Range

TheCOI,{I{OISSEUR
Figures by PETER GILDER

C]VIIWA8
AMERICAN
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HOASE....

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{.onno6seurI xgures
20acoastalRoad.Burniston, N. Yorks,YO13oHR
Scarborough,
Telt lo723l870741
Sendf, for new catalogueand samplefigurc
 UARGAiIfI MikeBdl
TteBdleofthe RiverIndo!,r22rA.D.

OCu8rcei.0,Prrr tr
Illurlraferl Jotn S.Pbpp6
b,Ei@, BonnnKagoI3n tndaoeatt
The Bumiq of Prtrlnr
Brccowh|h d. sa.nn "h @rr CuibIPM
Front cover photo: 'Gazzamania' continues to sh,eepthe P€r..Gilder Inthecr'Ddftft mencdtysbug,Partl
county,so onceagainh'ehaveafrcnt coverfronthe Bi Gaskin
co ection. The elegant buildings to rcar arc in fact Hot/els, 30 ChitPe.N 'Christim & Spices',Part I
'DxPonuc@hltt Innituo@, 1499-1601
designed& pointed by Horeb heafunanDennis Coleman.Mrs.
Judy Gaskinnade theorangetees. Theeditor ma.lethecoffee& A Tinb€r NormatrKeep
lYilliM tlLConquun6 h^ h. Cdptu
JinWch6tll Rdter Noi'ryonlhe W6ttoftoDl
Back cn\et Two shotsof theexcellentOimean Worgamestaged WWI wio hfuIle tutl1toJILn bJDorliqhl
bJ ML Leh Johtton at Warcon III. Figurcs arc 25mn. JohnD. Smltt Borodino. wrtldoo Ault rlt
Britannia & WatgamesFoun&y. Thesewerctakenunder "bakle
conditiotLt", a: fo oh's: DeadMenT€ NoTrles?
us.olMtqfeaa a a&tuat tu'r6
After a hard day on the Stratag€mstand oul photographer GrlhrmHoctler Flre Minoro. l'ith E,D.N.A.
repaired to Georget Greek Restaurant(Hagloy Road, Birm- Atl6hhSSe.l Lu.+&Phtk
iryham highly recommended)with Mike Smith of Chelifer
Books. After a hearty meal and severalbottles of wine these and a new Carctaker admitted him to the excellentnaval action
two Convention Circuit warriors aniv€d back at Warcon on the Grcat l-akesduring the American War of Independenc€
shortly before midnight. Mike soughtretugein the bar, but our game staged by the Staines wargamen, where an hou/s
photograph€rlike 'Norway's King grew battle-mad, Mad with photogmphywasfitted in before another long day on the trade
joy of his strength he smote' (- the 'smiting' being purely stand.
photographic.) Suchis life on the Convention Circuit.
Permissionwas sought from the Security Man, the room
unlocked, the €am€radeployed, our photographerleft to his SUBSCnIPTIOXS for 12 issuesof Wargamss llluslratsd
own devices,and by half-past midnight the sessionwas under a€119inlheU.K.
way. It wasinterrupted by The Caretaker,who announcedthat Europe& restof Worldsurface:!21 . Restof wodd aimail:t35.
our photographerhad no right to be there, and Securityhad no BACK IUIBEnS Allissueslrom#4 arsstillavailable at
fl,70 eachDostoaid.
right to give permission. Security were respotrsiblefor the Backnumbers of ouroccasionalso€cialextraoublication
odrrideof the building, he - The Caretaker- wasresponsiblefor WaoamesWorldarealsoslillavailable: Nos.2, 3, 4: t2.4O
the ,ffide of the building! (Here he j angledhis large bunch of post-pad.No.5!1.70 postpaid.
k€ys,asa fanfare of trumpetsmight hemld the pronouncements BIIDERS for Wargames lllustrated(capacily12issues).
of somemighty military nonarch.) NEW|BinderstorWargames wo d alsonowavaalable. Same
But our photographeris a disciple of the Great Alexander, caDacilv,sameprice.Postpaidp ces:
and on his daycan exhibit a litde of the MacedonianMagic. He U|(: t5:00 Europe:85.50HestotWorld:!6.50.
apologized humbly to the carctaker for this trespass(- the FroD: STRA?AGEI PUBLICATIOflS tTD,,
advanceof the light cavalry to dmw the enemyh Wing a$ay I I loycrt L.nc, f,arark, llctls. xH2{ | lll,
from his Centre.) He appreciatedthat The Carctakerwasjust a
Polltechdc Jobswortft, and hoped this wouldn't get him into
trouble, but he (our photographer) was just a Magazine
NORTHERN
MILITAIRE'90
Jobswo(h and would certainly be in trouble if he didn't get his
pictures; but, of coune, had he knowD, he wouldD't have
NOVEMBERSrd & 4th. 1990
committedthis breachof etiouette f the inexorableadvanceof SALFORDPOLYTECHNIC,
the phalanx.) The Caretakei's forceswere now committed all SALFORD.MANCHESTER
along the line: Security were always doing this, they should
Siiuated west o{ the city cenrre at the end of the M602
work with the Caretakersnot againstthem. Our photographer which leads otr Junciion 12 of the M62.
nodded a sad and sympathetic agreement: the enemy's last
Adjacent bus and rail stations
rcserveswere drawnin. Time to launchthe CompanionCavalry
This is a venue wilh ground floor access.no $€ps or lifts,
at that exposedcentre: Yes, the SecurityMan wasthe common qood liohtina. bars and reslauanh.
enemy, he'd causedthem both inconvenienceand embarrass- AX th€ ;sual aaivid-; you have come to associap
ment, ventured our photogapher, and otr€red to pack up his with thh lonsestrunninqmajor€vent-
gear. No, no. The Caretak€rwouldn't hear of it. Our trade stands, painting compelitions, etc.
photognpher shouldcarry on. He - The Caretaker- *ould go Ad€quate pnvat€ parlting lacilitje, and privale ourd@r dea
and seekout the Security Man and rcprimand him. So Darius Ior th€ ouiside activiti4
fled the field, and a few more shots were added to our Opening-fimes: l0.30an to 5.00pm Saturday
photographicstockpile. 10.00an to 430pm Sunday
Alexander did not push his punuit too hard, however. ODe Admission: f2.00 Addts
11.00 Under 14 and OAP'5
o'clock hadcomeandgone- andThe Caretakerhadlet slip thaa
the shifts changedat 6am. Better to bivouac for the night and Thb is a supa venue, bdng along the famlly
continuethe advancein the momingwith fteshtroops.So, by .nd enioy a good d.y out
2am our photogapher was in his bunk for a spot of shut-eye.
turd out great Brlns & Buy!
Just before 7am he wasback in action - a new SecuritvMan

Edibr: Dr&o vaclr r. Pnb&b.d b: srELq.T PudHrctu I ,d . t3 rtrR LJn.. Nd dt. No6. N6l4 tHl fd: thl, 7l9R
lhel by: o@bbk Lrd Prhed .n Fn8laod.Di*ibub6: AUB Inpr,, Oond coun. )2ro Fdnsdoi Lan., Londoi, FCtR JAU.
 frffifftfrfftfrffr
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AT{D
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EEATURES GU ROOtlt AVAION HILL WARGAMES
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rrBlng! proce66nc* to wargarnln8. whlch gtv€r 817 Ouegnofi heskreslsdro,... €r6.45
Btren8fh aBd [gLtne66. DsiEnetstanwekE.r ana]dnes Nain PitronsBesi(solo).,,,..,,,..,,,.. Ero.45
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15mmll.dlevrrAreHouse ...-................
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aI{DPACXTX6.l|rll|r!trln €1.00ruKl

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 5

........TIIE EARLY BRITISH AND TTIE NEW EMPIRE

First let's kick off with thc Revolutiomry periodBritish we mentionedlast
month. Now in pnoductiontho figutes aroasalwaysexquisiteandopenup
a new pedod for discemingwargamers.The British invasionof Egypt in
1801altd thc campaignsof 1799in the Low Countriescan now be fought
using the world's finest 15mmfigues. They bear the RB plefix (thank
you, Mr Saunders)and aro:

RB01 Officer (2 Yariations) RB05 Line firing in round hat

RB02 StandardBearer RB06 Line high porte in round hat
RB03 Drummer RB07 Line advancingin shako
RB04 Line advancingin round hat RB08 Flank Co advancingin shako

hice: 15p for infantry as usual.

