Mindanao State University

Fatima, General Santos City

FIL 153

MGA TEORYA SA PAG=AARAL NG WIKA

Ipinisa kay:

Prof. Love I. Batoon

Tagapag-ulat:

Angkay, Hanifah

Dop, Sahira

Iribal, Julieto

Rica, Izah Rio

Morphology – comes from the Greek word morph which means
shape or form, and ology which means the study of something

Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first

time in 1859 by a German linguist August schleicher.

Morphology- is one major components of grammar that studies

words structures, especially regarding morphemes.

-Concerned with the internal structure of words and syntax, how

words are put together in a sentence.

MORPHOLOGY

 The study of word formation – how words are built up from

smaller pieces. • Identification, analysis, and description of the
structure of a given language's MORPHEMES and other
linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech,
intonations and stresses, or implied context.

 Examples • Washing= wash + ing • Browser= browse + er •

Rats= rat + s

Branches of Morphology

1.Inflectional Morphology

-is the combination of a word stem with a grammatical morpheme,

usually resulting in a word in the same class.
-Converns with the changes in the form and meaning of words.

-It does change the form and meaning but does not change the
word class.

-modification of a word to express different grammatical categories.

Examples- cats, men etc.

2.Derivational Morphology

- Is the combination of a word stem with a grammatical morpheme,

usually resulting in a word of different class.

- Concerns with the derivation of new words from older ones and
essentially changes the word class.

- Deals with the relationship between morphologically simple forms

– roots – and more complex forms which are distinct lexemes.

- creation of a new word from existing word by changing

grammatical category.

Examples- happiness, brotherhood etc.

Morphemes- which are the smallest units of language.

Bricks: different size and shapes= classes of morphemes

Walls of different types= sentences, paragraphs and text.

  Be identifiable from one word to another and contribute in
some way to the meaning of the whole word.

A synthetical process in which all morphemes are

monofunctional is called agglutination.

o –ed the past tense

o –un negation
A synthetical process in which morphemes are polyfucntional
is called inflection.
 –s the singular number + the third person of the
English verb.

A process in which morphemes are not combined into larger wprds

but stand as word by themselves is an analytical process and is
called isolation.

Tatlong dulog o approach ng Morpolohiya

1.Morpheme-based (item and arrangement)

-words are analyzed as arrangements of morphemes

- it’s refer to a grammar which presents the list of the morphs

and a set of rules for arranging the morphs.
 - which makes use of approach

Example:

In a word like independently, we say that the morphemes are

-in, depend, -ent, and ly; depend is the root and the other
morphemes are, in this case derivational affixes.

Derivational affixes- concerns the construction of new base

words especially complex ones that comes from multiple
morphemes.

In a word like dogs we say that dog is the root and that –s is
an inflectional morpheme.

Inflectional morpheme- is a suffix that’s added to a word (a

noun, verb, adjective or an adverb) to assign a particular
grammatical property to that word, such as its tense, number,
possession or comparison.

Morphemes

A. meaningful linguistic unit, minimal, unable to be further divided

or broken into smaller meaningful parts.

readable = read + able  > 2 morphemes

unplayful = un + play + ful > 3 morphemes

The smallest part of a word with independent meaning.

B. Bound morphemes: Morphemes that cannot stand alone. They
are dependent and must be attached to other morphemes. They can
be further classified according to:

1. where they attach,

 Prefixation: occur at the beginning of a word Un-, pre-, dis-

in + ability dis + ability un + able

 Suffixation: occur at the end of a word -ly, -er, -s, -es judg +
ment brief + ly clock + wise

 Infix: occurs in the middle of a word

 Circumfix: occurs both initially and finally,

Special – especially

2. Prefixes change the semantic content But

Suffixes change the grammatical category of the word.2). what

function they perform,

 Derivational (change the part of speech and attach to a root)

 Inflectional (modify the grammatical form and attach to a

stem)

Root and Stem

Root, and stem, or base: The Free morpheme to which and affix is
attached.

Stem (Base):

A stem or base is the root or roots of a word, together with any of

derivational affixes, to which inflection affixes are added.

 Tie and untie both are stem

 Inflectional –s may be added to the stem to form ties and

unties

2. Lexeme-based ( Item and Process)

- words are not viewed as an arrangement of individual morphemes

(morpheme based)

- the word set or lexeme is the result that is left when a set of
process or rules are applied to the root of the word.

- a word-form is said to be the result of applying rules that alter a

word-form or stem in order to produce a new one.

 An inflectional rule takes a stem, changes it as is

required by the rule and out puts a word-form
 A derivational rule takes a stem, changes it as per its
own requirements, and outputs a derived stem.
 A compounding rule takes word-forms and similarly
outputs a compound stem.
The Item and Process model may be defined as a grammar which
spells out elements or items as a fundamental form which then
yields allomorphs through phonological operations (Bauer, 2004)

The lexeme-based approach treats computational morphology not

only as a parsing but also a database management and a knowledge
representation problem.

