MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

National Aviation University

FOREIGN LANGUAGE (ENGLISH)

Guide to practical classes for the students of speciality 272 “Aviation

Transport” specializations “Air Traffic Service”, “Systems of Air
Navigation Service”, “Unmanned aerial complexes”

Kyiv 2017

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УДК 811.111:629.73 (076.5)
ББК Ш 143.21я7
F 75

Compiler O.M. Vasiukovych

Reviewers: M.M. Marusynets, O.M. Alekseev

Approved by the Methodical and Editorial Board of the National

Aviation University (Minutes № 2/17 of 20.04.2017).

Практикум укладено відповідно до навчальної програми

дисципліни «Іноземна мова». Кожне практичне заняття містить
професійно-орієнтовані тексти, комунікативні та інтерактивні типи
вправ.

F 75 Foreign language (English): Guide to practical classes/

Сompiler O.M.Vasiukovych. – K. : NAU, 2017. – 50p.

Guide to practical classes is composed in accordance with the

syllabus of the discipline «Foreign language» and contains
professionally oriented texts, communicative and interactive tasks.
For students of speciality 272 “Aviation Transport” specializations
“Air Traffic Service”, “Systems of Air Navigation Service”, “Unmanned
aerial complexes”

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 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................4
MODULE I THE HISTORY OF AVIATION INTERNATIONAL
AVIATION ORGANISATIONS. PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL
UNITS OF THE AIRCRAFT
LESSON 1 THE HISTORY OF AVIATION..........................................5
LESSON 2 INTERNATIONAL AVIATION ORGANISATIONS…....9
LESSON 3 ICAO ALPHABET.............................................................13
LESSON 4 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE.................................................17
LESSON 5 TYPES OF AIRCRAFT......................................................24
MODULE II INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS. AIRPORT
SECURITY
LESSON 1WHEN YOU TRAVEL.......................................................27
LESSON 2 INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS...................................... 31
LESSON 3 AIRPORT SECURITY: 3 D BODY SCANNER...............37
LESSON 4 AIRPORT SECURITY MEASURES.................................41
LESSON 5 BANNED LIQUIDS ON PLANES....................................46
LIST OF REFERENCES................................................................... 50

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 INTRODUCTION

The guide to practical classes “Foreign Language (English)” is a set of

theoretical and practical knowledge and skills, forming competence of a
specialist in the fields of aviation transport, air traffic service, air
navigation service. It is based on Bachelor Extended Curriculum
№ ECB – 14 – 272 / 16 for Speciality 272 “Aviation Transport” and
Specializations “Air Traffic Service”, “Systems of Air Navigation
Service”, “Unmanned aerial complexes”.
Educational material of the guide is structured according to module
principle and consists of two modules: Module №1 “The History of
Aviation. International Aviation Organizations. Principal Structural Units
of the Aircraft” and Module №2 “International Airports. Airport
Security”, each of them is logically completed, independent and integral
part of the guide.
The guide to practical classes “Foreign Language (English)” is
based on the communicative approach. It refers to the idea that learning
language successfully comes through having to communicate real
meaning. When students are involved in real communication, their
natural strategies for language acquisition will be used, and this will
allow them to learn to use the language. Classroom activities guided by
the communicative approach are characterised by trying to produce
meaningful and real communication, at all levels. As a result there may
be more emphasis on skills than systems and lessons are more learner-
centred.
The aim of communicative language teaching and the
communicative approach is communicative competence. Students` tasks
include information gap and role-play activities for speaking, and note-
taking and summarising, which combines listening and writing
competencies.
The guide to practical classes “Foreign Language (English)” is based
on ICAO document 9835: Manual on the implementation of ICAO
Language Proficiency Requirements.

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MODULE I THE HISTORY OF AVIATION. INTERNATIONAL
AVIATION ORGANISATIONS. PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL
UNITS OF THE AIRCRAFT.

LESSON 1. THE HISTORY OF AVIATION

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Look at the following quotes about the history of
flight. What do you understand by them?

“I may be expediting the attainment of an object that will in time be

found of great importance to mankind; so much so, that a new era in
society will commence from the moment that aerial navigation is
familiarly realised. . . .
I feel perfectly confident, however, that this noble art will soon be
brought home to man's convenience, and that we shall be able to
transport ourselves and our families, and their goods and chattels, more
securely by air than by water, and with a velocity of from 20 to 100
miles per hour”.
Sir George Cayley ( 1809)

“I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other

than ballooning.”
Lord Kelvin (1896)

“That flight lasted only 12 seconds, but it was nevertheless - the first
time in the history of the world in which a machine carrying a man had
raised itself by its own power into the air in full flight, had sailed
forward without reduction of speed, and had finally landed at a point as
high as that from which it started.”
Orville and Wilbur (1903)

Exercise 2. Discuss the following question.

1. What role does Aviation play in our life?

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INPUT
Exercise 3. You are going to watch a video about the History of
Aviation. Familiarize yourself with some information about it and
then discuss the focal events in the history of aviation.

Exercise 4. Put the following events in the chronological order:

1. Leading up to the `90s, designers began adapting a flying wing design
and the use of composite metals.
2. In 1945, a minor military contractor named Boeing became the
largest aircraft manufacturer in the world.
3. In the period between the World Wars, many important innovations
took place: instead of wood planes were built of aluminum and they
became much more powerful as well; airmail also became a reality, as
did a transcontinental flight; the first round-the-world trip occurred in
1924.
4. On December 17th, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright managed the
first reputable instance of sustained flight by a heavier-than-air vehicle
they called the Wright Flyer.
5. World War II firmly established fixed wing aircraft as a decisive
factor for military victory.
6. Leonardo da Vinci is credited with designing early ancestors of the
airplane based on the flight of birds, including parachute and an early
version of the propeller.
7. In 1848, John Stringfellow managed the first powered flight by using
a steam-powered flying machine.
8. 1783 was considered a breakthrough year in aviation: hot air balloons
became popular in Europe with the help from the Montgolfier brothers.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 5. Match the words (1-10) with their definitions (A-H):
1 glider A a military aircraft designed to carry
out bombing missions
2 stealth fighter B is the most modern variation of the
basic gas turbine engine. They are
widely used because of their high
thrust and good fuel efficiency.
3 turbo-fan engine C a fighter that is difficult to detect by
radar; is built for precise targeting
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 and uses laser-guided bombs
4 turbo-jet engine D an internal-combustion engine
having radial cylinders that rotate
about a fixed crankshaft
5 biplane E a large impermeable bag inflated
with a lighter-than-air gas, designed
to rise and float in the atmosphere. It
may have a basket or gondola for
carrying passengers
6 rotary engine F a type of gas turbine in which air,
drawn into a combustion chamber by
fans, is rapidly heated by combusted
fuel, creating air pressure that drives
turbines and provides jet propulsion
7 balloon G a type of aeroplane having two sets
of wings, one above the other
8 bomber H a light aircraft that is designed to fly
without using an engine

Exercise 6. The sentences below have been taken from the video
you have just watched. Use the words in the box to fill in the gaps.
a) stealth fighter, b) gliders, c) turbo-fan, d) compressed air, e) turbo-
jet engines, f) supersonic speed, g) unpiloted and piloted
1. More significant advances came at the end of the nineteenth century
when 1) _______ became more well-developed.
2. Lawrence Hargrave then helped develop the rotary engine by
introducing the use of 2) ___________.
3. Also involved in the flight race was Samuel Pierpont Langley, who
attempted several 3) __________ efforts. His Aerodrome was later
considered the first machine capable of flight.
4. They developed new technologies that allowed for pressurized cabins,
more aerodynamic designs, new metals, larger sizes and turbo-jets
capable of 4) ____________.
5. Boeing introduced the B-52 in the 1950s, and this strategic bomber
was equipped with eight 5)_____________, intercontinental range and a
capacity of half a million pounds.
6. Six years later, Boeing developed the revolutionary 747. That wide-

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bodied 6) _________powered commercial airliner became the most
successful model ever created.
7. This also spurred the creation of crafts like Lockheed Martin`s F-117
7)__________.

