SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Bio1
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Crossing Over and
Recombination in Meiosis
Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Crossing Over and Recombination in Meiosis
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Crossing Over and
Recombination in Meiosis
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Biology Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Crossing Over and Recombination in Meiosis !

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you
in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Biology 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Crossing Over
and Recombination in Meiosis.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand and master the crossing over and recombination in Meiosis. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is mainly focused on:

• Lesson 8 – Crossing Over and Recombination in Meiosis

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define crossing over and recombination in Meiosis;
2. Enumerate the substages in Prophase I
3. Explore the mechanisms in crossovers and recombination
4. Compare the types of crossing over from one another
5. Enumerate factors affecting the frequency of crossing over and recombination
6. Appreciate the contribution of crossing over and recombination in genetic
variation among offspring and diversity within populations.
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. It is a process by which genetic materials exchange between non- sister

chromatids.
a. crossing over b. meiosis c. mitosis d. recombination

2. It is the process of recombining genes in order to produce new gene variation that
is different from the parent chromosome.
a. crossing over b. meiosis c. mitosis d. recombination

3. In which phases of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over takes place?

a. Interphase C. Prophase
b. Metaphase D. Telophase

4. Which of the following statements is true concerning biological inheritance?

a. Each human somatic cell contains one of each type of chromosome.
b. When sex cells are produced, paired homologous chromosomes separate so that
each gamete contains only one of the pair of alleles for each trait.
c. Brothers and sisters frequently have exactly the same combination of
chromosomes
d. All of the above

5. Crossing over of the parts of the chromosomes:

a. Has no effect on genetic linkage
b. Usually decreases the number of genetic combinations in a population
c. Can increase the number of genetic combinations in a population
d. Usually result to mutation

6. Crossing over resulting in the inheritance of altered chromosomes by children

occurs:
a. During mitosis c. During meiosis
b. During the interphase d. Both the above

7.Crossing over doesn’t take place ________________

a) Between two sister chromatids
b) Between two non-sister chromatids
c) For recombination repair
d) Between three chromatids
8. Except for a pairing of sex chromosomes, homologous
chromosomes__________________.
a. carry the same genes c. are the same length
b. are the same shape d. all of the above

9. It is the point of genetic exchange or chromosomal crossover

a. chiasma c. synaptonemal complex
b. centromere d. kinetochore

10. It is a substage in Prophase I, where homologous chromosomes pair up to form

bivalent zygote
a. diakinesis c. pachytene
b. diplotene d. zygotene

11. Synaptonemal complex is shed in _______________ stage, from parts other than
recombination site.
a. diakinesis c. pachytene
b. diplotene d. zygotene

12. The following are considered factors affecting the process of crossing over
EXCEPT
a. age b. irradiation c. nutrition d. pressure

13. During diplotene stage the bivalent chromosomes from synapsis becomes
four chromatids known as
a. triad b. tetrad c. quartet d. quadruple

14. If crossing over involves formation of more than two chiasma between non
sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, it is classified as:
a. single b. double c. multiple d. non crossing over

15. Why should we not expose our sex cells to X-rays, radiation or any toxic
chemicals?
a. radiation and chemicals may lead to cell mutation
b. It might have damage that causes it to become cancerous
c. it increases the frequency of crossing over
d. all of these
 Lesson
Crossing Over and Recombination in
8 Meiosis

“Genes are in a sense immortal. They pass through the generations, reshuffling themselves
each time they pass from parent to offspring… “

Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene

The human, animal and plant’s bodies are considered the resting place for the
genes. Many genes reside on each chromosome. Unless they are separated, alleles
at the loci on each homolog segregate as a unit during gamete formation. The
previous lesson mentioned that meiosis is the process whereby paternal and
maternal chromosomes shuffled and reduced from a diploid to a haploid state.
During prophase I of Meiosis, genes are being exchanged that duplicated
chromosomes swap segments with their homologous partners. It also showed how
each chromosome aligns with and separates from its homologous partner during
anaphase I. both events introduce novel combinations of alleles into gametes.
Recombinant gametes resulting from crossing over contribute to the variation in
combinations of traits among the offspring of sexually reproducing species.

What’s In

YES NO STAND UP SIT DOWN. The students will recap the previous lesson by Yes
No Stand Up Sit Down. If the statement is correct, the students will stand; otherwise,
they will sit.