Example for lexeme-based

Exceptional Plural Forms;

 Foot-feet
 Tooth-teeth
 Goose-geese

Past tense forms:

See- Saw

Sell-sold

Lexeme and word-forms

.Ambiguity in the use of the word “word”

-boy and boys are the same word

-boy and boys are different words

. Notion of “Lexeme”

-boy and boys are different word-forms of the same lexeme

 -boy and boyish are different lexemes

. Lexeme=lexical word; function words (and, in, the, etc.) are not
lexemes.

Derivation vs. Inflection

. Derivation creates new lexemes

. Inflection creates word forms of a given lexeme

Roots, stems and lexemes

. boy+ish+ness

-boy=root and stem and lexeme

-The suffix-ish is added to the stem boy giving the lexeme

boyish

-boyish can serve as a stem for further suffixation thougt it is

not a root

-The suffix-ness is added to the stem boyish giving the lexeme

boyishness

-“stem”=”base”
Rules of word (lexeme) formation

. Derivation: stem+affix

-boyish+-ness

.Compounding: stem1+stem2

-black+berry

.Conversion(Zero-derivation):stem stem

-loveV loveN

3. Word based (word and paradigm)

 A paradigm is the complete set of related word-

formsassociated with a given lexeme, also a set of
related forms having the same stem but different
affixes.

Example: a derivational paradigm with the stem head;

ahead, behead, header, headlong, headship, heady,
subhead.

 Paradigms are also defined by the grammatical

distinctions which a language chooses to code
morphologically
Word and Paradigm a

It focuses on word-forms associated with their respective lexemes

and the word-forms function as the basic elements

This theory takes paradigm as a central notions . instead of stating

rules to combine morphemes into word-forms, or to generate word-
forms from stems , word-based morphology states generalizations
that hold between the forms of inflectional paradigms. This applies
to existing words and the new ones.

Application of a pattern different than the one that has been used
historically can give rise to a new word, such as older replacing
elder (where older follows the normal pattern of adjectival
superlatives)

Cows- replacing kine (where cows fits the regular pattern of plural
formation).

Derivationally related words are different words with a hard base.

In setting up word classes, several criteria, not one, are usually

applied.

In studying grammar, meaning will not be a primary but an

auxiliary criterion. The same holds for phonological make-up words.

The main grammatical criteria are paradigmatic and syntagmatic.

For example

Adverbs derived from adjectives

-ly
o Often, seldom, never, soon,

Nound derived from nouns

 Small X: -let,-ette,ie (droplet, booklet, cigarette, doggie)

 Female X: -ess, -ine (waitress, heroine).

Types of Paradigm

1. Derivational paradigm

-is a set of related words which have the same root but
different stems.

Examples:

1. nature, natural, naturally

2. unnatural, unnaturally

3 naturalist, naturalistic, naturalistically

4. naturalize, naturalization

 An inflectional paradigm is a set of related words consisting of

the same stem to which different inflectional suffixes have
been added.
 Examples:
1. brighten, brightens, brightening , brightened, brightened
2. great, greater, greatest
3. boy, boy’s, boys, boys

2. Inflectional paradigm

-Is a formed by words to which the inflectional suffixes are

attached.

• As far as stems are concerned, we can say that the stem of the
word is that part of the word which remains when the inflectional
suffix is removed.

• Some authors refer to the stem as the base of the word.

There are three types of stems:

1. Simple stems are identical to the root: run, tree, room, chair

2. Derived stems consist of a root and one or more derivational

suffixes: freedom, motherhood, anticapitalism

3. Compound stems consist of two or more roots: blackberry,

airplane, day-care
REFERENCES

http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1998/ling001/morphology2.html

Richard Nordquist (2003) Morphology [Website]

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphologyterm.html [Accessed 13.5.2012].

https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/morphology/how-is-
morphology-studied/?
fbclid=IwAR2AzT4vo8ZvR_mvoe3K_cVArTFwgjCFf33K0a1DaH2ND7BpuCRvVJVTFbk

David Brett Drawing Tree Diagrams [Website]

http://davidbrett.uniss.it/morphology/treeDiagEx/treeDiag.html [Accessed 12.05.2012].

https://www.slideshare.net/akshatapandey/morphological-analysis-47051109?
fbclid=IwAR3nHKt7Rde4UU3IQDPzbjJpfAShDa3eFMglEFwF8o2JY_8McC7lAadI1Os

https://www.slideshare.net/dr.shadiabanjar/inflectional-paradigms-morphology-dr-shadia-
yousef-banjar?fbclid=IwAR1KxsRsm4mhn_Ybb-AHvJqfIkbJNN-
hZIpH_HEPvnBH8a8KhFBGQOq8Jd0