Exercise 7. Match the words and word combinations on the left

with those on the right to make phrases taken from the video:
1) rotary a) of half a million
pounds
2) sustained................................................. b) range
3) reconnaissance....................................... c) metals
4) fixed.......................................................... d) obsolete
5) jet................................................................. e) Concorde jet
6) supersonic.....................................................f) aircraft
7) radar..............................................................g) wing aircraft
8) composite......................................................h) missions
9) intercontinental ............................................i) flight
10) capacity........................................................j) engine

SPEAKING
Exercise 8. Think of some type of an aircraft or engine. Describe
it to your partner without naming it and let your partner guess.

HOME TASK
Exercise 9. Find out some more additional materials about the
History of Aviation.
Home work suggestions:
Parker, Steve, Science Discoveries: The Wright Brothers and Aviation,
Chelsea House Publishers, NY, 1995.
Joseph, Paul, Inventors: The Wright Brothers, Abdo & Daughters,
Edina, MN, 1997
Web Sites:
NASA Glenn Research Center, UEET Program Student Site
http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/historyofflight.html

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 LESSON 2. INTERNATIONAL AVIATION ORGANISATIONS

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. You will read a text about International Aviation
Organizations. Before you read, discuss the following questions.
1. What International Aviation Organizations do you know?
2. What is ICAO and its primary objective?
3. What is EUROCONTROL and its main activities?
4. What do you know about a European initiative (SES)?
5. Is it necessary to have such international organizations as ICAO,
EUROCONTROL, SES? Why?
(A) The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a
United Nations specialized agency, established by States in 1944 to
manage the administration and governance of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). ICAO has its
headquarters in Montreal, Canada, with seven regional offices
throughout the world.
The establishment and maintenance of
international Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs), as well as Procedures
for Air Navigation (PANS), are fundamental
tenets of the Convention on International
Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) and a
core aspect of ICAO’s mission and role.
ICAO works with the Convention’s 191
Member States and industry groups to reach
consensus on international civil aviation Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs) and policies in support of a safe, efficient, secure,
economically sustainable and environmentally responsible civil
aviation sector. These SARPs and policies are used by ICAO Member
States to ensure that their local civil aviation operations and regulations
conform to global norms, which in turn permits more than 100,000
daily flights in aviation’s global network to operate safely and reliably
in every region of the world.
According to the terms of the Convention, the Organization is made
up of an Assembly, a Council of limited membership with various
subordinate bodies and a Secretariat. The chief officers are the
President of the Council and the Secretary General.
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 The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting
States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years,
reviewing in detail the work of the Organization and setting policy for
the coming years. It also votes a triennial budget.
The Council, the governing body which is elected by the Assembly
for a three-year term, is composed of 36 States. The Assembly chooses
the Council Member States under three headings: States of chief
importance in air transport, States which make the largest contribution
to the provision of facilities for air navigation, and States whose
designation will ensure that all major areas of the world are represented.
As the governing body, the Council gives continuing direction to the
work of ICAO.
The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into five
main divisions: the Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau,
the Technical Co-operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau and the Bureau of
Administration and Services. In order that the work of the Secretariat
reflects a truly international perspective, professional-level personnel
are recruited on a broad geographical basis.
ICAO works in close cooperation with other members of the United
Nations family such as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Universal Postal
Union (UPU), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the International Maritime
Organization (IMO).
(B) EUROCONTROL is the European Organization for the Safety
of Air Navigation and is an inter-governmental organization working
for seamless, pan-European air traffic management.

The organization was established in

1960 by six European States, i.e. Belgium,
France, Germany, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, for the
purpose of developing a coherent and
coordinated air traffic control system in Europe.
The EUROCONTROL International
Convention relating to Co-operation for the
Safety of Air Navigation was signed at Brussels
on 13 December 1960 and entered into force on 1 March 1963. Four
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Member States (Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands)
agreed in 1964 to set up a single international air traffic control centre to
manage their upper airspace, finally settling on Maastricht in the
Netherlands. In 2014, the organization had 40 Member States, counting
the European Community as a member.
The Organization’s strategic objectives are classified in specific
areas: Safety, Capacity, Efficiency, Security, and Environment. To
achieve its mission and objectives, EUROCONTROL initiates,
develops, and coordinates short-, medium- and long-term pan-European
air traffic management strategies and their associated action plans. This
is done in a collective effort involving civil and military aviation
stakeholders (national authorities, air navigation service providers, civil
and military airspace users, airports, industry, professional
organizations), the European institutions (such as the European Aviation
Safety Agency, the European Community, the European Civil Aviation
Conference, etc.). EUROCONTROL’s has its main headquarters in
Brussels, Belgium.
(C) The Single European Sky (SES)
It is a European initiative to improve the way Europe’s airspace is
managed. Its purpose is to modernise Europe’s airspace structure and
air traffic management technologies so as to ensure forecast growth
in air traffic can be met, safely and sustainably, whilst reducing costs
and improving environmental performance, ensuring Europe’s aviation
industry remains globally competitive.
INPUT
Exercise 2. For items 1-10, match statements to sections of the
text (A, B or C).
 It meets every three years to review in detail the work of the
Organization, to set policy for the coming years and establish a
triennial budget. 1)____
 It develops, coordinates and plans for implementation of short-,
medium- and long-term pan-European air traffic management
strategies. 2) ____
 One of its purposes is to reduce costs and improve environmental
 performance.3)_____
 The Council is composed of members from 36 States. 4)_____

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 It works in close cooperation with civil and military aviation
stakeholders and the European institutions. 5)_____
 The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into
five main divisions. 6)____
 It provides a legislative framework to meet future safety, capacity
and efficiency needs at a European rather than at a national level.
7)____
 From its beginning in 1944 it has grown to an organization with
191 Member States. 8) ____
 It is the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation.
9)____
 It is the specialized agency of the United Nations whose aim is
the safe and orderly development of all aspects of international
civil aeronautics. 10)____

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 3. Match the words in bold in the text with their
synonyms below :
a) joint, b) partnership, c) occurring every three years, d) administration,
e) fundamental, f) principle, g) adjust, h) independent, i) main office,
j) auxiliary.

Exercise 4. Explain the underlined parts in your own words.

Exercise 5. Match a word on the left with a word on the right to

make phrases relating to international organizations. Choose 3 of
them and prepare 3 sentences of your own.
1) globally ….................................................................a) offices
2) aviation …………………………………………… b) aspect
3) triennial........... ............................................................ c) tenets
4) sovereign .....................................................................d) consensus
5) subordinate ..................................................................e) global norms
6) conform to ...................................................................f) bodies
7) to reach ........................................................................g) body
8) fundamental .................................................................h) budget
9) core ..............................................................................i) stakeholders
10) regional…………………………………………… j) competitive

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 Exercise 6. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
1) SARPs, 2) PANS, 3) ICAO, 4) SES, 5) IMO, 6) UNWTO, 7) WHO,
8) UPU, 9) ITU, 10) WMO.

SPEAKING
Exercise 7. Summarize the text in three paragraphs specifying
the following themes:
1. ICAO`s structure.
2. ICAO and Eurocontrol`s main objectives and functions.
3. SES.

HOME TASK
Exercise 8. Find out some more additional materials about the
International Aviation Organizations and prepare the reports.
Home work suggestions:
www.icao.int/about-icao
www.iata.org
iawa.org/
https://www.eurocontrol.int/
www.icao.int/.../ifalpa_international_federation_of_air_line

LESSON 3. ICAO ALPHABET

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. You are going to watch a video about the ICAO
alphabet. Give your answers to the following questions.
1. Why do pilots have their own alphabet?
2. When did ICAO develop the “phonetic alphabet”?
3. What is the whole idea of developing the “phonetic alphabet”?
4. When was the final choice of code words for the letters of the
alphabet made?
5. What is a similar solution with numbers?