Next new addition to the inventory is the anival of a much acclaimedand superblyFesented
set of Napoleonicrules ftom the United Statesplus a completelynew systemfrom the same
companyin a different period entirely.

EMPIRE hasdevelopedquite a following on both sidesof the Adantic. Thereis now aboutto
be releaseda very muchenhancedversionwhich is certainto continueit's popularity. The new
style EMPIRE containsnumerousimprovementsto a systemthat hasalwaysbeennotedfor it's
suitability for large actions.

Also from the sameteamcomesANCIENT EMPIRES. A new and very different rule system
but one that has the samedepth of researchand realismthat madeit's Napoleonicstablemate
so popular. Testingby ancientplayersin the US resultedin much favouable commentand
indicationsthat the EMPIRE teamhaveproducedanotherwinner.

Both rule systemshave the extremely high quality documentationand packagingthat one
with EMPIRE products.Availablefrom BattleHonoun aroundtheendof November,
associates
EMPIRE and ANCIENT EMPIRE are priced at L24..95pl!ls 57opost and packinglJK,30Vo
Europe and oveneas. Botll, of cowse, are available in the US from THE EMPEROR'S
TTEADQUARTERS, 5744WTRVING PARK ROAD, CHTCAGO,ILLINOIS 60634(312) 777
7307.

Lasdt the ROADSHOW has two more venueslined up. The filst one in DURHAM on
Saturday10thNovember,locationbeingarrargedandthenacrossthe Idsh seato Belfastto see
our friends and customersin the EmeraldIsle. Venuelooks to be the MAYSFIELD HALL on
Sanrday 1st December,but give us a call for both confirmation and futher details. Both
Roadshowswill featurethe full BH tayelling circuswith demonstationgarnes,figures,books,
rule systems,micro-amour, te[ain and los of fun. Startingtime 10:00amuntil evening. We
hopeto seeyou there.

BATTLE HONOI'RS
6 Moors LaDc, Oreto4 Nr Klddermlrster, Worcs. DY14 8RE
Tclr Ul4 6,9,2627 Fa:(: 0299 2706,62

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6

HEROICS FIGURES
& ROS
1/300thSCALEMETALFIGURES
NEWITEMS
fl.25
GrenddierA s d v d n c i n qC , o m b s lO d e M f N 4 l
Packscontaininq Bicorne AdvanLiro. Ml-\42 Frerch l-us'riersin Brco .e Atra(k:ng
e ' M F N 4 0 :F t e . . h
M F N 3 9 F ' e n c hf u s ' | | e r sA d v a a . i . o , C o n b a l O rcd' e n ( h F u s i i e r si n

50 infantryor 20 Cavalrvor 6 Guns& Crews N c P 1 6 :P r J s s r a n6 u n T e a m sl 2 J .N C f 1 4 : F t e l . h G U FT e a n s ( 2 )

HEROIC&
S R O SF I G U R E S
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Tel:0380 Fax:0380
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 TABLETOP Dhd41E!Mdk()

GAMES
Md.mE!!i!r.rrH:idb6r :.es

ItillffiilP**) corconrod.r(Div s€r.) 3 25

53MANSFIELD
ROAD,
DAYBROOK, +dcG6)
NOTTINGHAM
NG5688 FiEfsl't (sLimtb)

10%P&P lllin20pinU.K.
OveGeas:15%SurfaceMail.60% for Air lvlail.
Sed S.A.E.for freecatalogre

(^wI & FEmh coldm ws)

e-1p
Nd Lfttsus;E&oairy

ii9

B]
TABLETOP
FIGURES
FORTHEBESTlN 15mm.
BYZANTII{E ARMY MACEDOMANARMY
rnfmtly ME1 Fl€mishHl + spear
BYI Heevy Scutatos rlr01 Nted.rnfwjrh speaf [{E2 ltalian Ml + spea.
+
BYz lledium Scuraros M02 l(oreonhf with spear ME3 Italian HI speaf
BY3 Archerloading
BY4 v€.angian lvts LtlMed C.ossbowman
BYt Slav with Spear M!6 LHI Cor$boaman

BY? Stalf sLingel MoclMongol HC + l.nce ME3 LtlMed rv€LehBownar

BYB Javelinman M0C2$longolHC + Bou
BYg Light archer
LRl0 Alxiri€ry spearman BYI0 Offic€r N10C4 MongolMC + Lan.e MEll Pe$nt + Pitchfo.k
LRIl Auxitiarysta.dad BYrl Srdndard o rp) ll0Ct NlongolMC + Bow

LRc? ArmyStandard(2sp) IIoCBMongolLC + Bos

jlocg MongolLC + Swo.d
i\r0c10Easte.nsteppeLc MElTEnglishLHI Boumsn
LRC5aCdtephra.!ofri.e. ivc?Elephani+2crcw
LRc5bctibaruriusoif icer _ P1.25 MErgHI soesfoan+Pavise
LRC6oCataphfacl std.(25p) u0cl3Camel D.ummer(30p) IlE0 CeoneseCrGboumon
LRC6bClibanaf
ius stdJ25p) Nl0CI4Boggog€camel(30p)
IlAl Light hf. jav/shd, [l0cI5Camelho]der o0p)
*ql:3lrgjill HA2 Labourl.oop + sword M0CI6CanellEn.er (25p)
HA3 Conlict Jav/sud. M0C17 EHc standard(25p)
Mog!I9l!E3r{4!| Mt26 SwissMl + Halberd
LRCll Crvalry standard(25p NEi' KINCDOM ECYPTIAN MEz?SwissHI + galbe.d
MEZ3Flenish HI + Plancon
EQr 2 Holsechddot (sop) SP3 Boit th.oser (40p) HA8 Spe!.m8nLTS/Shd. ECI Medirh spearman
HA9 Stonethrowe. (€I.50)

Hl\rlBolt thrower(60p) IVEC1Ilalian HC Xnight

SPCTEl€phant+2..e$
1r,25
PRlcEsuNl-rsssrArED:
G D:l!
Cdvaln 20p rnfstry lop
MEC' Italion EHC Knight
HACr 4-hofs€chafiot{ll.7s) llEC3 F.ankishHC Knight
HAC2 2 hose choriol(fl.2t) [{DC, F.ankishEHC Kight
EGCI 2-ho6e chadot sith nilcs Cerman EHC Knight
H]\c! H!y.cav. c.o$bow l\tECGGerman EHc Knight
lcr2 Pharoah'scha.iot
(r1.25) MECSt4lh.C. EHC Knight
ffAC? Lt.Cav. Bosruav/Shd ECC3 Light Cav Bowman MECg14th,C,SHC Knight
HAC3 Ce.e.al mounted

