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MATERIALS : METAL

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INTRODUCTION
Metals are generally hard , opaque and shiny
materials that exhibit good electrical and
thermal conductivity . Although approximately
91 of the 118 elements of the periodic table are
metals , they can be either elements ,
compounds or alloys .
DEFINITION
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine
, quarry , metal") is a material that , when
freshly prepared , polished , or fractured , shows
a lustrous appearance , and conducts electricity
and heat relatively well . Metals are typically
malleable (they can be hammered into thin
sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires) . A
metal may be a chemical element such as iron ;
an alloy such as stainless steel ; or a molecular
compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride .
ADVANTAGES OF METALS?
Metals have higher melting points . Metal
can go through a wider range of processes
including chipping , deep drawing , casting ,
forging, welding, and soldering . Metal is
more to long term, high volume lines of
production .
TEMPERATURE FOR METAL MELT?
Steel is just the element iron that has been
processed to control the amount of carbon.
Iron, out of the ground , melts at around
1510 degrees C (2750°F) . Steel often
melts at around 1370 degrees C (2500°F) .
 CHARACTERISTIC/TYPE OF METAL MILD STEEL
Mild steel is a type of carbon
❖ DARK GREYS TO SUBTLE BLUE TONES
steel with a low amount of COLOUR
❖ REDDISH OXIDATION
carbon . Although ranges
vary depending on the MALLEABILITY
❖ GOOD MALLEABILITY WITH COLD-FIRMING
POSSIBILITIES
source, the amount of
carbon typically found in DUCTILITY ❖ GOOD DUCTILITY AND WELDABILITY

mild steel is 0.05% to 0.25% ❖ SOFT AND DUCTILE CAN BE HARDEN THROUGH
by weight , whereas higher CARBURISING (HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS)
❖ EASILY TO CUT WITH MACHINE
carbon steels are typically HARDNESS
❖ BRINELL – 130
described as having a carbon ❖ VICKERS – 140
❖ ROCKWELL - 71]
content from 0.30% to 2.0% .
If any more carbon than that ❖ THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY - AROUND 45 WATTS
is added , the steel would be CONDUCTION
PER KELVIN PER METER
❖ ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY - 6 MILLION
classified as cast iron . There SIEMENS
are gradations from light
and dark greys to subtle blue MELTING POINT ❖ 1425°C -1540°C
tones , and maybe a bit of
❖ ROUND/FLAT/RECTANGULAR/SQUARE BAR
reddish oxidation here and SHAPES ❖ SHEET
there . ❖ ROUND/SQUARE/RECTANGULAR TUBE
 CHARACTERISTIC/TYPE OF METAL ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is light ,
durable and functional : COLOUR ❖ SILVERY-GRAY
these are the qualities
that make aluminium MALLEABILITY ❖ SOFT AND MALLEABILITY
one of the key
engineering materials of DUCTILITY ❖ DUCTILE AND EASILY BE FORMED

our time .
❖ BRINELL – 95
We can find aluminium HARDNESS ❖ VICKERS – 107
❖ ROCKWELL - 60
in the homes we live in ,
in the automobiles we
drive , in the trains and ❖ THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY - 235 WATTS PER
KELVIN PER METER
aeroplanes that take us CONDUCTION
❖ ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY - 38 MILLIONS
across long distances , in SIEMENS PER METER
themobile phones and MELTING POINT ❖ 660.3°C
computers we use on a
❖ ROUND/FLAT/RECTANGULAR/SQUARE BAR
daily basis . In standard ❖ SHEET
conditions aluminum is a SHAPES
❖ CHANNEL
❖ ANGLE
fairly soft , strong and ❖ PLATE
lightweight metal . ❖ ROUND/SQUARE/RECTANGULAR TUBE
 CHARACTERISTIC/TYPE OF METAL ALUMINIUM

Stainless steel is a steel alloy ❖ FROM BRONZE TO BLUE

❖ GOLD
with increased corrosion COLOUR
❖ PURPLE
resistance compared to ❖ GREEN

carbon/alloy steel . Common ❖ LESS MALLEABILITY

MALLEABILITY
alloying ingredients include ❖ SLIGHTLY HARD AND POOR WELDABILITY

chromium ❖ HIGH DUCTILITY

DUCTILITY
(usually at least 11%) , nickel , ❖ DEEP DRAWING AS FORMED USE
or molybdenum . ❖ BRINELL – 149
HARDNESS ❖ VICKERS – 155
❖ ROCKWELL – 70
Alloy content often is on the
order of 15-30% . Stainless ❖ -THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY - 15 WATTS PER
KELVIN PER METER
Steel applications include CONDUCTION
❖ ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY -1.4MILLION
food handling/processing , SIEMENS METER
medical instruments , MELTING POINT ❖ 1510°C
hardware , appliances and
❖ ROUND/FLAT/RECTANGULAR/SQUARE BAR
structural/architectural uses . ❖ SHEET
❖ CHANNEL
SHAPES
❖ ANGLE
❖ PLATE
❖ ROUND/SQUARE/RECTANGULAR TUBE
 STAINLESS STEEL

MILD STEEL

ALUMINIUM
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Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity while non

metals are not.mercury is the only metal that does'nt
conduct electricity and graphite is the only non metal which
conduct electricity . Metals have the valance electrons of
either 1 , 2 or 3 , while non metals have more than 3 .