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INPUT
Exercise 2. Read a text about the History of ICAO alphabet and
complete the table with missing information.
Year Organization The use
1927
ICAN
1946 civil aviation
1947-1951

1 March throughout the aviation world

1956

It is interesting to note that the first internationally recognized

phonetic alphabet was adopted by the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) Radio Conference in 1927 and was for use by the
maritime mobile service; such alphabet assigns code words to each
letter of the alphabet (i.e. Alfa for A, Bravo for B, etc.), so that critical
combinations of letters (and numbers) can be pronounced and
understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio
or telephone regardless of their native language, especially when the
safety of navigation or persons is essential. The experience gained with
that alphabet resulted in several changes being made by the 1932 Radio
Conference of ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the
International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN), the predecessor
of ICAO, and was used in civil aviation until World War II.
During WWII, the military requirements of joint operations let to
the development of a common spelling alphabet for the use of the
combined allied services; it became known as the Able Baker alphabet
after the words for the letters A and B. After World War II, with many
aircraft and ground personnel drawn from the allied armed forces, the
"Able/Baker" alphabet continued to be used in civil aviation. The
Second Session of the ICAO Communications Division naturally
adopted in 1946 that alphabet. However, it was recognized that many
speech sounds of this alphabet were associated only with the English
language; in fact, an alternative alphabet "Ana/Brazil" was approved by
ICAO and introduced for the South American and Caribbean regions.

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 The coexistence of two spelling alphabets led the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) at its First Technical Conference in Nice
in 1947 to submit for consideration by ICAO a first draft of a proposed
single universal alphabet. During 1948 and 1949, Professor Jean-Paul
Vinay of the Université de Montréal, Canada worked on the problem in
collaboration with the ICAO language section. After those studies,
consultations with communications experts and comments from all of
ICAO’s member governments, a new ICAO alphabet was adopted and
incorporated in the Aeronautical Telecommunications Annex 10 for
implementation on 1 November 1951 in civil aviation, with one year
transition to this new alphabet.
Immediately, problems were found with the newly adopted alphabet.
Some users felt that they were so severe that they reverted to the old
"Able/Baker" alphabet. Because of the complaints, ICAO decided in
1952 to re-examine the question and its member governments (through
airlines, pilots, air traffic controllers, etc.) were invited to collaborate in
further studies and actual tests which could be as objective as possible;
testing was conducted among speakers from 31 countries, principally by
the governments of Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The conclusions confirmed strikingly the basic soundness of the
original work. The final version was implemented by ICAO on 1 March
1956, and thus was adopted by many other international and national
organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), ITU, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), etc. The
phonetic alphabet became to be formally known as the International
Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet or the NATO Phonetic Alphabet. It is
commonly referred to as the Alpha/Bravo/Charlie alphabet.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 3. Match the words in bold in the text with their
definitions below. Choose 3 of them and prepare 3 sentences of your
own.
1) joined by treaty, agreement, or common cause____
2) affording a choice of two or more things, propositions, or courses of
action____
3) connected with the sea in relation to navigation, shipping, etc.___
4) something succeeded or replaced by something else____
5) a first or preliminary form of any writing, subject to revision,
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copying, etc.____
6) something created by working jointly with another or others_____
7) a policy of living peacefully with other nations, religions, etc., despite
fundamental disagreements _____
8) eminently, remarkably_____
9) returned to a former habit, practice, belief, condition, etc._____
10) the act of implementing, or putting into effect; fulfillment____.

Exercise 4. What do the following abbreviations stand for?

1) NATO, 2) IMO, 3) ICAN, 4) ITU, 5) IATA.

Exercise 5. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. alphabet/ newly/the/adopted/ immediately/found/were/problems/with.
2. spelling alphabet/a/of/common/ military requirements/the/joint/of/ the
development/to/let/operations.
3. several changes/in/resulted/that alphabet/with/gained/the experience.
4. the Aeronautical Telecommunications Annex 10/in/ incorporated/
adopted/was/and/ ICAO alphabet/new/a.
5. internationally/the/ first/ by /ITU/ was/ phonetic alphabet/ adopted/
recognized.

REVIEW
Exercise 6. You are going to watch the video and listen to the
spelling of aviation phonetic letters. Repeat these letters after the
speaker.

Exercise 7. Spell the following items with the help of the ICAO
letters for your partner to write down:
– the town where you were born
– your full name
– your address
HOME TASK
Exercise 8. Did you know that in the NATO/ICAO scheme it is
not only the letters that are supposed to be pronounced in specified
ways, but also the numbers? Watch the video and give the answers
to the following questions.
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1. What is the proper pronunciation of the numbers 3, 4, 9, 1000?
2. What numbers do we pronounce each digit separately?
3. What exceptions do you know which involve the whole hundreds?
4. How many digits of a frequency must be transmitted?
5. What is the exception in pronunciation of a frequency?

Exercise 9. Learn by heart the Aviation Phonetic Alphabet and

find out some more additional materials about the history of ICAO
alphabet.

LESSON 4. AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. You are going to watch a presentation about “Parts
of an airplane”, while watching make notes what parts of an
airplane are mentioned:
Wings-
Fuselage-
Propeller-
Engine cowl-
Types of landing gear-
Fuel tanks-
Windshields-
Cockpit-
Ailerons-
Elevator-
Rudder-
Flaps-

INPUT
Exercise 2. You are going to read a text about “Parts of an
airplane”. Look at these words from the text and match them with
the definitions below (1-14).
a) debris, b) collide with, c) to steer, d) frequency, e) satellite, f) flight
controls, g) pitch, h) thrust, i) to accelerate, j) drag, k) yaw, l)
counteract, m) curvature, n) disrupt

1) to cause disorder or turmoil in___

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2) the degree of curving of a line or surface___
3) to reduce or remove the effect of smth. unwanted by producing an
opposite effect_____
4) is a rotation along the vertical axis of an aircraft ____
5) is the force that opposes thrust____
6) to cause to move faster______
7) is the force that pushes an aircraft forward____
8) is a rotation along the lateral axis of an aircraft____
9) the means by which a pilot controls the direction and attitude of an
aircraft in flight____
10) a device designed to be launched into orbit around the earth, another
planet, the sun, etc. ___
11) the number of cycles or completed alternations per unit time of a
wave or oscillation____
12) to direct the course of; guide___
13) to strike one another or one against the other with a forceful impact;
come into violent contact; crash____
14) the remains of anything broken down or destroyed; ruins.

Exercise 3. Read a text about “Parts of an airplane” and think

about the questions.
1. Which aircraft component has two parts, installed one on each wing,
that operate in different directions?
2. What language do the terms “fuselage” and “empennage” come
from?
3. What is a spoiler`s function? How many types of spoilers do you
know?
4. What is the difference between a rudder and a horizontal stabilizer?
5. What is a winglet`s purpose?
6. What materials is a windshield made from?
7. How many engines does an aircraft have?
8. What is the struts` function and what does each strut contain?
9. What is the difference between an elevator and a vertical stabilizer?

Parts of an airplane
Any vehicle, whether it`s a car, truck, boat, airplane, helicopter or
rocket, is made up of many individual component parts. Some
components are common amongst a variety of vehicles, while others are
18
exclusive to specific types. Figure 1 shows a typical airplane with its
major components listed.

Figure 1. Parts of an airplane

Aileron
The ailerons are located at the rear of the wing, typically one on each
side. They work opposite to each other, meaning that when one is
raised, the other is lowered. Their job is to increase the lift on one wing
while reducing the lift on the other. By doing this, they roll the aircraft
sideways, causing the aircraft to turn. This is the primary method of
steering a fixed-wing aircraft.
Antenna
There are numerous radio antennas located around an aircraft, their
size and position corresponding to the type of work each antenna must
perform and the frequencies being transmitted or received. The GPS
antenna, for example, is always mounted to the top of an airplane. This

19
is because the GPS satellites are in Space, and therefore always above
the aircraft.
Cockpit
The cockpit, sometimes referred to as the Flight Deck, is where the
pilots sit. It contains the flight controls, which move the airplane, as
well as all the buttons and switches used to operate the various systems.
Elevator
As the name implies, the elevator helps "elevate" the aircraft. It is
located on the tail and directs the nose of the aircraft. It is located on the
tail and directs the nose of the aircraft either upwards or downwards
(pitch) in order to make the airplane climb and descend.
Empennage
This name stems from the French word "empenner ". The
empennage is the name given to the entire tail section of the aircraft,
including both the horizontal and vertical stabilizers, the rudder and the
elevator.
Engine
An airplane has at least one, or as many as eight engines, which
provide the thrust needed to fly. There are many different makes and
models on aircraft today but all perform the same basic function of
taking the air that's in front of the aircraft, accelerating it and pushing it
out behind the aircraft.
Flap
Flaps are a "high lift / high drag" device. Not only do they improve
the lifting ability of the wing at slower speeds by changing the camber,
or curvature of the wing, but when extended fully they also create more
drag. This means an aircraft can descend (or lose altitude) faster,
without gaining airspeed in the process.
Fuselage
The fuselage, from the French word "fusele" meaning "spindle
shaped", is the portion of the airplane used to literally join, or fuse, the
other parts together. It is commonly thought of as the body of the
aircraft and holds the passengers and cargo safely inside.