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8

B.rclrvc.rd & A@$ O.ders W.lcom€ Mail OrderAdd.ess:

T.laDhoneLoushborough21378!1 28 BROOKSTREET
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OUTOF NORMAIWORKINGHOUBS LOUGHBOROUGH
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LIMITED Telephone:0509213789
U.S.AGENT

IDEAL ACTION200
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nc.
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Florida34695
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POSTAGE & PACKING

NEWMODELS NEWMOOELS NEW I\,lOOELS U . K .1 0 %o r d e rv a l u e
( m i n2 0 p )
over E9posl free.
B F P O{ E u r o p e ) aasb o v e
arsa 8,irkhprcruifr.n,nlr10l @p BFPO{OulsideEurope}
!!e MA hGdrywrhs ro
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A199 AEc4.Commandvehicl. 11.00 tlloPe 20% otdel
99P A6s Browphds-r E;*" i 20%o,de,
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WE ACCEfr &qRCLAYCAFD

A33tA sdkr:231 {s cd)&@r A7a RPGtb..' EL]FoCAFD,vsA,CHARGFX

43353sdkf223375mn3upponA€mp FUL!CATALOGUE
AVAIIABLE

"THE
PREMTER
RANGE" WWlAIRCRAFT
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.2.5n B€d E&le 1/1,r,(h sl. model ai6€ft aE fte idEal
TRITON mdeb lor bolh @lrectoB and wdgmm. Sdall e^o€h
NApotEoNtc
i3llilli!,ilfl5li#i:fi
333 to mak8 a lare @lleclion or q.me in a @on.Dl€ aca
bur rarqe enoiugh l, qi@ good deLil and allo' you lo
NAVALJ:l'i#33Aliii,j11i""
%zooth B!3 Daini tl€ @loudul wwl @odr.ge
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-"i,ij rornelr{Fjm(h1dnd@r
ii,tr - iio "r" Ns2. r2.t{
;;i;d;;io;G;d* lgih:*i!tlll3;l:,1!tld 9338M215FokkdEV/DVlll1913 c2.50
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AmON UNDEn N90 Frnirrsp:n sh-3dnd€l t2.50 oN TtE FUtl l|St OF tHtS
t*rl# f#ll"Hl,1!,i1,'"li;ii,,
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BUYlllE BE5T xeb{ch g.lc N96 o la
e2.50 STAFITRPACK'12
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HINEHLIFFE WW2
cdt'!24i.$d,G6fti
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20mm - lzlsth scale TRITON DAVCOYsooothSHIPS

OUALIIY WH]TEIIETAL KITS 1/60{rlhScale WW2 STARTEFPACKg/.50
A FEWMODELSFROMTHEFULLLIST AnclentGalleys
OilnSH GaM n Naval Warlars in lhe Anci€nt Wodd c s m ' n , n d B n l k h s h i p m o d e B i o o i v e
2Oir9A2odrAToun f2.95 ?0131lsmrnhnlryqun recl8abd with melal mod€ls.Grs€ks, WW2 EXPANSION
p{! 9.,!|{,:le1Fe' Fi! 1*ll,uf x*:ll9_* Pelsians. Romansand Cadhaoinians
-
PACKS
tdai aaidnk r5j6 20,l05l7dK BF..ioun 1695 banlinotd conlrolth€ seawavs.
fii,, z r rnbarcrde d6rovsc
id!€CrcmMllrn\ 4535 2ol06sdkt25l/1DlMAPc 05.25 ldeal6r tabletopsams.
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20J101 f4.95 20/07sdrb751/10D'44Arc-(
t5.95 M Rovdr,fiudiout Gro oG,Aiar
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ti;a_il-05;.h@ib' q$ 2os3Tormrrl'n,asJpp€un t2e5 lnCLUDES4 Tiremss-rul.s olavino
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We can otler well detailedand accuraler.4oolhscale 3 Penlaconler €1.00 lMamhanlanc'aneri.r'2vawcb$
modelsti recreat€the air batiles ol 1940 4Romanouinquirems €1,50
5 C.dt'aoinian e1.50 6 Morch,^i 3hiF
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6 Roman-Ouadnrdm; al 2s
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 B r i i o i n ' so n l y i n d o p e n d e
ering every ospeci of
M
I
ploy-by-moilj irom role
de ronge of demonstro
monufociurers, clubs
eniy of free qoming rp

Among the exhibi

I Sloth Enfef
I fouf of 8ri
ihe Advenlurers Gu
I
I Roilwoy Ri
I Thunderbird London Worlords
I Siego of th e N . F o r n b o r o u g hC l u
I Cord gom

Seoled Knot
from Gogmogog
omes from The Guild o

here?
mber ' l0 om to ll
mber-l0omto 4p
mmersmith. Wesi Lond

J u s t c o m p l 6 t et h
logeiher wiih you
'90,
Mindgomes P
Oxford. OX2 7YD
For furth€r inform ings by phone
Telephone: 0628 7
Foxr 0628 35497

complele ond retun to: Mlndgomes'90, PO Box 440, Orford, 7YD

E one-doy llckets @ 9{.00

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l--l uo doy ttckers@ 97.50

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10

s
ENcusHCortapurrnWancenan
present

lililnnil hwargamerulesfor the Late l9th Century

Computermoderated
0830- r90s)
Blood and Iron, probablythe first computermoderatedwargamesrules are once
more available.The program has undergonefive yearsof developmentand
Dlavtestinpand whilsi kEepinsall the oi-dfeatureshas a whole h6st of new
ioritines.Ttre prcgramnow fe-atures drop down menusand full mousecontrol
for easeof us'e.in an advertthis size it is impossibleto list all the features
availablesoherearejust a few...
eVariablegrcundand figure scale .Automov€ment gives minimum and
maximum move distancesfor each unit
oSuitablefor all scalesof figures and base dependingon th€ir morale, casualitiesand
stz€s commanden
oAll nationalitiesfrom Elrope, the Americas, .Forcesare organisedftom Army HQ dow4
the Middle East,Afrioa and Asia, throughout !o brigad€sanda full Commandand Control
the period incorporatedwith 21 order types
;lf,#,J,
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 11

