five-year voyage on the islands of Galapos. The expedition continued, with Darwin
writing about his experiences in each new place he visited, collecting samples of flora,
fauna, and fossils, and observing rock formations.
Darwin’s Theory
In July 1837 Darwin began keeping a notebook of his thoughts and theories
about the variation of plants and animals. By this time, he had completely accepted
that species could evolve (or, to use
Darwin’s language, transmute). He
decided he would make his
investigation according to the
principles of Francis Bacon – he would
assemble facts before producing a
theory.
The Origin of Species
Darwin’s game-changing book on the origin of species – often called the most
important book in the history of biology – became available to the public on
November 24, 1859; booksellers immediately sold all 1250 copies. Some of the most
familiar ideas of ‘Darwinism’ did not appear until the later editions: the famous phrase
“survival of the fittest” appeared for the first time in the 1869 fifth edition.
Remarkably, the word evolution made its first appearance in the sixth edition
in 1872. In support of his theory of common ancestry, Darwin was particularly taken
by the similarity of the embryos of different species.
In 1871 Darwin’s The Descent of Man presented evidence that humans are
animals – we are members of the ape family, and are the descendants of apes.
2.1.3 Sigmund Freud
 Australian neurologist.
 Founder of psychoanalysis, a method of treating
mental illness and also a theory which explains
human behavior.
 Psychoanalysis was proven effective in
understanding some neurological conditions and
human behaviors.
 He proposed two models: (1) Topographical model
and (2) Structural model.
1. Topographical model (the unconscious mind)
 According to Freud’s concept of hysteria, the individual person may both

know and do not know certain things at the same time.

2. Structural model (the psyche)
 The self has three different agencies:

 Id known as primitive or instinctive component.
 Ego, that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of
the external world.
 Superego synthesizes the morals, values, and systems in society in order to
function as the control outpost of the instinctive desires of the id.
Okay! Take a deep breath and sharpen your pencil for another learning exercise.
Let us pause for a while and identify what is being asked in each question.
1. The model that contradicts the Heliocentric Model, positioning the earth at the center of
the universe.
2. His method is focused on the human sexuality and the evil nature of man.
3. He changed the concept of the world creation and its evolution.
4. A method of treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior.
5. It is called as imaginary experiment or ‘gedankeneexperiment.’
6. His model was judged to be heretic and was unacceptable to be taught to Catholics.
7. He supervised the printing of Copernicus book.
8. Copernicus allowed him to publish a summary of his book.
9. In this book, Copernicus wrote all of his observations and applied all of the mathematics
he needed to identify earth’s place in the universe.
10. Rheticus published a book which was a basic summary of Copernicus’s
Heliocentric Theory.
Write your answers here.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.


Take a short break. Get yourself a delicious treat or a refreshment.

Afterwards, we’ll proceed to the next.
3.0 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
3.1. Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern

Mexico up to the border of South America.
The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2, 000 years.
The Mayans incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into

their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for
astronomical observations. For example, the pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is
situated at the location of the Sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial

bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their
knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles
in planting and harvesting.
The Mayan are also known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems to observe their religious rituals
and cultural celebrations.
The Mayans also developed the technology for growing

different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary
machineries and tools. They built hydraulic systems and
developed technology with sophisticated waterways to supply
water to different communities.
Furthermore, the Mayans built looms

for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow
of glittery paints made from a mineral
called mica. They are also believed to be the first people to
produce rubber products.

The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically

advanced civilizations to use a writing system knowns as
Mayan hieroglyphics, a writing system use by Mayan
civilization. They are skilled in mathematics, created a
number of system based on the numeral 20 and developed
the concept of zero and positional value, even before the
romans did.
The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced
scientific ideas. The following were scientific ideas and tools developed to help them
in their everyday life:
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all
types of land
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark religious festivals and prepare them for the
planting season
5. The first suspension bridge
6. Quipu - a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can
interpret
7. Inca textile – cloth was one of the specialized prized artistic achievements
Following the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also made substantial
contributions to science and technology and to society some of their contributions
are the following:
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education that is why their children
are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or race. It
is and early form of universal or inclusive education.
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolates. In Mayan culture, they

used it as a currency. The Aztec value the cacao beans highly and made it as part
of tribute to their gods.
3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that

could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles which could help during surgery
4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which land

was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
5. Aztec calendar. For planning of activities, rituals, and planting season.
6. Invention of canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.
3.2. Development of Science in Asia

Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of the many ancient
civilizations. It is host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of
all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have
stood out: India, China, and the Middle East civilizations. These civilization were
incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during
their time.
INDIA
A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge

mountains in its northern boarders. The Indians are known for manufacturing iron and
metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high
regard in the whole Roman Empire.
They are also famous in medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system of

traditional medicine that originated in Ancient India before 2500 BC., is still practices
as a form of alternative medicine.
Some ancient text, like the Susruta Samhita, an ancient text which describes
different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories
on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year
of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days. “Siddhanta Shiromani” – a 12th century
ancient text covering different topics of astronomy.
They are also known for their mathematics. They tried to standardize
measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, a
Mohenjodaro ruler.
Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhatiya, introduced trigonometric

functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
CHINA
China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many

areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and
music. Chinese civilizations have greatly influence many of its neighbor countries like
Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other
countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, they use of different plants
and animals with various medicinal properties and acupuncture.
In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop tools. Some of their
inventions are the following:

 Compass
 Paper
 Gunpowder
 Printing tools
 Iron plow
 Different models of bridges
 Wheelbarrow
 Propeller
 1st seismological detector
In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on

supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets. They observed heavenly bodies to
predict weather changes and seasons and used lunar calendars.
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. The golden
age of Islam lasted until the 13th century. Muslim scientists placed greater value to
science experiments rather than plain-thought experiment. A Muslim scientist named
Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof
of the intromission theory of light.
In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Kwarizmi gave

his name the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr,
the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as the Arabic
Numerical System originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make
several refinements to the numeral system, such as the introduction of decimal point
notation.
Muslim chemists and alchemists also played an important role in the foundation
of modern chemistry. Some scholars consider Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of
Chemistry.”
In the field of medicine, science of experimental medicine and clinical trials

was pioneered by Ibn Sina. Some of his books are the Book of Healing and The Canon
of Medicine which were used as a standard medicinal texts in both Muslim world and
Europe.
3.3. Development of Science in Asia
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. The history of science and
mathematics show that similar to other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in
Africa are knowledge producers, too.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made

significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For
example, the development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the
layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptian living along the Nile River.

Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval
forerunner of chemistry.
In the field of astronomy, Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar,
stellar or a combination of the three.
Metallurgy was also known in African region. North Africa and Nile Valley
imported iron technology from the near east region to invent metal tools.
Mathematics was also prominent in Africa. The Lebombo bone, which may
have a tool for mathematical calculation, is considered the oldest mathematical
artifact dated from 35, 000 BCE.
Now, we are done with Module 2!

Okay! Take a deep breath and sharpen your pencil for another learning exercise.
Whoa! We’ve discussed cradles of early science throughout civilizations. Can

you recall all of them?
Give five (5) contributions for each civilizations in Mesoamerica.
Maya Civilization Inca Civilization Aztec Civilization

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
Give at least two (2) contributions or prominent individuals in each country.
India China Middle East Countries Africa

1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.

Did you recall the contributions in each civilization and countries?

Congratulate yourself. You did a great job!

SUMMARY
Scientific Revolution is a golden age in the history of science. It marked the birth
of science as a discipline and as a field of inquiry and gave birth to the development
of the scientific method. It was a time in the history of science where many
scientific ideas and discoveries which were considered innovative and useful,
were developed. Some of these ideas were also controversial in the scientific
community and in the political arena. The scientific revolution significantly changed
how people study science and do scientific activities. It inspired human creativity and
critical thinking, moving away from thought experiments to data-driven and
experimental-based ideas.
There were many intellectuals who made essential contributions in science

during the period of scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model of
the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates. He
placed the Sun in the center of the universe and all the planets were surrounding or
orbiting it. Copernicus’s model of planets orbiting around the Sun automatically
positioned the planets into a logical sequence. Charles Darwin made significant
contribution in the field of evolutionary and biology and philosophy of science. His
theory of evolution by natural selection is very useful in many fields until now. Sigmund
Freud developed the idea of psychoanalysis that help in understanding in human
behavior especially neurological conditions.
Science also developed in different parts of the worlds: in Asia, Europe,

Mesoamerica, and Africa. People in this continent s invented tools to help them in
everyday life, discovered medicines to cure diseases, observed heavenly bodies, built
structures, discovered many things, and invented mathematics as a tool and as a
discipline. Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and
understand the natural and physical worlds. It also enabled human beings to develop
various technologies that help them in everyday tasks.
LEARNING TASK ASSESSMENT
With the discussion about the three notable scientist and their contributions and
the civilizations that transformed science and technology, write down your thoughts.
1. Think of an invention that will help the society in the future. Explain its
importance.
2. Illustrate your invention.