1. During prophase, the nucleus and chromatin fiber becomes tightly coiled which
forms into chromosomes while the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
2. In prophase II of meiotic division, pairing of homologous chromosomes and
crossing over occur to trade segments of their chromosomes.
3. During the three subphases, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic
organelles enabling the cell to prepare for the cell division.
4. In metaphase II, chromosomes line up at the equator.
5. In prophase I, tetrad line up along the equatorial plate and this is when
independent assortment takes place.
 Notes to the Teacher

This module must be taken up step by step to the learners for

two reasons: 1. Because it is hard. When we simply say to our
students “genetic information is swapped between paternal and
maternal chromosomes during meiosis in a process called
crossing-over” – we reduce this amazingly complex molecular
process to an almost trivial piece of information. Another reason
is 2. because the molecular mechanism of crossing-over is
complicated ,…. With this module, I believe that it is now
possible to teach this hard topic to senior high school students
and allow them to apply their prior knowledge to this
complicated molecular process .

What’s New
Seedless Fruits: Sterile Hybrid

Have you eaten varieties of seedless fruits like watermelon, tomatoes, grapes,
oranges, lemons and limes? Other than good sources of fibers, vitamin C, vitamin
A, beta-carotene, carotenoid lycopene, they are also good source of minerals such
as potassium, magnesium etc.
But did you know that the presence of numerous tiny seeds is a reason why
others avoid these fruits? Thanks to advances in plant breeding because seedless
fruits are already commercially available. But how did plant breeders develop
seedless fruits? How will the farmers plant seedless fruits when seeds are not
produced by plant itself? These and other relevant questions will be answered as
you go through the discussion in this module.

Sibling’s Matter

Now, let us talk about your family? Do you have siblings or have you ever
known a large family with many siblings? Are the siblings indistinguishable from
each other? Do they have typically a range of distinctions in features to looking
unrelated? What do you think is the reason for having different features even
 though they inherit equal chromosomes from the same two parents? What causes
these variations among siblings?

Catch Me If You Can!

Encircle as many words as possible that relate to Crossing Over and

Recombination in Meiosis. Words may be in horizontal, vertical, diagonal or reversed
positions. List them down and briefly define or describe them.

M Z F H H I R E V O G N I S S O R C

A F D B N M E D U D A R G A T P E T

S J D G J J C Z U T Q E F T M Y A N

M K I E C D O M A P A T V R B S A L

C L A A Z A M A D A L T L C P G S S

E H K R Y E B N N K P I S G R E G D

N A I E G D I Z S A G A C O G K L S

E F N S O F N N L G A F M A E F V I

T B E A T D A C H A I S M A T E N S

O H S F E F T J G C A E J G P I M P

T I I W N X I L B M S C U F P X O A

P D S A E S O X O X X J G F R A F N

E K D W F D N H S F D L D F A F K Y

L A L E N E T Y H C A P F G E Y Z S
 What is It

Crossing Over and Recombination in Meiosis

Crossing over or chromosomal cross over is a process by which genetic
material (DNA) or chromosomal segments exchange between non-sister chromatids
of homologous chromosomes. The chromatids in which crossing over has occurred
are called crossovers or recombinants and the chromatids that remain intact are
called non-cross or parental chromatids. As a result of crossing over, new or non-
parental combinations of alleles among offspring of sexual reproducers are formed.

Recombination on the other hand refers to the process of recombining genes

in order to produce new gene variations that is different from the parent
chromosomes. It happens as a result of crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
Crossing over lead to recombination.

Crossing over and recombination are two closely related events that occur
during synapsis.

Morgan and Crossing Over

Crossing over was first described by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1911 in his
investigation of numerous Drosophila mutations located on the X chromosomes.
When Morgan made crosses involving other X-linked genes he was faced with two
questions: 1) What was the source of gene separation? And 2) Why did the frequency
of the apparent separation vary depending on the genes being studied. He based his
proposed answer on cytological observations made by Frans Janssens who described
the phenomenon and termed the process as “chaismatypie” in 1909. The term
chaismata (singular: chiasma) represent points of genetic exchange or chromosomal
crossover. Morgan proposed the term crossing over to describe the physical exchange
leading to recombination.

Substages of Prophase I
Prophase I is by far the most complicated phase of Meiosis. Since crossing
over occurs in this stage it is very important to get understand further the four
substages, namely:

1.During leptotene substage

(lepto- thin and -tene for ribbon or

band) the chromosomes appear as threadlike structures.

2.In zygotene substage or zygonema

(zygo-union,fusing, or yoking), homologous

chromosomes pair up to form bivalent.

2.In pachytene substage or pachynema

(pachy-thick), each homologue chromo-

somes split up into two chromatids. It is

in this stage where crossing over occurs.

4. In diplotene substage, the chromatids

start to divide and separate up however,

they cannot separate completely because

they are connected by two strands of DNA at

each of the points where exchanges

took place.