Horizontal Stabilizer
The horizontal stabilizer is quite simply an upside-down wing,
designed to provide a downward force (push) on the tail. Airplanes are
traditionally nose-heavy and this downward force is required to
20
compensate for that, keeping the nose level with the rest of the aircraft.
Some aircraft can control the angle of the stabilizer and therefore the
level of downward force while in flight, while others are fixed in place.
Rudder
The rudder is attached to the vertical stabilizer, located on the tail of
the aircraft. It works identically to a rudder on a boat, helping to steer
the nose of the aircraft left and right; this motion is referred to as yaw.
Its main purpose is to counteract certain types of drag, or friction,
ensuring that the aircraft's tail follows the nose, rather than sliding out to
the side.
Slat
A slat is a "high lift" device typically found on jet-powered aircraft.
Slats are similar to the flaps except they are mounted on the leading
edge of the wing. They also assist in changing the camber, or curvature
of the wing, to improve lifting ability at slower speeds.
Spoiler
The spoiler's function is to disrupt, or spoil, the flow of air across the
upper surface of the wing. They are usually found on larger aircraft,
which can have two types installed. The in-flight spoilers are small and
designed to reduce the lifting capability of the wing just enough to
allow the aircraft to descend quicker without gaining airspeed. The
ground spoilers typically deploy automatically on landing and are much
larger than their in-flight cousins.
Vertical Stabilizer
The vertical stabilizer is designed to stabilize the left-right motion of
the aircraft. While most aircraft use a single stabilizer, some models use
multiple, smaller stabilizers.
Windshield
The windshield on smaller aircraft is usually made from
polycarbonate, a type of plastic, while pressurized airplanes use a
sandwich of plastic and glass layers, called a laminate, up to 20mm
thick. This is necessary to absorb the impact of birds, insects and other
debris that may collide with the windshield as the airplane flies at close
to the speed of sound.
Wing
The wing provides the majority of the lift an airplane requires for
flight. Its shape is specifically designed for the aircraft to which it is
attached. On most aircraft, the interior of the wing is also used to store
21

5
the fuel required to power the engines.
Winglet
Some aircraft wings have an additional component called a winglet,
which is located at the end of each wing. Its purpose is to reduce the
drag (or air resistance) the wing produces as it pushes through the air.
Wheel
The wheels are another part of the undercarriage, or landing gear.
Typically aircraft wheels are filled with nitrogen instead of air.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 4. The sentences below have been taken from the text
you have just read. Use the words in the box to fill in the gaps.
The vertical stabilizer, spoiler`s, slats, rudder, flaps, engines,
elevator, cockpit, GPS antenna, ailerons, empennage, horizontal
stabilizer
1. The ___________is designed to provide a downward force (push) on
the tail.
2. The ___________ function is to disrupt, or spoil, the flow of air
across the upper surface of the wing
3. The _________ is always mounted to the top of an airplane
4.______ are a "high lift / high drag" device.
5. The _________is the name given to the entire tail section of the
aircraft.
6. The _________ is located on the tail and directs the nose of the
aircraft either upwards or downwards.
7. The _________, sometimes referred to as the Flight Deck, is where
the pilots sit.
8. An airplane has at least one, or as many as eight ________, which
provide the thrust needed to fly.
9. The _______is attached to the vertical stabilizer, located on the tail of
the aircraft.
10. ______ are similar to the flaps except they are mounted on the
leading edge of the wing.
11. _______ roll the aircraft sideways, causing the aircraft to turn.
12. ________ is designed to stabilize the left-right motion of the
aircraft.

22
 Exercise 5. Match the words on the left with the words on the
right to make plane parts:
1) horizontal………………… a) spoilers
2) in-flight……………………...b) gear
3) ground……………………… c) deck
4) wing……………………....... d) spoiler
5) flight……………………....... e) let
6) trailing..................………… f) edge
7) under....................................... g) stabilizer
8) landing.................................... h) edge
9) leading ................................... i) carriage

SPEAKING
Exercise 6. With a partner, act out the roles. Student A: You are
a flight instructor. Talk to Student B about:
– parts of an aircraft and their functions
– an error he or she makes
Student B: You are a student. Talk to student A about aircraft parts
and their functions.

HOME TASK
Exercise 7. Look at the website and complete the table.
www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/engines.html
Engine part Function
fan
compressor compresses air and so increases pressure
combustor
turbine
nozzle

Exercise 8. Using the same site, find out about different types of
jet engine. Work in small groups. Each of you should choose a
different engine. Make notes and then prepare a short presentation
for your group to explain how it works and what it is used for.

23
 LESSON 5. TYPES OF AIRCRAFT

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Look at the six handouts (photos) related to the
aircraft. Is it important for controllers to be able to identify an
aircraft type? How many of these aircrafts can you identify? Match
the following photos (1-6) with the names:
AN -225 “Mriya”- Gulfstream G 100-
Airbus A 330- Lockheed C-5 Galaxy-
Airbus A 380- Sikorsky S-61 N Helicopter-

Exercise 2. Match the following descriptions with an appropriate

aircraft name from Ex.1.
a) With the _____, the sky is yours. Designed for air transport needs in
the 21st century, its unique size allows airlines to maximize their
revenue potential through an optimized, segmented cabin. The _____
cabin is the quietest and most spacious in the sky for passengers.
b) The _______ is a large-capacity medium-to-long-range commercial
passenger airliner.
There are two variants of this aircraft: the long fuselage _____-300
measures 63.6 m in length and can fly up to 10, 500 km. The short
fuselage _____-200 measures 59.0 m in length with an operating range
of 12, 500 km.
c) The _____ aircraft is designed to transport oversized, large-span
cargoes placed both inside the fuselage or mounted externally above the
fuselage to any place on the globe. The aircraft`s maximum cargo
capacity is 250t.
d) The ______ was designed fly long distances at high speeds. It can
easily complete nonstop trips from Seattle to New York or from
Singapore to Tokyo. It can climb directly to 37,000 feet in 16 minutes.
The seven-passenger cabin of the _______ is 17.1 feet long, 5.6 feet
high, and 4.8 feet wide.
e) The _______ is a large military transport aircraft built by Lockheed.
It provides the United States Air Force (USAF) with a heavy
intercontinental-range strategic airlift capability.
f) The _____ was built specifically for overwater operations,
particularly oil rig support. Designed with an extremely spacious cabin,

24
it`s one of the most comfortable and quiet helicopters for passengers
even now.

INPUT
Exercise 3. You are going to listen to part of a talk about the
Airbus A380. Listen and put these points in the order they are
mentioned.
Subject Order
a) the countries which collaborate in
the manufacturing
b) the range without refuelling
c) the size
d) where the plane is put together
e) where the wings are made

Exercise 4. Answer the questions. Then listen again and check

your answers.
1. The speaker says “everything about this aeroplane is enormous- the
numbers are truly mind-boggling”. What does this mean?
2. What is the length of the Airbus A380?
3. How many passengers can the Airbus A380 carry?
4. Why does it need to carry 310, 000 litres of fuel?
5. Is the building of the A380 an example of transnational cooperation?
What countries took part in its construction?
6. What parts of the aircraft are designed in America?

