MAKALAH RUGBY LEAGUE AND UNIONS,SOCCER(FOOTBALL AND

FIELD HOCKEY ,BASKETBALL AND NETBALL,TENIS,CRICKET,GOLF.

KELOMPOK 8

DOSEN PENGAMPUH

Syahputra M Anik,S.Si.,M.Pd.

NAMA ANGGOTA KELOMPOK:

1. Gabriel Sahat Binsar Simatupang (6193321027)

2. Vikha riahna br ginting (6192121003)

3. Achmad aditya wiguna (6193321011)

FAKULTAS ILMU KEOLARAGAAN

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

PENDIDIKAN KEPELATIHAN OLAHRAGA

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
sport nutrition in action, a resource designed to help athletes make specific
plans for refueling before and refueling after their activity. From whichever
end they come from, athletes will benefit from a diet strategy that allows
them to train hard, adapt and recover quickly, staying healthy to reach
their ideal physique. The current sports nutrition climate promotes
individual case management, based on finding practical ways to achieve
guidelines backed by good science. hope readers will use the information
to achieve their goals in sport.

1.2 purpose
1. Describes information on rugby league and unions, soccer (football
and field hockey, basketball and netball, tennis, cricket, golf.
2. increase knowledge.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. RUGBY LEAGUE AND UNIONS.

a. Definition of rugby league and unions

Rugby is a sport where the ball is the main object to be carried
across the enemy goal line and slam it on the ground to get a score.
b. History rugby league and unions
Both codes share a reliance on strength, skill and speed. Rugby
League involves a team of 13 on the field (six forming the forward
pack and the rest making up the back-line). In contrast, Rugby Union
involves 15 players (seven backs and eight forwards). Each game is
played over two 40-min halves. Differences in rules and playing style
mean the physical requirements of each code differ, as do those of
the various on-field positions. Other popular variants include Rugby
Sevens, with seven players per side and shortened game time, and
Touch Rugby, where ‘tackles’ are made by simply touching the ball
carrier with two hands. Rugby League (League) is the most popular
football code in the Australian Capital Territory, The Super 14 is the
largest club competition for Rugby Union (known as rugby) in the
southern hemisphere, consisting of four state teams from Australia,
five New Zealand franchises and five teams from.

c. Physical characteristics
Rugby forwards need to be able to run the ball offensively and to
tackle. The typical forward is heavy, with large muscle mass and a
higher bodyfat level than his back-line counterpart. Backs are
typically 10–20 kg lighter and, in keeping with the running
requirements of their game,have lower body-fat levels.

d. Nutrition during injury

Injuries are double-sided in body-contact sports such as Rugby
League and Union. they arise not just from what you do to yourself
in training or a game but from what other players do to you. First,
changes in energy expenditure need to be taken into account,
particularly if the lay-off from exercise is prolonged. An injured
player may not automatically reduce his food intake to match the
sudden cessation of exercise. This can result in asignificant increase
in body-fat levels, making returning to form more difficult. Muscle
mass will be lost when strength-training athletes take time off their
weights work or when surgery requires body parts to be.
2. SOCCER (FOOTBALL AND FIELD HOCKEY).
a. Definition of soccer(football and field hockey)
Football and field hockey are team games played on
rectangular fields. Games are played in two halves of 45 min
(soccer) and 35 min (hockey), with a short break between
halves. Men and women participate in both games at all levels,
including the Olympic Games and world championship/Cup.
Hockey also features in the Commonwealth Games program.

b. History soccer (football and field hockey)

Soccer is not only the world’s largest and most lucrative code
of football but apparently the most widely played sport.
Although it might be confusing to the traditionalists in
Australia, we will refer to the game as football.The Socceroos
have become one of the country’s most recognised and
supported national teams, thanks to their return to the
performance levels needed to qualify for the World Cup and,
in 2006, even make the quarter-finals. hockey has lower
participation rates and a lower profile, it is also played across
all ages (from the modified-rules Rookey at school right
through to masters level) and performance levels (recreational
to international). The national men’s (Kookaburras) and
women’s (Hockeyroos) teams rank among Australia’s best-
performing teams. The women have won three Olympic gold
medals in recent years (1988, 1996 and 2000), while the men’s
team was triumphant in Athens in 2004. While one can talk
about hockey in Australia without major misunderstandings,
in North America the name ‘field hockey’ is used to
differentiate it from the (ice) hockey that is a dominant winter
sport there. Hockey is traditionally a winter sport. At lower
levels it exists as a seasonal fixture.
 C . Physical characteristics

Hockey and football players, as well as being skilful, must be

agile and fast. Players vary widely in body size, and differences
in physical on the field or style of play. While most players tend
to be well muscled regardless of height or weight, a low body-
fat level is also an advantage for speed and agility.

d. Nutrition for Football

All players should have a nutrition plan that takes account
of individual needs.The everyday diet should promote strategic
intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after key training
sessions to optimise adaptation and enhance recovery. Solid or
liquid carbohydrate consumption should begin during the first
hour after training or match play to speed recovery of glycogen.
Taking food or drinks that contain protein at this time may
promote recovery processes.Talent and dedication to training are
no longer enough to achieve success in football. Good nutrition
has much to offer players and match officials, including improved
performance, better health, and enjoyment of a wide range of
foods.