5. In the final substage in prophase I

known as diakinesis, nucleolus disappears,

terminalization reaches completion, the

chromosomes coil tightly, and so become

shorter and thicker. The nuclear envelope

also begins to disappear. The centrosomes Fig. 1 Substages of Prophase 1 in Meiotic Cell Division

reach the poles. It is also the stage where crossing over has finally occurred.

Mechanisms of Crossing Over

The process of crossing over takes place in the following steps:

1). Synapsis

Synapsis or syndesis is the process of pairing up two homologous

chromosomes during meiosis. It allows the matching up of homologous
chromosomes prior to segregation.

Because the chromosome, not the gene, is the unit of transmission during
meiosis, linked genes are not free to undergo independent assortment. Instead, the
alleles at the loci of one chromosome should, in theory, be transmitted as a unit
during gamete formation. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of Meiotic division.
When two homologous paternal and maternal chromosomes synapse or come
together, they coil around each other, until the ends of the chromosomes paired up
forming a bivalent. The intervening ends of the chromosomes are held together by an
RNA protein known as synaptonemal complex. All autosomes undergo synapsis
during meiosis but sex chromosomes don’t undergo synapsis.

2. Duplication of chromosomes

After synapsis, duplication of chromosomes follows. In this process, the

bivalent chromosomes laying side by side splits longitudinally forming two sister
chromatids. Now, the bivalent chromosomes from synapsis becomes four chromatids
known as tetrad. This process occurs during the diplotene stage of meiotic cell
division.

3. Crossing Over

The formed tetrad arranged in bivalent,

side to side well attached and coiled from one
another, start to uncoil. The paternal and
maternal chromatids remained attached at one
or more points allowing exchange of genetic
materials per coiling. The point of attachment
of coiling is called chaisma, and it is the point
where crossing over takes place. The process Fig.2 Crossing over of maternal and parental
cromosomes
of crossing over takes place during pachytene stage of meiosis.
4. Terminalization

After crossing over, the non- sister chromatids slowly shift away from each
other and separate from the centromere towards the terminal ends. The continuous
repulsion between the chaisma causes the chromosomes to be free. This process of
chaisma movement towards the end of the chromosome is called terminalization.
Terminalization of chiasma eventually takes place during diplotene, after crossing over
at pachytene, and the completion of terminalization occurs in diakinesis.

Fig. 3 Mechanisms of Crossing Over

Types of Crossing Over
Depending upon the number of chiasma involved, crossing over can be classified
into three types and describe as follows:

1. Single crossing over

The formation of single chiasma

Fig. 4 Single crossing over
between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is called single crossing
over.

2. Double crossing over

It is the formation of Fig. 5 Double Crossing Over

two points of contact or

chiasma between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

3. Multiple crossing over

It involves the formation

Fig. 6 Multiple Crossing Over
of more than two chiasma between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

Factors Affecting Crossing Over:

The investigation on crossing over and recombination using Drosophila

showed that the following factors can affect the frequency of crossing over and
recombination.

a. Distance
The greater the distance between genes, the higher is the chance of crossing
over.
b. Age
Generally crossing over decreases as female Drosophila aged.
c. Temperature
The rate of crossing over increases as temperature increases by 22°C.
d. Sex
There is lack of crossing over in male Drosophila and female silk moth.
e. Nutrition
The presence of calcium and magnesium in the food result to decreased
recombination and removal of such chemicals from the diet increased the rate of
crossing over.
f. Chemicals
Some mutagenic chemicals like alkylating agents was found to increase the
frequency of crossing over.
g. Irradiation
Exposure in radiation like X-rays and gamma rays was found to increase the
frequency of crossing over.
h. Structural Changes
Changes in structural chromosomes especially inversions and translocations
reduce the frequency of crossing over.
i. Centromere Effect
Genes located adjacent to the centromere have reduced frequency of
crossing over.
CROSSING OVER AND RECOMBINATION INTRODUCES
VARIATIONS IN TRAITS

Crossover and random sorting of chromosomes result in new combinations

or variations of traits among offspring of sexual reproducers. It increases the
genetic variability in the population of organisms from one generation to another
and thus, important for the improvement of genotypes through selection.

What’s More

Activity 1.1
Link Up With Me Baby!
I. Objectives:

1. Familiarize the terms used in describing the mechanism in crossing over and
recombination in meiosis
II. Materials:
One-foot long red rope or string
One foot long pink rope or string
glue
III. Procedure:
1. Cut two pieces of rope or string with red and blue color about one foot long and
put them on the table lying in next to each other. One rope is colored pink and the
other rope is blue.
2. Cross one piece of blue rope over the other rope to form an “X”.