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t2
TIIE BATTI-E OF THE RI\ZER IF{DUS: 1224
by lan Wilson
INTRODUCTTON Balkhandthenceto Nishapurpursuedby the Mongolgenerals
ChepeiNoyon and Subotai,leavinghis son,JelalEd Din, to
Thectashofthe MongolandKhwarizmianempiresonthe banks oreaniseresistance neartheSeaofArat, whilehe continuedhis
of the river Induswas probablythe Ireatesttestthe army of fliiht ontoan istandin the CaspianSeato die a lonelyexile.The
ChingizKnan hadyet faced.Its rapid development from an ill Springof 1221sawthe continuedfall of Muslim citiesto the
assortedamalgamation of nomadicraidersinto a disciplined Mongol{orces,now commanded by anotherof Genghis\sons
fighting force was a unique achievement,but one decisive Touli. In FebruaryMerv fell,followedby Nishapurin APril and
defeatcouldeasilyrend this fragilestructureapan. thenHerat. Yet Jelalremaineda thom in the Mongolsideas,
Both the protagonistsin the forthcoming trial were young unableto raisean army,he fannedthe flanesof revoltacross
nations.The Khwarizmempirebeganit'slifeduringthereignof the country,finallyforcingthe Khanto takethe fieldhinselfin
the SeljukSultan,Malik Shah(10?3-1092), *hen the rich and orderto resolvetheproblem.The Khanmarchedhom hiscamp
fertileregion,almostentirelysunoundedby dese andsteppe, in the mountains at theheadof60,000mento seekouttheequal
was granted to one of his officers, whose descendantssizedarmythatJelalhadby nowbeenabletorecruit,andsettled
maintaineda semi-autonomous rule asShahs.With the decline down to besiegeBamiyanwhile a large sectionof the force
ofSeljukpowerin the latetwelfthcentwythe ambitionsof the searched forJelal. As the siegelinger€don Jelalcontactedthe
Shahs grew, especialy that of Takash (1170-1200)who Mongol advanceforce with his whole army, defeatedit and
occupiedthe neighbouring provinceofKhurasanby destroying droveit into theKoh-i-Babamountains. Finally.at lastrealising
the Oghuz Turkoman tribe and then defeating and killing the the very real threatthat Jelalwasposingto hisconquests, the
last Seljuk Sultan,Tughdl II, at Ray in 1194.Muhammad Khan thrervoff his lethargy,stormedBamiyan,razedit to the
(1200-1220), who succeeded his father,maintainedthe expan- ground,ralliedthedefeateddetachment andsetoffin Pursuitof
sionistpolicyandby 1217was themostpowertulMuslimrulerin Jelal.It was at this importantpoint in time that the Muslim
Asia, a fact which brougbthim into open conflictwith the pince made the fatal mistakeof not capitalisingupon his
AbbasidCaliph,Nasir.Howeverthepower wasillusory,for the success, for insteadof rallyingmoreadherents to hisbannerhe
army was comprised mainly of Kipchak slave soldiers whose quarelled with the Afghan elementof the army andwasforced
behaviouralienatedthe populationand whoseneedsdrained to retireon Ghaznawhentheyleft him. The Mongolspursued
the treasury;this dmin in tum led to highertaxationwhich Jelalcloselyandhe mar€heddo*n throughthe foothills out into
turther alienatedthe populationespeciallyth€ commercial thevalleyof the Indushopingto crosstheriverandjoin hisa ies
classes. Finally the enmity betweenthe Shahand the Caliph in Delhi, but the Mongol pursuit wastoo closeand the river too
created a religious disaffection within the society as a whole swift for a hurried crossingso the Khwarizmian force halted to
leading to polarisation. give battle.
The Mongolempire,canbe saidto havebeenbom with its
creatorin 1167whenon the banksof the river Onon the boy TIIE BATTLE
Temujin enteredthe world. Folowing his father'sdeath in
1176,Temujinfled the breakup ofhh clanandspenthis early The Khwarizmians formed up with their left wing resting on a
manhoodin harriedexile, forminga smallbandof followers rnountain ridge, the centreunderJelal, comprisedofhis guard
drawnto him by hh personatity and natural leadeEhip abilities. and other veterans, while the right, commanded by Tinur
By the beginningof the thirteenth century this band had grown Malik, thefomer governorof Khojend,restedagainstthe river
into a significant force and in 1203 he subdued his Kerait Indus.The Mongoldeploymentmatchedthat of the Moslim's
neighbours, followed by the Naimans in 1206 and his otln with the left commandedby Shigi Kutuku, the commanderof
elevationas GenghisKhan, or'univelsal king', by all the the previously defeated advance guard, the centre rvas
eastemnomads.The nextto falt werethe Targut, followedby commanded by the Khan andhis sonsand the right, matching
the invasionof no(hem Chinain 121I andthe fall of Pekingin the enemy left by restingagainstthe mountains.But in addition
1215. Events then switched to westem Asia where the to this visible deployment, one touman (or division) of 10,000
Kara-Khitai kingdon fell beneaththe Mongol yoke andthe two men under Bela Noyan was dispatchedto proceedover the
empireswere at lastneighbou^. mountain ridge to turn the Khwariznian left, and the 10,000
The incidentwhichprecipitated the confliclwasa trivialone, strongKeshik(or tmperialGuard)were deployedbehindthe
but given the ever expandingnature of the Mongol phe- centreIo act as a reserve.
nomenonperhapsinevitable.Thearival of a Mongolmerchant The Khwarizmians open€dthe battle on thei ight with a
caravanat Utrar in 1218was geeted with suspicionby the devastatiDgarrow storm and equally ferocious charge which
govemor, lnalchick, ard he had them anested and executedas drove in the Mongol left wing at a costof high casualtieson both
spies.An embassyto Muhammaddemandingrepamtionwas sides.Seeingthe Mongolsgive ground,Jelal simultaneously
treatedonly marginallybetter andso the Mongolsdeclaredwar. reinforcedMalik's successwith elementsfrom the left wing and
TheMongolsassembled duringthe Springof1219andby the launchedhisown divisionagainstthe Mongolcentrewhichalso
Autumn had crossedthe Syr-Darya iver (or Jaraies) to lay gave ground to the attack. The Khan, however had already
siegeto Utrar. Muhammad,after a bloodyengagementwith the madeplansagainstanyenemysuccesses andleavingthe centre
Mongol advance guard, distributed his considerable army of to fight on under his sonshe led the Keshik againstMalik's now
some400,000men amongstthe fortressciti€s in the belief that victorious wing and drov€ it from the field in the de€isive
the ensuingsieges,the traditional achillesheelof steppearmies, charge.At almostthe samemom€ntBela'sforceemerg€dfrom
would blurt the Mongol advanc€.However the Mongolswere the mountains and attacked the now depleted Khwarizmian
well equipped with captured Chinese siege equipment and left, breakingit andsweeping on to capturetheircamp.Despite
engineersard would soonshowhow well they hadleamt to use his success in the centrethereforeJelalwasnow in dangerof
them. Utrar fell after a five month siegeandits govemorwasput being enveloped completely, and so fell back to the river,
to death.Khojendfell to oneof Genghis\sons,Juchi,aJtera fighting all the way, and arriving there with only 700 men.
prolonged and vigorous siege,Jend and Bokham both surren- Despaidng of victory, but determined not to be captured he
dered in February 1220 after being abandoned by their leapt his hone into the river and swam to the far shore and
garrisons,asdid Samarkandnot long after. Muhammadfled to safety,muchto the amazementand admhation of the Mongols.
 I]

Mongols tron thc author s callection-)5nn1 Dixon. Essc\and Foun.l.) firures. The old Ai.fix FrenchR)rcisn Lceion foft norcs