3. BASKETBALL AND NETBALL

a. Definition of basketball and netball

Basketball and netball are team ball games, played both on indoor and
outdoor courts. While basketball is played at a high level by both males
and females, netball is predominantly a female participation sport,
played throughout the Commonwealth.

b. Physical characteristics
Height is the most noticeable physical characteristic in court-based
team games, particularly basketbal.Lower body-fat levels confer greater
agility and speed and assist in jumping and reaching.

a. the difference between basketball and netball

 The main difference between these sports is that in basketball a player
can move around the court while in netball a player has to stay within
an area depending on his position. Basketball is a contact sport whereas
netball is a non-contact sport. This is because in netball, the opposing
player must be about 0.9 meters from the player who controls the ball
which is not the case with basketball. A basketball player must dribble
to make a move otherwise fouls can be made against him while in
netball a player must not dribble otherwise he must give it to the next
player immediately.

4.TENNIS
a. definiition tennis
Tennis is played by both men and women, in singles and in doubles
competition (same-sex and mixed-sex pairs), and at levels varying from a
social hit to the lucrative international circuit. It is played on various
court surfaces, and both indoors and out. Tennis is a game of skill, speed,
agility and concentration—and, often, endurance. Men’s matches at
international tournaments are often marathon efforts of four or five
hours, with long rallies for each point and many sets going to
tiebreakers.While the exercise itself is made up of brief bursts, such a
game is likely to challenge the players’ carbohydrate fuel stores and
require great discipline to maintain concentration .

b. Physical characteristics
that are helpful in tennis include long arms and a relatively
low centre of gravity (short legs in proportion to the
trunk).These features should give a player extra reach for
playing strokes and height for serving, and greater mobility on
the court. Other physical characteristics do not so much limit
performance as help determine the style of game a player is
best suited to.

c. Playing technique
 Forehand: a stroke in which the palm of the racket hand
is turned forward.
 Backhand: a stroke in which the back of the hand
holding the racket is turned forward.
  Groundstroke: a forehand or backhand shot taken after
the ball has bounced once over your court.
 Slice: a forehand or backhand in which the head of the
racket is tilted slightly and is hit by swinging the racket
from top to bottom.
 Spin: forehand or backhand in which the racket is tilted
a little or a lot where if it hits the ball it will change
direction (spin).
 Dropshot: a hit that hits the net and then falls into the
opponent's area.
 Smash: a hard hit that hits a ball without hitting the
ground over the head and is directed at the opponent's
court.
 Lob: a shot in which the ball is hit high towards the back
of the opponent.
 Passing shot: a shot in which the ball passes (not over)
an enemy near the net (see lob).
 Volley: a forehand or backhand before the ball bounces
off the court.
d. Training nutrition
Cricketers may be among the last group of sportspeople to
warm to the idea of making sound nutrition part of their
lifestyle. For many, the rewards may simply be improved
health and vitality, and better weight control. However, for the
new breed of cricket player who regards himself as an athlete
and has an organised training schedule, better nutrition will
also bring improvements in adaptation to training and match
performance..

5.CRICKET

a. Definition cricket
Cricket is a game of skill and tradition that touches the lives of most
Australians each summer. Teams of 11 players compete against each other,
with slightly different rules governing Test games (based on two complete
innings for each side—four- or five-day games) and One Day International, or
 limited-overs matches, involving a 50-over innings for each side. The new and
exciting Twenty20 format, which provides each team with an innings of 20
overs, lasts several hours.

b. Training nutrition
Cricketers may be among the last group of sportspeople to warm to the
idea of making sound nutrition part of their lifestyle. For many, the
rewards may simply be improved health and vitality, and better weight
control.However, for the new breed of cricket player who regards
himself as anathlete and has an organised training schedule, better
nutrition will also bring improvements in adaptation to training and
match performance.

c.Physical characteristics
cricket coaches demanded that body fat be kept to reasonable levels, a
change paralleled by the increased fitness expected of players. Less body fat
would in principle improve a player’s speed, stamina and heat tolerance.
Speed becomes important at a high level of play, particularly in the limited-
overs matches, since skilled fielding and running between wickets are helpful
for success. the belief that leaner, fitter players will have faster run-up speeds
and ball delivery as well as more endurance for bowling and fielding over the
day.Wicket-keepers must be strong as well as agile—in an average day of
keeping, the equivalent of 600 squats may be done. The new favouring a
power style of hitting, similar to baseball.

6.GOLF

a. Definition golf
Golf is basically a game of skill. A handicapping system
operates to level players of differing ability, and for many
recreational players the fun and motivation lie not only in
playing against others but in lowering their personal
handicap.Golf competition is generally played as stroke play—
the winner is the individual with the lowest tally of strokes
over the round or rounds.

b. Physical characteristics
Golf is a game of skill rather than physique or physical fitness,
and top golfers come in many shapes and sizes. Tiger Woods and
 John Daly illustrate the extremes among current players in terms
of their respective commitments to staying lean and fit. In
general, since most players do not exercise intensely the average
body-fat levels of top golfers are higher than those of aerobically
trained athletes.

C. Training nutrition
The principles of optimal training nutrition are essentially those of a
healthy eating plan, and apply to golfers who play on weekends as
well as those who spend eight hours a day on the course. As energy
expenditure increases with increased training loads, so do
requirements for energy and carbohydrate. Read Chapters 1 and 2
for details of the optimal training diet.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 conclusion
Adding scientific insight to knowledge and increasing achievement in
every sport as well as input information for athletes and athlete
development efforts, and as input for the author to find out which
form of exercise is better used and the nutrients needed in every
exercise so that the body remains in shape.

3.2 suggestions.
I hope the players more excited again to get proud achievenment.
and can follow predetermined directions or regulations determined
by the sport. Especially attention is paid to the nutrition needed by
the organism for the normal function of the body's systems for
health maintenance.

REFERENCES.
 http://id.wikipedia.org
 http://www.google.co.id/
 The Complete Guide to Food for Sports Performance 3rd
edition.pdf