3. While the ropes are crossed, assume that something happens: let say one inch
portion from one end of the pink rope breaks off and switches places to with a one
inch segment parallel to it on the blue rope. So, now, it appears as if one long
strand of red rope has a one- inch segment of blue on its end, and likewise, the
blue rope has a one- inch segment of pink on its end and seemed to be glued from
each other. (You may glue the segments to keep the attachment together).

IV. Observation:

Make an illustrations or drawings of events in procedure 1,2 and 3. Label

them and identify the crossing over mechanism associated with it.
Table. Description: ________________________________________________

IV. Application:
1. Think of scientific terms linking to crossing over and recombination in meiosis
where the following words/phrases are analogous or similar to and briefly describe
you answer.
a. blue rope

b. pink rope

c. cross on one- foot blue rope over one- foot pink rope
d. breaking off the one-inch end segments of blue rope

e. the point of the end segment where blue and pink rope ends are attached

f. the two colored one-foot long rope lying on the table next to each other
g. switching of the one-inch end segments of blue rope on one-inch segment of pink
rope

h. the glue that keeps the one-inch segment of blue and pink rope together
2. What mechanisms are being represented by each event?

V. Generalization:

1. What is crossing over? Recombination in Meiosis?

Activity No. 1.2 Modelo de Crossover

I. Objective: To model the process of crossing over and determine it’s effects
on a chromosome and variation in offspring.
A Pair of Homologous Chromosomes
II. Materials: modeling clay 2 twist ties (each chromosome has 2 chromatids)
A A A A
III. Procedure:
Genes
1. Create four long strands of clay about 10 cm long Twist tie
A, B
by rolling them out.
and C
2. Join them in pairs to represent two double stranded B B b b marked
chromosomes, each with two chromatids, just like in prophase I. Use in dots
the diagram to the right as a guide with a
c c C C pencil
2. You now have a tetrad formed during prophase I of meiosis.
Non-sister chromatids
 First, assuming that no crossing over takes place.
3. Model the appearance of the four gamete cells that will result
at the end of meiosis. Meiosis I will separate the chromosomes
and Meiosis II will separate the chromatids, making 4 daughter
cells.

Record the four gametes’ chromosomes and their genes in the data table.

Next, when crossing over takes place between genes B and C so that one
pair of non-sister chromatids exchange their copy of gene C.
4. Repeat steps 1-3, however, because crossing over occurs between genes B and
A you will need to cut and rejoin two pieces of two non-sister chromatids. See
the picture below as an example.
5. Record the four gametes’ chromosomes and their genes in the data table.

IV. Observation:

A
No Crossing Over Crossing Over
Appearance of Gamete Cells Appearance of Gamete Cells

V. Analysis:
 1. If the two sister chromatids are the same, how are they called?

2. Which specific parts exchanged genetic information during cross over?

3. What is crossing over?

4. When will crossing over occurs? Why?

5. What will happen after crossing over?

6. How do meiosis contributes to genetic variation, while mitosis does not?

7. Why is crossing over important for evolution of species?

V. Conclusion:

What I Have Learned

Complete the main ideas given below by filling in the blanks.

1. ___________________ or _________________is a process by which genetic

material (DNA) or chromosomal segments exchange between non-sister
chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Crossing over lead to recombination.
______________________ on the other hand refers to the process of recombining
genes in order to produce new gene variations that is different from the parent
chromosomes.

2. Crossing over was first described by ______________________________ in 1911

and based his findings on cytological observations made by Frans Janssens
who described the phenomenon and termed the process as
“___________________” in 1909.
3. Crossing over occurs in Prophase I of Meiotic cell division and undergo four
substages, namely:_____________, _____________, _________________,_____________
and _____________________.
4. Crossing over amazingly undergo several mechanisms namely: _____________,
________________________, __________________ and ______________________.

5. The frequency of crossing over and recombination could be affected by the

_______________,_______________, __________________,_______________,
_______________, ___________________, ________________________,
__________________ and ______________________.
6. Crossover and random sorting of chromosomes result in
__________________________ of traits among offspring of sexual reproducers.
 What I Can Do

Cerebral Enhancer
Discuss the following article with your groupmates. Solicit their opinion and write
down your common answers and conclude. Present your answer to the class.