. l . h l s u ^ i \ e d t h e d e f e r t r o c o n r i n u .r c s i s t r n c ,a: \ a g u c r r i l l a classshoulLlhc prcdonrinanth lo$ rnd th. lllongol flank lorce

f r i d c r u n t i l l l S l $ h e n l h c N l o n g o lg c n c r a lC h a r m a g a nh u n t c d s h o u l dr c d r . i s t h c b r l a n c . m a r g i n ! 1 1i n ] f a \ o u r o f t h el v l o n g o l s :
him.loNn lnd killed hin. bur his arm\ bad all bur bccn l h c r c m r i n i n sl l a n k s h L r u l sdh o $ ! K h * a r i z n i a n a d ! : r n l a g e' n
rnnihilrt.d rt rhe lndus and $nh ir dicd lbc Khsa zmian b o l h n u m h . A x n d q u x l i t ) . E s s . n t i a l l yr h a t r s i l .
F o r t h o s c $ h o e r . i n t . r c l t c d . t h c S c i m i t a rr c f i g h t c o n
m c n c c d$ i t h t h c K h \ r r i r m i l n . e n t r c a n d r i g h t p u s h i n gb r c k
t h c ; N l o n g o l o p p o \ i t c s\ h . i c h f o r c c dt h c e a r i ] c o m n r i t m c not f
RE-FIGHTING THE BA1]I-!] r h c r . s c $ c t o \ t ! b i l i s . t h c \ i l u r t i o n . T h c K h N a r i z m i a nl c f l l h e n
A l t h o u g hI . r n c r c l u s i \ c l ! r : j n n r n r N nt h c s h c c rl r z e a n ds c x l . a l t l c k . d r t u u n d L h ch ( ) k c n l r o u n d a n d d r o \ . co i f t h c M o n g o i
o t t h i i h r t l l e c a l l \l o . c i t h c r l 5 m m o r 6 m m f i ! u r c \ i f i h . . o r . c t o p p o s i l i o no. n l \ t o b c x t t a c k c dt h . m s c h e sb ! t h e i U o n g o fl l a n k
t c c l i s I o h e o b t L r i r c dI.n t h c S c i m i t l rW x r g l m . s G r o u t l 5 m m t o r c e$ h i c h e f l c c l t r . h f i n i s h . d L h er c t i o n i o . l h i s l l a n k . B u l .
' e t i g h t . $ m e 1 7 5f i g u r . \ \ \ . r c u s c do \ . r a n S \ 6 l ( r ) t t r b l c . b i r c k r r r h e r n r i n a c t i o n t h c t \ \ o l l a n k c o n l i n g e n t sa l m o s r
.ia rr,lf ,. . t.,\. I iL ti L .irr,.I-.r..r'i1!. r,ririnf
\ h i c h n h h o u g hs p c c t a c u l r rt o \ i . $ $ r t ! e x h a u s t i n gt o p l x !
\ V h r t e \ e r I b c \ c r l c . t h . a c c o m p r n ! i n gn r a pi s c s \ c n t i a l l vt h e l . r \ i n g t h c K h $ a ri z n i r n c . n t r . 1 0\ k ^ r l \ p u s hl h c M o n g o l so f f
s r r l r m e s t a b l e h t o u t . a l l h o u g hc \ p . r i c n c . h r ! s l l N n t h r r t h . l r b l . i n ! d r ! $ n o u t \ i o ! : .
t h c r . i s n o n e e dI o f e r t u f u t h c n u n t r i n so r r i ! c r i r a l h . r t h c s c I]l
a r c h . t l . r d c f i n e da s r h e t r l , l e e d g e s .\ i r h r n l r e a o t t u u s h
g r c u n d p ( ) r r u d i n go n b r h c t r b l c f r c m t h e n r o u n l a i ne d g et o
s i n r L , h l er h e f o o t h i l l s .
D e p l o \n 1 . n ti \ r c l a t i \ . 1 !i i n r p l c .c s s e n t i r l l vb e i n ga l l i h e $ a !
r c l o s se r c h s i d c sb a s . l i n . ! r . d . t h c o n h r c s t r i c t i o n s l r c u l db c
t h e d i v i s i o no f c r c h r r m ! i n l ( Jd i s t i n c t l !s c f l r r t c c o m m r n d s
$rth lrttl. or no communicalron b c t \ \ c c nt h c m . t h c c n f u r c c d
po\ition ol the Keshik lo rhe rerr ccnrrc ot rhc Nlongol
d e p l o y m . n ta n d t h c p o s i t i o no i t b e N l L r n g oI l a n kf o r c ei n r o r h e
r n o u n l a i n \r t d g h t l n g l c \ 1 0 t h . K h $ a r i T m i a nb r s e l i n eN i t h a
p r . d . I c n n i n c dr i I D eo l r . r i \ a l . T h c o n l \ t r f u i n i t . m o n t a b l ei s
t h c f t r u g hg n ) u n d r n d r h i s s h o u l db e u s e dp r i m a r i h l l J s l o $ L
m t r . m c n t r a t c s .t h u sp r c l e n l i n q t h l s s i d o e i t h e b r r r l ee n s . r g i n g
t o o q u i c k l \ .i f r n ! r ( r ) p s e n l e ft h eo l f t r b l e t e r r a i nt h e nt h e ! a r e
c o n s i d c r c dl o s t r n d ! r . r e n r o \ c dl r o m p l r ) . BIBLIOGRAPHY
T h c n u m h c r sa n d q u r l i r v o f l h c \ a r i o u sc o n t i n g e n riss l a r g e l ! J . A B o l l e 7 r . , V o , qo1 V'.tkl I.t,tpir.
u p t o t h . t l a \ c A . b u r r \ ! g u i d et h e K h N a r i z m i a nc e n l r es h o u l d P Btei\ Thc llkrtgal EDryn?
b r s l i g h l h i n f c r x ) r i n . L r m t r e r st o t h e c o m b i n e dl o t | l o f t h e H Lamb Gcrgrb Khan EDryerot Of ,\ll itlett
N l o n s o l c e n t r cr n d r c s c n e r n d \ u r ) . r c r o s d s r e r a o g ei n q u a l u t A. Lrleser Bdr1.r O/ Ilt Credt CoDu,tandcrc
( l r o m B t o D n ) r c r r m p l e ) N h i l e t h e N { o o g o l sl i g u r e a r d r e D. Nlorsln ,V!.Ii.rYl P.rJin
h i g h . r . n d o f t h c s c a l e( A t o C ) : o n r h c m o u n r a i nf l a n k t h c .\,1.Pta\\lJin The itlo,gol Lneirc
K h $ a ri z m i r nl o r c cs h o u l do u r n u m b e trh e t r l o n g o l sl : 1 . h u l t h c J . J . S : r u n d e r s . -Hl s , , t | O f M c d t . r a l I s l u i l
t4