Exercise 5. Look at the sentences from the audio about the

Airbus A380. Listen again and complete the sentences.
1. Everything about this aeroplane is ________- the numbers are truly
________.
2. Its ______ length is 73 meters. That`s about as long as the Great
Sphinx in Egypt.
3. Incredibly, though, the A380 will actually be more _________ than
other, similar-sized jumbo-jets.
4. The building of the A380 is a _________example of transnational
cooperation.
5. The final assembly line is in Toulouse in France, but this is only the
end of an impressively ________ process.
25
6. In fact, in terms of ________ cost, almost half the aircraft is made in
the USA.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 6. Many adjectives were used by the speaker to describe
the construction of the A380. Add the following adjectives to the
table below: immense, complex, overwhelming, complete, current,
extraordinary, incomplete, standard, easy, past, ugly, tiny.
Adjective Synonym (similar Antonym ( opposite
meaning) meaning)
actual
remarkable
overall
mind-boggling
complicated
enormous

Exercise 7. Match the words on the left with the words on the
right to make phrases relating to the A380:
1) assembly a) area
2) two-deck b) together
3) similar-sized c) cost
4) take-off d) length
5) to be put e) fuselage
6) actual d) weight
7) wing f) electronics
8) the result of g) line
9) overall h) jumbo-jets
10) cockpit i) collaboration

SPEAKING
Exercise 8. You are going to read the other text about aircraft
types. Think of two or three questions you`d like to ask students
about it after reading.

HOME TASK
Exercise 9. Prepare a presentation “Types of general aviation
airplanes”.
26
MODULE II INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS. AIRPORT
SECURITY

LESSON 1 WHEN YOU TRAVEL,...

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Discuss the questions.
1. Do you ever travel by plane?
2. Do you enjoy it?
3. What do you like/dislike about air travel?

Exercise 2. Complete the questions /statements you might hear in

an airport with the words in the box.
proceed aisle card passport priority X-ray hand gate check
boards
1. Can I see your_________?
2. Your _________number is 42.
3.In a few moments we will be calling all passengers
with________boarding.
4. Would you like an ________seat or a window seat?
5. Your flight _______at 09.30.
6. Please have your boarding __________ready for inspection.
7. How many bags do you have to_______in?
8. Do you have any _______luggage?
9. Please _________to gate number 30.
10. Put your hand luggage through the_______machine.

INPUT
Exercise 3. Work in pairs. Write a list of three things you must
and mustn`t do in an airport.

Exercise 4. Read the article. Does it mention your ideas?

Exercise 5. Work in pairs and discuss. Do you agree with the

advice? Have you ever experienced any of these problems?

27
Ten things NOT to do in an airport
1) Pick the wrong terminal- Most airports have more than one
terminal, so check which terminal you need before your taxi drops you
off and drives away.
2) Annoy the check-in desk- They may be taking a long time, but
getting annoyed with them will get you nowhere.
3) Make jokes about bombs or drugs- You might end up in jail
instead of enjoying your holiday.
4) Take more than one bag- If it says one bag only for hand luggage,
then you can`t bring your handbag and shopping bags, too.
5) Go crazy on liquids- 100 ml is the limit. No extra bottles of
suncream, shampoo and hair conditioner.
6) Waste people`s time- Take off your jewellery, watch and belt before
you go through the X-ray machine, so people don`t have to wait while
you go through the machine again and again.
7) Leave things in the tray- Don’t wait until you get to the departure
gate before you remember that you left your phone, iPod, keys and
passport in the tray.
8) Use the airport internet terminals- They are slow and expensive,
and you`ll soon wish you hadn`t bothered.
9) Shop because you`re bored- You got cheap flights and a budget
hotel, so why waste money on things you don’t need, like giant-sized
chocolate bars?
10) Leave the toilet stop until it`s time to board- You`ll keep the
other passengers waiting, and then have to make that embarrassing walk
down the aisle when you finally board.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 6. You are going to watch a video about Craziest
Things Found by Airport Security. Watch and match the halves (1-
10) with the halves (a-j) to complete the sentences.
1) A coral covered cannonball was determined to be denied
2) The Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport encountered a
man
3) Headlines were ablaze raising questions as
4) In 2010 at Bangkok International Airport in Thailand,
5) It is uncertain if the drug smuggler
6) Officials asked if he had anything else illegal to declare and
28
7) The German couple that tried to smuggle them back home after
8) In 2002, a frightening weapon known as a “wheel of pain”
9) With careful examination it was discovered
10) Security decided to physically inspect her with a more than careful
patdown after

a) was discovered through the screening process of the Newark Aiport.

b) they discovered a specially designed apron with multiple pockets to
carry 15 bags of 51 different kinds of tropical fish.
c) that the lipstick was a 350 000-volt stun gun.
d) a sedated 2 month old tiger cub was found in a suitcase amongst
stuffed animals.
e) broke his leg specifically for this task or if it was accidental.
f) a trip to South America faced criminal charges.
g) he blatantly admitted to having a pair of monkeys in his underwear.
h) who had 30 dead venomous snakes packed in jars and bottles that he
checked into his luggage.
i) access onto an airplane due to its viable explosiveness.
j) to where these heads were being sent and why.

Exercise 7. Match the words (1-9) with their definitions (A-I).

Choose 3 of them and prepare 3 sentences of your own.
1 Patdown A burning, very excited
2 Ablaze B poisoned, toxic
3 Viable C calm under the influence of a sedative
4 Venomous D a person who imports or exports (goods)
secretly, in violation of the law, especially
without payment of legal duty
5 Stun gun E an accusation of crime, formulated in a
written complaint
6 Sedated F when you do it obviously, without trying to
hide it
7 Smuggler G it is an electrical self-defense device that uses
high voltage to stop an attacker
8 Criminal H practicable; workable
charges
9 Blatantly I an act of passing the hands over the body of a

29
 clothed person to detect concealed weapons,
drugs, etc.; frisking

SPEAKING
Exercise 8. Complete the following dialogue with the words and
phrases from the box below:
available flight , cover the cost for, relief, airport shuttle bus, keeping
track, fix, alternative flight, connecting flight

Mr.John: I heard the announcement that my flight would be delayed. I

wouldnʼ’t be able to
get to the airport on time, right?
Airline Manager: Right, but no problem, sir. We are _________ of all
flights.
Mr. John: Do I have to speak to someone?
Airline Manager: No, sir. We can _________ the situation for you.
Mr. John: What will happen if I cannot get on a ___________ because
of that delay?
Airline Manager: We can check online if there is another
__________with the same airline. If there is none, we can also look for
an _____________with another carrier.
Mr. John: What would happen if you couldnʼ’t find any flight?
Airline Manager: The ___________ would take you to a local hotel.
Mr. John: Should I pay for the stay then?
Airline Manager: No need, sir. We would ________your hotel room.
Mr. John: Thatʼ’s a _______, thanks for the information.

Exercise 9. Have a role play with your partner in the situation

below.
Situation: You heard the announcement of the flight delay. Ask the
airline manager what will happen if you miss the connecting flight.
Your partner will be the airline manager.

HOME TASK
Exercise 10. A travelers` magazine has asked its readers to send
in short stories entitled: “The best travel experience of my life” (80-
100 words). When writing a story, present the events in the order they
happened. This will help readers follow the story easily.
30
 LESSON 2. INTERNATIONAL AIPORTS

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Match the photos (A-F) with the names of
International Airports (1-6).

A) B)

C) D)

E) F)
1) Madeira International Airport, Portugal
2) Denver International Airport, USA
3) Princess Juliana International Airport, Saint Martin
4) Incheon International Airport, South Korea
5) Hamad International Airport, Qatar
6) Congonhas-Sao Paulo Airport, Brazil
31
 Exercise 2. You are going to watch a presentation about
“Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport”, while watching
think about 3 questions of your own which you can ask your
groupmates.

INPUT
Exercise 3. Read the text about “The most impressive airports”.
One sentence is missing in each of the paragraphs. Mark the
number with a letter. One sentence is extra.