A Fatherless Mouse
There are few all female species of fishes, reptiles, and
birds in nature, but not in mammals. In 2004, Japanese
scientists turned egg cell into surrogate sperm. They fuse two
mouse eggs in a test tube and made an embryo using no DNA
from a male. The embryo developed into Kaguya, the world’s
first fatherless mammal. She is now a 14 months old mice who
grew up healthy, engaged in sex with a male mouse, and gave
birth to offspring. The process by which female’s egg is triggered
to grow without fertilization is known as parthenogenesis.
Although there are plants, some fish, frogs, insects and
occasionally chickens that can all procreate without a partner, Kaguya, the first
but most mammalian embryos created this way have aborted fatherless mouse (Photo
halfway through pregnancy. In your opinion, should they be credit to
prevented from trying the process with human eggs? https://www.nature.com/
articles/news040419-8
What do you think are the pros and cons of this method in human life?

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1.Which describes the evolutionary advantage of meiosis?
a. Meiosis is needed in sexual reproduction
b. Mitosis alternates with meiosis from generation to generation
c. The same genetic characteristics is passed from generation to
generation
d. Crossing over and recombination are possible from generation to
generation
2. It is a process by which genetic materials exchange between non- sister
chromatids.
a. crossing over b. meiosis c. mitosis d. recombination
3. During which stage of prophase I do synapsis and crossing over takes place?
a. diplotene b. leptotene c. pachytene d. zygotene
4. It is a substage in Prophase I, where homologous chromosomes pair up to form
bivalent zygote
a. diakinesis c. pachytene
b. diplotene d. zygotene
5. Synaptonemal complex is shed in _______________ stage, from parts other than
recombination site.
a. diakinesis c. pachytene
b. diplotene d. zygotene
6. The following are considered factors affecting the process of crossing over
EXCEPT
a. age b. irradiation c. nutrition d. pressure
7. During diplotene stage, the bivalent chromosomes from synapsis becomes four
chromatids known as
a. triad b. tetrad c. quartet d. quadruple
8. If crossing over involves formation of more than two chiasma between non
sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, it is classified as:
a. single b. double c. multiple d. non crossing over
9. Why should we not expose our sex cells to X-rays, radiation or any toxic
chemicals?
a. radiation and chemicals may lead to cell mutation
b. It might have damage that causes it to become cancerous
c. it increases the frequency of crossing over
d. all of these
10. Which of the following statements is true concerning biological inheritance?
a. Each human somatic cell contains one of each type of chromosome.
b. When sex cells are produced, paired homologous chromosomes separate so that
each gamete contains only one of the pair of alleles for each trait.
c. Brothers and sisters frequently have exactly the same combination of
chromosomes
d. All of the above
11. Continuous variations are attributed to
a. crossing over b. chromosomal linkage c. mutation d. polyploidy
12. Crossing over of the parts of the chromosomes:
a. Has no effect on genetic linkage
b. Usually decreases the number of genetic combinations in a population
c. Can increase the number of genetic combinations in a population
d. Usually result to mutation
13. When parental and maternal chromosomes change their genetic materials, the
event is called
A. bivalent forming b. triad formation c. crossing over d. recombination
14. Crossing over doesn’t take place ________________
a) Between two sister chromatids
b) Between two non-sister chromatids
c) For recombination repair
d) Between three chromatids
15. Except for a pairing of sex chromosomes, homologous
chromosomes__________________.
a. carry the same genes c. are the same length
b. are the same shape d. all of the above
 Additional Activities
Let’s Cross Over!

Imagine that you would introduce a mutagen to an animal of your choice. The
mutagen must supposedly useful for that organism. Which organism would you
choose? Why? How would that trait be useful? Draw your mutagenic organism and
write an essay to explain your choice.

References

https://www.nature.com/articles/news040419-8

www.macroevolution.net/prophase-details.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21900/

https://biologydictionary.net/crossing-over/

https://www.livescience.com/52489-meiosis.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-
biology/meiosis/a/phases-of-meiosis

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/genetics/crossing-over-mechanisms-kinds-
factors-and-significance-biology/26975

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/genetics/crossing-over/crossing-over-
meaning-mechanism-and-significance-genetics/37840

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/genetics/crossing-over-of-genes-mechanism-
theories-and-types/5214

Rea, M., Dequillo, M., Chua, J. (2017). General Biology 1.Rex Bookstore, Manila,
pp.44-48.

Starr,C.,Evers C.,Starr L.(2012). Biology-Applications and Concepts 8th Ed.,.

Cengage Learning Asia Ltd., Pasig City. Pp.234-244.

Belardo,G., Avissar,Y.,Choi, J.,Desaix J.,Jurukovski V.,Wise R., Rye,

C.(2016)General Biology 1. Vibal Group, Inc.,Quezon City. pp.118-127.
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