O CANGACEIRO Lampiao,Bandit King of Brazil

by Mike Bell

outlawswere kept on lbe run for threemonthsby the police

forces of thr€e states, Ceara, Pemambucoand Paraiba.
TIIE POLICE EventuallyLampiaowasforcedto seekpastures newin Bahia.
Themajorityoflocalpolicewercrelu€aant to cometo gripswith Unfortunalelysu€hco'operationwas frequentlysporadicand
the cangaceircs.Those recruited from the larger towns and short-sighted, beingabandonedafter the banditshad rnoved
citieswerealmosthelpless in the backlands unlesstheystuckto on. Another shon-sightedpolicy was tried out after the
the major roadsand trails.Many of thosewho wererecruited revolutionin Brazilin 1930.Thegovernment decidedto deprive
from the backlandshad more than a little sympathyfor the the cangaceiros of arms and ammunitionby disarmingthe
cargacerros and had joined up simplyas a meansof escaPing backlanden.The policy backfiredbadly. The outlawscon'
fromthecrushingpovertyof theserrao.Localpolicechiefswere tinuedto getgunsandammunitionfromthepoliceandthemore
nor aler\e to comingto arrangement(wilh lhe c/ngrceiror. powerful cor?eroswho were unaffected by the disarmament
providingthem with amnunition and leavingthem alone in policy,whilethosepoorerlandownerswho mighthaveresisted
exchange foraquiet life.Thepolicestationed in thesmalltowns Lampiaono longerhad the meansto do so.
and villagesof the rertaowereoften heavilyoutnumberedby when policeandcivilianswerearmedandco'operatedthey
the cangaceircsand when surpised had no real choice but to weremorethana matchforthecatgacer'ros. Asan example,on
surfender.This was usually the wisestcou$e. If none of ChristmasDay 1929Lampiao amved outsidethe town of
Lampiao'smen had beenkilled he usuallytreatedthe police Mirandelain Bahia,requesting permission to enter.Permission
fairly; if they resistedand causedcasualties beforethey were wasrefusedand the cargaceirosattackedbut were driven off by
capturedthey weretorturedand killed. a policesergeantand six men,supportedby manyof the local
Therewere,however,enoughenthusiastic andconscienriouscitizens.Oncethe policeand the states'govemmenlsrealised
policemenaroundto makelife uncomfortable forthe outlaws. the folly oftheir disarmament policytheyrevokedit andbegan
Someweresimplydeterminedto dothejob thattheywerepaid toget results.InSeptember 1935sixcivilianskilledtheoutlaws
for, othersjoined up becausethey were dissatisfied with the Suspeita(Suspicion),Medalha (medal), Limoeiro (L€mon
efforts of their local force. For instanceClemetinoFurtado Tree) and Fortaleza.In June the folowing year olle of
joined up after two attackson his ranch in SantaCruz by Lampiao'ssubgroupswas wiped out when Antonio de Chi-
Lampiaoin February1924duringwhich the localpolicehad quinhaand five other civiliansambushedJoseBahianoand
done nothing. Furtadowent to Paraibaand joined up as a thrce othercargaceiros. Threemonthslateranothersubgroup
sergeant. Activepursuitofthecatgrcefosusuallydepended on was badly mauledwh€n the citizensof Piranhasin Alagoas
small flying columns called volantes who travelled on foot resistedtheil attack.Th€ group'sleader,Gato (The Cat) was
throughthe backlands,like the oullaws-Thesesmallcolumns killed and severalotherswere badlywounded
wereusuallymadeup ofanythingup to a coupleof dozenmen
ledby an officerandacoupleofNCOS.The reluctance ofmany
focalpolicemento fight the cangaceirosmea thatthe rolantes BANDITKING OF BRAZIL
oftenhad to rely uponmercenaries to swell theirranks. Even so Let us now move on to look at the historyof Lampiaoandhis
there were relativelyfew volantes.For examPle,in 192223 men. In earty 1922SebastioPeneiradecidedto abandonthe
Pemambuco hadonlyonevolatteoftwentymenandan officer cargacaoandmakea newlife for himselfelsewhere. Following
to dealwith all the banditswithin lhe bordersof the state. Perreira'sdepanureLampiaoquickly becamethe dominanl
Allhough vo.iarfeswere far more effectivethan local policein menber of the band eventhoughhe wasthe youngestof the
combattingthe cargrcer'ros,sometimesbr;nging them to battle threeFerreirabrothersin the cargacro.over the nextsixteen
andoccasionally ambushing them.it wassoonrealisedthat the yearsheledhismeninsomanybattles, raidsandskirmishesthat
mosteffectivemethodof ddving them out of an areawasto only the major eventsof his careercanbe outlinedhere.
deprivethemofthe supportprovidedby the coileros.andthere On 26thJune1922Lanpiaoandhismenraidedthehouseofa
wereseveralcampaigns whichcentredaroundthe elimination wealthy noblewomanin Agua Branca and fled with large
of the suDDortof the coiteros.For instancein late 1926the amountsof jewellery.Somedayslater a party o{ forty police
PemambuioChiefofPolice,Enri€ode SouzaLeal,launched a andaboutthesamenumberofarmedcivilianswent inpursuitof
new campaign.Somecoiterosweretoo powerful1ochallenge theoutlaws.ln typicalcargacerro styleLampiaoambushed and
dire€tlyaswehavealreadyseen.The resultwasthatth€efforts routedthe force nearEspiritoSantojust insidePernambuco,
ofthe policeweredirectedagainstthesrnallerandlesspowertul kill;ngdree and seriouslywoundingtwo more. A numberof
coiteros.Few were ever broughtto trial as this only created killingswereattributedto Lampiaoduringthe surnnerof 1922
synpathyfor them and the oudaws.The policeadoptedthe but his next major attackwas on the town of Belrnontein
tacticof simplydetainingthem for long periodswhileendless Pernambuco. The reasonfor the attackseemsto havebeenan
enquidesweremade.Although.hispolicypaiddividendsit did attemptto kill ColonelLuis Gonzagawho owneda storein the
somelimes backfire.Forexample,tbepolicemanaged to detain townandhadbeena majoropponentofPeffeira.Aviciousgun
Lampiao\ youngerbrother Joao for eighteenmonths,but battleragedfor five houls duringwhich Gonzaga'smen and
anotherbrother,Ezekiel,took to the cargacaoto avoidthe sevenpolicemenmanagedto hold their own againstthe
police. outlaws.FinallyLampiao'smen gainedthe upperhand.The
By co-ordinating their effortslhe policeofthe northeastem heartwentout ofthe defenders whenGonzagawaskilled and
statesof Brazil could make life difficult and dangerous for the the bandits looted his store.
The victory,however,wasa costly
cangaceiros.Aftet Leal launchedhis campaiSnin late 1926the one for Lanpiao. He had four or five menkilled and several
 15

rnorewounded.This attackwasunusualin that it waspressed

homeeventhoughthe defenders resistedstoutlyandLamPiao
took losses.It is likelythatLarnpiaohadagreedto kill GoEaga
for Perreiraasa matterofhonourandthereforethe attackhad