Incheon International Airport, South Korea

Named Airports Council International’s “Best Airport Worldwide”
for seven years running, Incheon is a gateway to Korea and an aviation
connection between Asia and the world. In mid-2011, nine international
design teams competed to design a second, 72-gate terminal that
doubles the airport’s size.1) _____. Slated for 2017 completion,
Terminal 2 will incorporate advanced technologies that set new
performance benchmarks for the celebrated airport.
Hamad International Airport, Qatar
Opened in 2014, Hamad (formerly New Doha International Airport)
replaces Doha International Airport. It provides significantly increased
passenger capacity and cargo facilities. 2)_____. The new airport
initially accommodates 24 million passengers and 750,000 metric tons
of cargo annually. It features, among other facilities: two of the longest
commercial runways in the world, a control tower some 85 meters
(about 280 feet) tall, a striking passenger terminal of nearly 5.5 million
square feet (some 510,000 square meters) with 40 gates, a 150,000-
square-meter (1.6 million-square-foot) aircraft maintenance center, one
of the world’s largest airport catering facilities, state-of-the art air-
traffic-control equipment and security systems.
Denver International Airport, the USA
Denver International Airport has a distinctive roofline that evokes
the Rocky Mountains. The airport was opened in 1995, and has received
various awards for its effective operations. Yet the airport is not safe for
the landing of business flights. There is actually a vast underground
installation beneath the airport.3) ______.
Congonhas-Sao Paulo Airport, Brazil
32
 Congonhas-Sao Paulo Airport is located in Brazil, in a city of 14
million inhabitants. The airport is constructed miles away from the
center of the city, landing here is cheaper yet highly dangerous.
4)_____. The airport poses several landing issues on the pilots, such as
over-population of the city and limited area, as well as noise pollution.
Princess Juliana International Airport, Saint Martin
If you’ve seen the videos of landing at this airport, then you must be
familiar with the fact that it is situated close to a Saint Martin’s beach,
having a fence and road that set down on the runway. 5)____. The risks
involved are high chances of jet blast, and physical harms.
Madeira International Airport, Portugal
Madeira International Airport extends its runway on piling over the
ocean. 6)____. It killed over 130 people in different flights, which led
the government to decide that this airport should not be used for
international flights. The air-traffic has managed to control the situation
so far, but still its short runways are highly unsafe.

A) It also offers airfield capacity for a wide range of aircraft

including the latest A380 within the ever-expanding fleet of Qatar
Airways.
B) What makes it dangerous is that the airport was opened in 1936,
in those days the city’s population was not high as compared to what it
is nowadays
C) The airport was opened in 1964 in North Atlantic, and has two
short runways.
D) Plane enthusiasts from all parts of the world love viewing this
airport, but the flights’ landing here is going to be much dangerous.
E) Also the artwork of the airport is highly bizarre, making it a bad
fit for most of the flights.
F) The airport’s expansion includes a second control tower, train
station, parking facilities, and an integral hotel and conference center.
G) Everything about this aeroplane is enormous- the numbers are
truly mind-boggling.

33
 Exercise 4. Discuss the following question.
1. Did you have a positive or negative experience in the airport? Think
of some interesting/important event concerning airport services that
happened to you at the international airport.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 5. Match the words (1-10) with their synonyms (A-J).
Choose 3 of them and prepare 3 sentences of your own.

1 gateway
2 benchmark
3 accommodate
4 striking
5. state-of-the art
6 distinctive
7 evoke
8 jet blast
9 bizarre
10 fleet
A unusual
B peculiar
C induce, stimulate
D exhaust gas flow
E a number of vehicles
F advanced, up-to-date
G extraordinary
H reference point
I entrance
J supply

Exercise 6. Match the things (airport stuff and places) to their

meaning by writing the numbers in the boxes below.
№ Thing № Meaning
1 An itinerary A ticket which lets a passenger
board a plane
2 luggage A document that allows someone
to stay in a country for a period of
time
3 a passport A document that contains all the
details of a journey, for example,
where and when a flight will take
off and land
4 a boarding pass Things that people take with them
when they travel, for example,
clothes
5 a destination A personal document which
contains a photo of an individual

34
 and states his/her nationality, age
etc
6 a visa A place at the end of a journey

Exercise 7. Below is Tom`s airport experience from start to

finish. Fill in the gaps with the words (verbs and nouns) below.
Write some of the verbs in their “past simple” forms.
An itinerary a boarding pass immigration a gate to pack a visa
to check in to declare luggage to take off a destination to
disembark customs airport security to board baggage claim a
passport

1. He __________ lots of clothes into a suitcase.

2. He checked his flight details on his _________.
3. He went to the airport and took his passport and his _________ with
him.
4. He __________ to let the airline know that he had arrived.
5. At the check-in counter, the airline employee confirmed his identity
by looking at his_________. Finally, he gave them his luggage.
6. He then received his_______, which would let him board the plane.
7. He went to_________ where an x-ray machine scanned his bags.
8. He proceeded to his ___________ and waited for his flight.
9. When it was time to go the airline staff asked the passengers
to________ the plane.
10. When everyone was on the plane, the plane ___________.
11. After a few hours, the plane arrived at its_____________.
12. Everyone ___________ from the plane.
13. Before he could officially enter the country, he would have to pass
___________.
14. At immigration, an officer gave him a 4 week tourist_________.
15. He went to ________ to collect his luggage.
16. Before he could leave the airport he had to go through __________.
17. He told the officer at customs that he had “nothing to___________”.
Finally, he left the airport and got a taxi.

35
SPEAKING
Exercise 8. Look at these problem situations and decide with
your partner what would be the best way to resolve them. Some
questions have more than one possible answer.
Problem 1
When James got to his destination, he unlocked his suitcase using a
key and opened it. He saw that there was nothing inside. He knew that
theft couldn`t have been the reason as his suitcase had been locked the
whole time.
Question: What did James forget to do?
Answer______________________________________________.

Problem 2
A man named Abdul was arrested by airport police because a bomb
was discovered inside his laptop bag.
Question: Where in the airport do you think the bomb was
discovered?
Answer________________________________________________
_____________________.

Problem 3
Sam arrived at the airport and wanted to check in for his 8:00 pm
flight. He was annoyed to see that there were 50 check-in desks, one for
each airline. He couldn`t remember which airline he had booked his
ticket with so he didn`t know which desk to go to.
Question: What should he have taken with him to the airport?
Answer________________________________________________
_____________________.

Problem 4
Sarah went to the airport at 5:30 pm because she was going to fly to
Dubai at 6:00 pm. At the airport she found her check-in desk, waited in
a queue and then checked in. She then made her way to airport security
where she waited in a very long queue. Eventually, she got through
security. She ran to her gate, which was quite far from airport security.
When she got there, she was told that the plane had taken off 30 minutes
before, so she had already missed her flight.

36
 Question: What was Sarah`s biggest mistake?
Answer________________________________________________
_____________________.

HOME TASK
Exercise 9. Find out additional information about Extraordinary
Airports Around the World.

LESSON 3. AIRPORT SECURITY: 3 D BODY SCANNER

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Look at the following quotes about AIRPORT
SECURITY. What do you understand by them?
“The only sure way of dealing with the threat is to talk to every
passenger and find out whether they can tell a convincing account of
their travel plans.”
UK newspaper Daily Mail

“Body scanners represent the most advanced passenger screening

technology available and capable of detecting a range of sophisticated
threats.”
Travelsecure website

“Technology can help the qualified, well-trained human being but

cannot replace him.”
UK newspaper Daily Mail

Exercise 2. You are going to watch a video about Flawless

Airline Security on Israeli Planes. Give your answers to the
following questions.
1. What are Israeli airport security measures?
2. Does ethnic profiling endanger people`s democratic values?
3. Is it easy to detect a suspicious passenger?
4. What do Israeli flights have aboard?
5. What makes Israeli airport security so great?