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 Clifford, P. (2008) Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds
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 Craig B. & Walter D. (2000). “Clinical Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles
that Presage the 21st Century.” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 67(5)
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 Davies, E. (1995). Inventions. London: Dorling, Kindersley.
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 Gribbin, J. (2003) Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books.
 Jacquart, D. “Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and
Substances.” European Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16: 219-
27.
 Joseph, G. (1991). The Crest of the Peacock. London: Penguin.
 Mayell, N. (1939). The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova, Astronomical Society
of the Pacific Leaflets, 3, 145.
 Needhan, J (1986). “Science and Civilization in China.” In Mathematics and the
Sciences of the Heavens and Earth. 3. 208.
 Needhan, J., Wang, L. & Lu, G. (1971). Science and Civilization in China.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Rosenfels, P. (1980). “Freud and the Scientific Method.” Accessed February 17,
2017. http://www.gender.eserver.org/rosenfels/Freud.htm
 Sarma, K. (2008) “Astronomy of India.” Encyclopedia of the History of Science,
Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd Ed.). Berlin: Springer
Science & Business Media.
 Serafina, Janice Patria Javier, et. al., “Science, Technolgy and Society,” First
Edition. Rex Publishing Co., pp. 2-20.
 Warren, J. (2005), “War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged
Affair.” Third Worls Quarterly. 26 (4-5): 815-830.
 Weiner, E. (2016). The Geography of Genius: Lessons from the World’s Most
Creatures Places. New York: Simon & Schuster.
 Zhongguo ke xue yuan. (1983) Ancient China’s Technology and Science. Beijing:
Foreign Language Press.
SUGGESTED READINGS
 http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings
 Flowcharts/revival-west/the-age enlightenment
 http://hti.osu.ed/scientificrevolution/lessonplans

 Magalona, Ethel, et al., “Science, Technology & Society: A Rudimentary
Approach.” Mindshapers Co., Inc. Intramuros, Manila.
Yehey! You can now take a break!

You can treat yourself with your favorite snack.
Or why don’t you go outside for a while and take a walk?
Enjoy your break!
A DAILY REMINDER:
“Work hard for what you want because it won’t come to you without a fight.
You have to be strong and courageous and know that you can do anything you
put your mind to. If somebody puts you down or criticizes you, just keep believing in
yourself and turn it into something positive.”
– Leah LaBelle

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

GE 7: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Prepared and Compiled by:

NAME OF STUDENT: _______________________________________________________________

MODULE 2- INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY………………………. 4

1.0 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ………………………………………………………………… 4

2.0 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS ………………………… 7

LET’S TAKE A BREAK ………………………………………………………………..……12

3.0 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE ………………………………………………………….. 13

LET’S TAKE A BREAK ……………………………………………………….…………… 17

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 2

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 3

Hello. Welcome back. How are you today?

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud

Now, let us properly begin our discussion on Intellectual Revolutions

1.0 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 4

2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical

3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study,

The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 th

What is scientific revolution?

• The period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of

Figure 1. Influence to Scientific Revolution

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 5

Scientific revolution is very important in the development of human beings,

Okay! Take a deep breath and sharpen your

LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

Below is the criteria for written requirements.

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 6

Don’t walk out on me right now –

COMMENT FOR LEARNING EXERCISE #1

2.0 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

To further understand what exactly happened during the scientific revolution,

Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas,

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 7

2.1 THREE NOTABLE SCIENTISTS

2.1.1. Nicolaus Copernicus

 Born in the city of Torun, in the Prince-Bishopric of

Figure 3. Ptolemy’s Universe Model

According to Claudius Ptolemy’s Universe:

 Earth is placed at the center.

However, Copernicus opposed Claudius Ptolemy’s Universe.

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 8

Figure 4. Heliocentric Universe Model

 The earth is not the center of the universe.

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 9

Meanwhile, Copernicus allowed Rheticus to publish a book called Narratio

to be printed in Germany. He then formally published his book De Revolutionibus

Moreover, Nicolaus Copernicus’ ideas were an example of what is presently

What is thought experiment?

 Performed in the imagination.

2.1.2 Charles Darwin

GE7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES 10

The Origin of Species

2.1.3 Sigmund Freud