Lampiao'sraidswenton during1923.InlateJulytheoutlaw
chiefandhismenreturnedto Nazareto attenda wedding,but
got involvedin a gunfightwith the localpolic€andtownspeople
who hadno rime for the cargacerros.Lampiao andhismenfled, (EARA '---
but the Nazarenos pursuedhim relentlessly for the restof his a'
r R I OO R A \ D E
days.At leastsixtyoI themjoinedvariousvolattesandfifteen \
werekilled in action.
In March1924Lampiaowaswoundedin a runningfightwith , i....'"',i' t---'
the Paraibapolice.The banditswere mountedthis time and
Lampiaothorsewasbroughtdown-Asthe outlalvrolledclear I \ PARAIBA
j
he washit in theheel,but managedtoavoidcapture- For twelve
daysLampiao survivedon the foodhe hadin hishavenackand prarallguco
both the polic€andhis own menscouredthe countryfor him ,,j
Eventually he was found by the catgaceiros and made a full
recoveryat the ranchof one of hiscoitems. ln July Lampiaowas
still not fit enoughto leadhisbandin an assaulton the townoI
Sousa,Paraiba,in conjunctionwith the band led by Chico (t e*
Perreira and had to delegatethe responsibilityto Antonio and t- cr
Levino. Chico, by the way, does not appearto have been .:"t v/
to
related Sebastio Pereira. Chico had a grudge against the /'<*'
town and persuadedLampiao to let his men take part in the bo
raid. About seventybanditsattackedon 26thJuly and looted
severalbusinesses andhomes.The policepursuedthe outlaws
closelyafter the raid andcaughtup with Lampiao andsixteenof
hismenwho wererestingat the ranch of a coilero. As the police
closedin they fell victim to Lampiao\ tactics.His rearguard
ambushedthe police, killing one, wounding another and
Puttingthe restio flight. MAP l NORTH EAST BRAZIL c. 1930
A similar raid took place on 20th February lgX when
Lampiao and about forty men attacked the town of Mata the BrazilianCommunistPa(y. For tr{o yearsafterthe failure
Grande in Alagoas after its citizens refused to hand over a of the revolutionPrestesled a columnof mgamuffinrevolu-
'donation'.The outla*s withdrewafter a two hour gun battle tionariesa€rossthe statesof northeasternBnzil in an attempt
and onceagainwerep[sued by policetowardsPemambuco. to rekindle the fire of revolt. The govemmentplaced the
At SerrotePreto(BlackHill) rancha major battledeveloped. responsibilitiy for the defenceof the statesin the handsof the
The policeforcewasmadeup of two groups,onefrom Paraiba states'police, the cororelersand their hired gunmen.Ceara
andonefrom Pemambuco, totallingthreeofficersands€venty Congessrnan noro Bartolomeuwroteto Lampiaoaskinghim
sevenmen.Rashly,the Paraibans chargedthe ranchbuildings tojoin oneofthe PatrioticBattalionsbeingorganised to defend
wherethe banditshad takencover.The Pemambucans were the state againstthe Prestescolumn. To gain Lampiao\
more cautious,keepingtheir distanceand opening6re. The confid€nceBartolomeuhad his letter counter-signed by the
bandits'firekilledseveralParaibans andforcedthercstto go to famouscleric.PadreCiceroofJuazeirodo Norte.
ground.Then Lanpiao senthis brotherand a dozenmenout PadreCiceroRomanaBatistawasregardedasa saintby the
fromthe ranchto flankthepinnedParaibans. Seeingthisnove, peasants of northeastBrazil.He hadarrivedin Juazeiroin 1872
the Pemambucans switchedtheir fire to Levino'sgroup.This asa youngpriestandattractednationalattenttionin 1889when
caught the unfortunateParaibansin a cross fire between itwas allegedthatacommunionhosthadturnedto bloodin his
Levino's men and their Pernambucancolleagues.As the hand.The town ofJuazeiroflourishedasword ofthe'miracte'
casualties mountedthe policewithdrew,leavingat leasttwelve spread;hundredsof romeiros (pilgrims) flocked to the town to
deadand carryingawaymanymore wounded. paypromeisato Cicero- moneypaidto the churchin the hope
Lampiao's successin battles with the police during the mid of atoflingfor their sinsand gainirg spiritualrewards.After
twentieswasmarredby the deathof Levinoin July 1925.The Lampiaobecamea bandit manyOf hisfamily movedto Juazeiro
band wa5 attacked by a volarte of Paraibansled by Sergeant to avoid Dolice Denecution.
JoseGueddsandLevinowaskilled.Lampiaowasincensed with Lampiio arrived in Juazeiroon 3rd March 1926having
grief and ambushedthe Paraibanstwice in as many days, but already fought one a€tion against the Prestescolumn in the
Guedeswas an experiencedcommanderand drove off the mistakenbeliefthatit wasa policeforce.The outlawchiefand
oudawson both occasionswithout suffering any losses.Taking his menstayedin Juazeirofor a weekduringrvhichtime they
out his angerand grief on a coupleof local towns,Lampiao w€refetedandphotographed. DuringtheweekCicerotriedto
murderedseveninnocentpeopleand then vanishedfor six convinceLampiao to give up the cargacaoandarrangedfor him
monthsbeforereappeanngin Ceara. and his men to recievenew uniforms and rifles. At somepoint
during his stay in JuazeiroLampiaowas given a document
commissioning him as a Captainin the PatrioticBattalionsof
CAPTAIN LAMPIAO AND TIIE PRESTFSCOLUMN the United StatesofBrazil. Althoughthe document\rasgood
In July 1924there wasan unsucc€ssfulrevolution in SaoPaulo enoughfor Lampiaoits validitywasalwaysin doubtas it was
againstthe Braziliangovemment.One of the leadersof the signedby an inspectorof the Ministry of Agriculture, the only
revolutionwasLuis CarlosPrestes.later to becomeleaderof Federalofficial availablein Juazeiroat the timc.
 j I

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 17

After LampiaoleftJuazeirohewasquietfor a fewweeks.The andgullies ofthemountain andthenambushedthe policewhen

Prestes columnhad movedon andpeacetemporarilyreturned iheytriedtofouow.The battlelastedallday.Tensoldierswere
to north easternBrazil. Th€n Lampiaodecidedto return to killed and at leasta dozenmorewounded.includingManuel
Juazeiroto recieveCiceros blessing beforefinallygivinsup his Neto whose volante was part of Teofanes forc€. Su of
life as an oudaw. Unfortunatelythe interveningweekshad Lampiaolsmenwerekilled beforehe led thenlto safetyacross
givenCicerotime to reflectupon what had happenedand he the top of the mountain.
nowhadseriotrs doubisthathis linkswithLampiao, notleastof
which was the possibilitythat his candidacyfor the Federal
ChamberofDeputiescouldhavebeenseriouslyaffectedby his
relationshipwith the bandit.Politicalambilionobviouslvmeanl
rnore to Cicerothan savingsoulsand he refusedto seethe
outlaw leader again. Feeling disappointed.rebuffed and
betrayedLanpiao returnedto the ...]rltaorowith a vengeance.
Throughoutthe summerof 1926he launcheda seriesof
atlackson ranchesand towns in Paraiba.Peroaorouco aou
Alagoas.including assaultson the close relativesof Jose
Saturnino.By nowLampiaowasbeingreferredto asthe bandit
kingof BrazilandtheGovernorofthe backlands. Impudendl,.
he wrote 10 the governorof Pcrnambucosuggesring that the
state should bc dividcd bctweenihem, he would lake the
backlandswhile the governor could have the towns. But
Lampiao'sactivitieswere rousingthe angerof his enemies.
volanresled by JoseSaiurninoand ManuelNeto of Nazare
criss'crossedthe country in hot pursuitof him and his men.
Lampiaos luck almostran ou! in September.A m.tjor batile
developedon a ranchnearFloresiacounty,Pernambuco. and
Lampiaowas shot througb the chestand carried fron the
bartlefield.