37
 Exercise 3. What do you understand by these phrases? Write
down your answers.
1. 3 seconds____________________________________
2. 95 % ______________________________________
3. for more than 3 decades___________________________________
4. 15-minute check_________________________________________

INPUT
Exercise 4. Look at the following headline. What do you think
this article is about? New Body Scanners See Through Clothes

Exercise 5. Read the article and see if your predictions were

correct.
Travellers at two US airports will soon be searched by new high-tech
scanners. International airports in Los Angeles and New York have
installed digital body scanners that can 'see through' clothing. The new
machines will mainly search for weapons and explosives. They use the
very latest technology, called millimeter wave imaging. Radio waves
create a 3-D image of someone's body to see if they are concealing
anything dangerous. Government officials say the new equipment will
make air travel safer. A spokesperson said: "Imaging devices are not a
brand new security tool, but they are a brand new security tool for
airports." There are plans to install the devices in another 30 airports
across the country. An official promised that passengers will prefer the
scanner to a security guard patting their body.
The new technology has raised questions by privacy groups, who
believe the scanning process is too detailed. They say the device can see
too much of the naked body. A civil liberties spokesman said it was the
same as a virtual strip search. He warned: "We need to make sure there
are good safeguards. The temptation is great not to follow procedures
when a celebrity or someone well-known is involved." One female
passenger at LA airport suggested that only female operators should be
allowed to scan female passengers. She said she was highly embarrassed
to see a male official looking at the digital image of her body. She was
also worried the scanned images could end up on the Internet. It seems
it's only a matter of time, however, before the machines replace metal
detectors.

38
 Exercise 6. Discuss the following questions.
1. Do you understand why privacy groups are worried?
2. Do you share the civil liberties group's concerns that the scanner
is the same as a virtual strip search?
3. Do you think airport staff would use the scanner for the wrong
purposes?
4. Do famous people need extra attention when passing through the
body scanner?
5. Do you think the 3-D images could end up on the Internet?
6. Do you think air travel will ever be totally free from terrorist attack?
7. What do you think of the current security procedure of metal
detectors and being searched by security officials?
8. What other kinds of security would you like to see at airports?

Exercise 7. Read the article again and mark the following

statements True (T) or False (F). Correct the false statements.
1. All international airports will soon have high-tech body scanners.
2. The main purpose of the scanners is to prevent terrorist attacks.
3. The scanners are a brand new tool for the global security industry.
4. An official said people will prefer metal detectors to the body
scanner.
5. Civil liberties groups are concerned about people`s privacy.
6. The civil libertarian was worried about celebrities and famous people.
7. A passenger wondered whether body images would be posted.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 8. Match the words (1-10) with their synonyms (a-j):
1) searched a) hiding
2) mainly b) reach
3) concealing c) touching
4) devices d) created
5) patting e) freedoms
6) raised f) frisked
7) liberties g) machines
8) safequards h) appeal
9) temptation i) precautions
10) end up on online j) largely

39
 Exercise 9. Match the words and word combinations on the left
with those on the right:
1) searched by new a) questions
2) mainly search for weapons and b) embarrassed
3) radio waves create a 3-D image c) tool for airports
4) they are a brand new security d) high-tech scanners
5) a security quard patting e) much of the naked body
6) the new technology has raised f) their body
7) they say the device can see too g) are good safequards
8) we need to make sure there h) of time
9) she said she was highly i) of someone`s body
10) it seems it`s only a matter j) explosives

SPEAKING
Work in pairs
Exercise 10. You are going to take part in a debate. Students A
strongly support airports using body scanners that can see through
clothes to improve security; Students B are strongly against this.

Exercise 11. Look at these expressions below that will be useful

in the debate:
I`m (very much) in favour of / (really) against….
I think / feel /believe that…
It seems to me that….
The way I see it…
Agreeing Partially agreeing Disagreeing
That`s right. You`ve got a point I (totally) disagree.
I agree (with you). there, but… I don`t agree (with
Exactly/ I agree to some extent, you).
Absolutely/ but… I`m not so sure.
Definitely. I take/ see your point, I`m (still) not
I suppose so. but… convinced.
Fair enough, but…
I know what you
mean, but …

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HOME TASK
WRITING
Exercise 12. Write a magazine article about the necessity of 3-D
body scanners at airports. Include imaginary interviews with an
airport security chief and passengers.

LESSON 4. AIRPORT SECURITY MEASURES

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Match the following handouts (photos) security
checks with the names. Rate each item from 10 (This is essential) to
1 (This is unimportant).

______metal detectors ______ iris identification

_____ 3-D body scanners ______fingerprinting
_____ sniffer dogs ______ CCTV (closed circuit
television)
_____ strip searches _______body patting searches

INPUT
Exercise 2. Read the text about the different kinds of Airport
Security Measures and answer the questions.
According to the Department of Homeland Security, 730 million
people travel on passenger jets every year, while more than 700 million
pieces of their baggage are screened for explosives and other dangerous
items.
Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in
protecting passengers, staff and aircrafts. Large numbers of people pass
through airports every day. This presents potential targets for terrorism
and other forms of crime because of the number of people located in a
particular location.
There are a lot of essential security
measures at an airport. The high-tech
buzzword in airport security today is
biometrics. Biometrics generally refers
to the study of measurable biological

41
characteristics. There are several types of biometric identification
schemes:
face: the analysis of facial characteristics ;
fingerprint: the analysis of an individual's unique fingerprints;
hand geometry: the analysis of the shape of the hand and the length of
the fingers;
iris: the analysis of the colored ring that surrounds the eye's pupil;
signature: the analysis of the way a person signs his name;
voice: the analysis of the tone, pitch, cadence and frequency of a
person's voice.
The passenger is screened
through security, which will always
envolve an x-ray screening machine,
looking through any hand luggage
intended to be brought into the
aircraft’s cabin. Such an x-ray
machine generates x-rays from a
high-voltage coil in an oilbath, not
from dangerous radioactive
materials. The x-rays are therefore
very weak, and cannot harm you, your belongings or anything else
around it. X-ray machines use low dose penetrating radiation for
detecting suspicious metallic and non-metallic objects hidden under
clothing or in shoes and in the cavities of the human body.
It does take a lot of training to interpret these pictures accurately, and
it takes even more training to be able to do it as fast as the security
personnel at airports do it, but we’ll take a stab at a quick walk-through
here.
The basics of image interpretation means knowing what the strange
colors stand for. Here it is:
– Blue equals hard materials. Metal
(blue/black), hard plastics, alloys etc. For
example, your gun or your metal knife will
show up as blue or black or a mix. So will
wires, your sunglass case, batteries, etc.
– Orange is biological material. Anything
that is natural, that is, and some things that
aren’t. Rubber, leather, food, dynamite and
42
other explosives (except plastique – that’ll turn slightly blueish), all
liquids and gels and organic powders (like flour, for example).
– Green is for plastics and
alloys, where the density isn’t
great enough to make it blue or
black. This can also be
ceramics, though only the
densest of them. Normally,
ceramics (think ceramic knives)
will show up as orange.
Gas chromatography is a
technique for separating closely-related compounds from a liquid or
gaseous mixture. Applications of gas chromatography include : drug
detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives
investigation, identification of unknown samples. It can be used in
airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings.

The strategy for airport has been

almost technological. But there is
also some new technique such
as:”behavioural profiling“ or
screening. When someone is about
to commit a crime or a terrorist act,
the stress affects their behaviour.
And this stress behaviour is
extremely difficult to hide or
control. A team of officers attempt to engage in casual conversation
with suspicious passengers and ask simple questions to see if they react
normally.
Now Boarding
While most of the things that you can't take on board an airplane are
fairly obvious (guns, knives, explosives), there are some things that
most people wouldn't think about. Who would have thought that a
smoke detector could be considered hazardous? Make sure you contact
the local airport authority if you have any concerns about an item you
plan to carry with you on a trip.
Because terrorism is a constant and terrifying threat, this means that
any mention of certain words, such as "bomb," "hijack" or "gun," can
43
lead to your immediate removal from the plane and quite possibly your
arrest, even if the word is said in an innocent manner. Everyone who
works in aviation, from flight attendants to security personnel, is trained
to react immediately to those words.

1. How many airline passengers travel every year?

2. How would you define “Airport Security”?
3. What are different types of airport security measures?
4. How many types of biometric identification schemes do you know?
Explain their functions.
5. How do the X-ray machines work?
6. Have you ever wondered how to read the x-ray images? What do you
know about it?
7. What applications of gas chromatography could you name?
8. Is it important to have ”behavioural profiling“ in airport security?
Why? Why not?
9. How can Airport Security be improved?

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 3. Match the words (1-10) with their synonyms (a-j).
Choose 3 of them and prepare 3 sentences of your own.
1) buzzword......................................... a) bombs
2) application ....................................... b) thickness
3) to generate........................................ c) popular word
4) to penetrate....................................... d) to involve
5) suspicious......................................... e) use
6) alloy................................................. .f) to create
7) hazardous......................................... g) to invade
8) to engage......................................... .h) distrustful
9) density............................................. .i) mixture, usually of two metals
10) explosives...................................... .j) dangerous

Exercise 4. Match the words (1-10) with the words (A-J) to

complete the phrases from the text.
1 their baggage are A terrorism and other forms of
crime
2 an x-ray machine B identification schemes
generates
44
 3 identification of C in airport security
4 officers attempt to D from a liquid or gaseous mixture
engage in
5 immediate removal E screened for explosives and other
dangerous items

6 The high-tech buzzword F from the plane

7 to detect substances in G casual conversation with
suspicious passengers
8 several types of H unknown samples
biometric
9 a technique for I x-rays from a high-voltage coil in
separating closely-related an oilbath
compounds
10 This presents potential J luggage or on human beings
targets for

SPEAKING
Work in pairs
Exercise 5. Write down ten questions that a journalist could ask
the head of airport security about the advantages and disadvantages
of airport security measures.
Student A, you are the head of airport security. Answer the reporter`s
questions.
Student B, you are a reporter for a national newspaper. Ask the
questions you prepared, and any others that you think of during the
interview.
Look at these expressions below and add your own to ask
questions and express your opinion during the interview:
Giving opinions Behavioral-Based Questions
The reason I say this is Give me a recent example of a situation
that... you have faced when...
For me, there are two What happened? How did you handle it?
options here. What major problems have you
I am convinced that... encountered and how did you deal with it?
It is my firm belief By providing examples, convince me
that... that...
45
I am inclined to believe Give me an example of a recent situation
that... when you disagreed with someone on the
It seems to me that... job.
As far as I am
concerned...

To list advantages To list disadvantages

One advantage of, One disadvantage of, Another
Another advantage of, disadvantage of, One other disadvantage
One other advantage of, of, A further disadvantage of, The greatest
A further advantage of, disadvantage of, The first disadvantage of
The greatest advantage
of, The first advantage
of

HOME TASK
Exercise 6. Make a poster about the latest airport security
measures. Show your work to your groupmates in the next lesson.
Did you all have similar things?

LESSON 5. BANNED LIQUIDS ON PlANES

LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Work in small groups and discuss the following
questions.
1. Have you ever experienced major havoc while traveling?
2. How would you feel about your flight suddenly being canceled?
3.What are the greatest inconveniences about traveling for you –
especially by air?
4. When do you think terrorists will stop trying to blow up airplanes?
5. Should people be allowed to carry laptop computers onto airplanes?
6. Do you think airlines should be responsible and pay compensation for
anything that is lost, stolen or broken in suitcases?
7. What do you think are the best ways to ensure the safety of airplanes?
8. Would you be willing to pay a lot more money for an air ticket to
cover extra security at airports?

46
 Exercise 2. With your partner(s), talk about how your life would
change if using the following means of transport became too
dangerous:
 Airplanes  Boats
 Trains  Bicycles
 Subways  Taxis
 Buses  Other ______________

INPUT
Exercise 3. Read the article and guess whether these sentences
are true (T) or false (F).
New emergency measures have been incorporated into security
checks at airports worldwide. Five years after the 911 terrorist attacks,
would-be mass murderers are still coming up with ways to breach the
tightest of safety checks, as witnessed by the foiled bombings planned
on transatlantic planes last week. The perpetrators intended to use
liquids to make bombs on board airliners. Authorities have banned all
liquids from carry-on luggage. Depending on the destination, all non-
essential items must be checked in and stored in the airline’s hold. This
includes laptop computers and other electrical items, car keys with a
remote control fob and liquid medication that is not on airports’ lists of
acceptable substances. In some cases, mothers have to drink the baby
milk they carry to satisfy check-in staff of its authenticity.
The stringent new actions are creating havoc at major airports.
London’s Heathrow is canceling one third of its daily flights to ensure
the safety of passengers. Airlines are up in arms at the cancellations,
which they deem as a short-term fix and unsustainable for the longer
term. Passengers too are facing greater inconveniences and anxiety.
Business travelers may switch to private charter jets to avoid having to
stow away their computers and peripherals out of reach. Many
executives may view the small additional cost they would incur would
outweigh the hassles of having no hand baggage. Economy class
passengers will inevitably worry about whether their valuables will be
lost, pilfered or broken after check-in. Many fear baggage handlers
might rifle through suitcases, which may have to be checked-in
unlocked. Most airlines do not recompense for damage to or loss of
fragile items.

47
1. Emergencies are being measured at airports worldwide. T/F
2. Bombings of transatlantic flights were foiled. T/F
3. Authorities have banned liquids from cabin and hold T/F
luggage.
4. Mothers are being asked to drink baby milk to prove it is T/F
safe.
5. The measures have caused very little disruption at T/F
Heathrow Airport.
6. Airlines say the measures cannot be sustained for a long T/F
time.
7. Many business travelers may switch to private charter jets. T/F
8. Baggage handlers are worried about rifles in unlocked T/F
suitcases.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 4. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on
the right. Choose 3 of them and prepare 3 sentences of your own.
1) incorporated a) stolen
2) would-be b) evil doers
3) breach c) genuineness
4) perpetrators d) furious
5) authenticity e) potential
6) stringent f) deposit
7) up in arms g) plunder
8) stow h) built in
9) pilfered i) rigorous
10) rifle j) break through

Exercise 5. Match the words and word combinations on the left

with those on the right:
1) would-be a) bombings
2) ways to breach b) for damage to or
loss of fragile
items
3) the foiled c) actions
4) stored in the airline’s d) the tightest of
safety checks
5) car keys with a remote control e) computers and
48
 peripherals out of
reach
6) stringent new f) having no hand
baggage
7) unsustainable g) mass murderers
8) avoid having to stow away their h) fob
9) outweigh the hassles of i) hold
10) airlines do not recompense j) for the longer
term

SPEAKING
Work in pairs
Exercise 6. Students A believe airline passengers should not be
allowed to have any hand luggage at all. Students B believe hand
luggage is OK. Debate this with your partners.

REVIEW
Exercise 7. You are going to watch the video “Checkpoints of the
future”. Match the following future checkpoints with appropriate
years.

1.no need to remove coats, shoes, and belts; 2.liquids may be

screened in cabin baggage; 3.automated delivery of risk score to the
checkpoints linked to the passenger`s belongings; 4.behavior analysis
and known traveler information; 5.passenger data collection; 6.fast,
uninterrupted throughout; 7.greater automation; 8.liquids and gels
over 100 ml will be able to be screened for explosives; 9.remote
image analysis; 10.biometric technology provides seamless, secure
journeys; 11.integrating new technologies; 12.introduction of risk-
based concepts for screening and decision making; 13.passengers can
keep liquids and laptops in bags; 14.no need to divest items from
hand luggage; 15.security scanners address privacy
2014 2017 2020 and beyond

49
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

HOME TASK
Exercise 8. Make an outline of how you would guarantee the
safety of passengers on board airplanes. What security measures
would you incorporate at airports and on airplanes? Talk about the
ones you liked best and why.

50
 LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Петращук О.П. Integrative Approach to Language Training of Air
Traffic Controllers (Інтегративний підхід до мовної підготовки
авіаційних диспетчерів). – Науковий журнал. Вісник НАУ №1,
2014, с.84-89.
2. Brumfit Ch.J. Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching.
– Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990. – 166 p.
3. Ch. Brumfit and K. Johnson. Communicative Approach to Language
Teaching. – Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991. – 243 p.
4. http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_10_aeronautical
_telecommunications.htm.
5. http://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
6. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/aero/parts_of_an_airplane_.
7. http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/book.html.
8. http://www.britishcouncil.org.
9. http://www.teachingtruffles.com.

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 Навчальне видання

FOREIGN LANGUAGE
(ENGLISH)

Практикум для студентів спеціальності 272

«Авіаційний транспорт»,
спеціалізацій «Обслуговування
повітряного руху»,
«Системи авіаційного обслуговування»,
«Безпілотні авіаційні комплекси»

(Англійською мовою)

Укладач

ВАСЮКОВИЧ Оксана Миколаївна

52