SERRA GRANDE AND MOSSORO

Although his woundwas seriousLanpiao was fit enoughto
moveagainby November,but theoutlawswereslill beinghard
pressedby the police. A large force undcr Major Teofanes
lorre. had rrken ro Ihe tield in pur.urtof rhe crnprcc"o'.
Teofanesalreadyhada reputaiionasan outlawcatcher,bcing NAZARENOVOLUNTEERSc. 192,1
the man who had broughtin Antonio Silvinoin 191,1. Two
hundredandfifty fiveof TeofaneJmencaughtupwith theband
at SerraGrandemountain,abouttwentymilesfrom Vila Bela
city. on 28th November.The outlawsfeUbackinto the rocks
18
The police claimed that Lampiao's brother Antonio was
killed at SerraGrande, but that wasnot the case.Antonio died
someweekslater at the ranchof a coirero.He waswrestlingwith
somefellow outlawsIor the possesiorof a hammockwhena gun
went off accidentlyand killed him. Luis Pedro,the man who
ownedthe gun,expectedto be kill€dwhenhe told Lanpiao of
th€ accident,but the bandit chief simply elevated Luls to the
position ofhis second-in-command, replacrnghis deadbrother.
The defeat of the police at Serra Grande coincidedwith the
appointmentof a newgovemor in Pemambucoin late 1926.The
new govemor,EstacioCoimbm, appointeda new andene4etic
chiefofpolice, Enricode SouzaLeal, afldcalleda meetingof
top ranking officials of neighbouring states to agrce upon
concertedaction against the cangaceiros.As we saw earlier,
Leal took actionagainstthe coiteroswhile the volarresstayedin
the field to keep Lampiaoon the move. For the next six months
hewascontinually on the run andhisbandwasby no meansthe
only oneto suffer from the steppedup policecampaign.In June
1927 Major Teofanes produc€d a list of over one hundred
cargaceiroskiled sinceearly December. At least twenty five
were from Lampiao'sband, but the rest were from other bands
caughtup in the hunt for the outlaw leader. In the samemonth
Lampiaodeodedthat enoughwasenoughand abandoned his
old stampinggroundsin Pemambuco,Paraibaand Alagoasin
favour of a raid into fuo Grande do Norte. Specifically,
Lampiaoandhismenwent north to attackthe towfl of Mossorc,
either at the request of the Rio Grande cangaceirole der
Massilon Leite or at the rcquest of Colonel Isias Arruda, a
prominent landowner and poli.ical figure in Aurora county,
Ceara,who had a gudge againstthe town for someundisclosed
wlatever the precisereasonfor Lampiaot raid on Mossoro,
his men left Aurora county on gth JuDe1927and went north on
horseback,robbingand buming ranchesas they did so. The
populationof Mossorcleamedofthe approach of thecombined
forcesof Lampiao and kite and roughly three hundredpolice
and citizensbeganto fortily the town. The bandits attackedat
fouro'clockin theaftemoonofl3thJune 1927andwerestartled
by the strengthof the resistanc€.Fire camefrom the station, the
prefect\ house,the school,hotelsandotherbuildings.Before
lon g si caneacehoswere dead afld many more wounded.
Lampiao was so stunned by the unexpect€ddefeat that kite
tempoffily took commandof the oullaws, leading them due
west into Ceara and the town of Limoeiro do Norte on the
Juaquariberiver whichthey reachedon the 15th.
From herethe outlawswent south, now pursuedby over five
hundred troops and police from Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara
andParaiba.On the 20thJunethe outlawsran into an ambush
and although tney managed to escapewith only one man
woundedthey lost a[ their horses,pack animalsand ammuni-
tion.Two dayslaterthepolicecaughtup with theoutlawsagain,
at Macarimba. A force of fifty cavalry and three hundred and
fifty infantry commanded by Major Moyses de Figuerido
stumbledontothebanditsaccidently. Thetroopsopenedfi re at
a nnge of two hundred yaids, too far awayto be effective and
giving t]rc outlaws time to tate cover. By now Lampiao had
recovered hiscomposure andwasbackin commandof hismen.
After the firing hadgoneon for half an hour he tded a trick. He
ordered his men to slowly c€asefire, giving the impressionthat
they were slipping away as they usually did. When the firing
Irom the cargacer'ros'positions ceasedentirely the troops broke
cover and cautiously advanced. At point blank range the
outlawsopenedfire again, killing severalsoldiersand routing
the rest. Having haltedhis pursuers,Lampiao led his mensouth
again, arriving back in Aurora county in early July 1927.
Colonel Aruda wasnow embarrasedby bis contactwith the
r'totoious canagaceiroand tried to restore his position by
betraying him. He contactedMajor Moysesand the two drew
SPENCER SMITH MINIATURES
(Metaland Planic 25l-l0mmscae)
a Ancri(rn Cieil wrr p u! \!€r,J leB,nneAptr.lis.,
'n.lud'nB rule\ in.l demn same
!23.45 UK o, f3s..rs ove6easpo
a ^n€ridn war oi IndeFnd€.ce/s€ven Yea6 w,r
Sanplerpi.( {mel.lor pbni.l !1.95
PleaFend SAEfor derail\to:
5 S.rossar€fiod,chB*(t,
P.ie lohnnon€,
rondon,w4 4Qx, uniredxinsdom
PAINIING SERVICTAVAITABIE
tu)o
I)R:o'goDS
praoorl,ctioDs
New figures to add to our lTth-lgth Century
Native lndians
'TIPOO' Sultan of Mysore
EI 16. NativeSwodsmm, u iL\ Shmshir dd Shield
EI17, Nativemed with (atd punchinsknile md shreld
EI13. NativeRdkeler dd assistet{it} 12'ukel lpackoI2l
El 19. NativeTribesmd wirlr Malchl@k
LI r0. NahvpRegul4w th FFn, \'nu\Lpr r,r shdm\c I
TheseteuEs oe in o slyleo/dEss usedfiolghour rhe 17th.r3!h
ond lgth Centuryih Southemhdid, ond nor usedin fie r799 ho.
dgdinsl I'l,ellinelon. Mom IiguEs w'll be odded soon.
Nee lot le
Warriors of the Dark Ages
VIK 16, Halt nakedwmior thrcwins a sped. shield.
VIK 17. Kneline with de. dd shield.rrcdins helmet.
l.IK 13. M.iled wdior ddvdcins sped out, shieldrp.
vIK 19. Thswing sptu, shieldedrvdjns quilledcoal,
l'I( 20. Catchir8 amws on shi.ld, carrying ae. seding helnel.
Viking MM.l pmks dnd Houworls to louo|9 wn.
For mrc der,ils snd: !1.75 [gs.m plu 4 ICR s], for a lill
elalogue, a Dack of 5 smpl6. ed a 12 monrh update wce.
TIIO DRAC.ONSPRODUCIIONS
70 Lnck t4re, Msh, Hudddsfeld
W51 Yo*shie HD1 4QX
lrhs rsn,flm4jisdrlildbleisrnrai. vili'ieiDa*ae6.Lak Bnrish
Nalr)lsiii l",anrry.l.lc
\logrldndIndiffi rhmuEh
lne rnnrsaDi rsufs
up a planwhichwouldeliminateLampiaoandglvethemall the
glory. Arruda invited Lampiaoandhis mento a feaston 7th July
to celebratetheir retum from Mossoro.After Lampiao and his
men arrived the ranch was surrounded by Major Moysesand
fifteenof his men. as well as over one hundredof Anudat
capargas.To makethe captureof Lampiao\ meneasierAiruda
hadpoisonedtheir food, but the banditleaderwassuspicious.
When severalof his men were violentlyill Lampiaorealised
what was goingon. Fightingbroke out, but once againthe
cargaceirosshot their way to fteedom, breaking through the
surroundingcordon and vanishinginto the sertao.
Coniinuednext bonth...
 19

NnrroNAL Wa.ncAMES
CunuProNsHIPSl99l
PERIOD DETAILS
hnrop Sc.lus Rur.ss [.rsrs
BlBtlCAL l5rrna WRG 7rs EDmoN BooK l*
CLAssrcAL 25vwt WRG 6m EomoN Boors l&2*
Denx Aces 15m,t WRG 7nr EDr[oN BooK 2*
MEDEVAL 25wl WRG 6rn EDmoN BooKs 2,&3*
R.nr.nrssmcn lsldM WRG 2Nn EDmoN WRG*
REx.rAJssANcE zsr,twt WRG 2ro EDmoN WRG*
l8rs Cnmrnv l5r\&{ WRG 1685-1845 TTG*
NAPor-EoMc l5utvI Soulo on rne Gurs TTG*
l9rn Cnqnrnv l5lrrl,t NEWBURY (SeoN erc) NEWBURY*
WoRr-DWAR tr 1/300 FTR*LY FIREFLY*
MoDmN l/300 Cnar-r-eNcen2
NAP. NAvAr- lllzffi AcnoN UNDERSA-u-
* R-usrnrc,
eo Lrsrs ** Lrsrs oN En-rnv

TIre 1991 NA'r'roNALWlnclves CurvproNsHlpswrLL BE oRGANISED

By:

PLYMOUTH ASSOCIATION
OF WARGAMERS
PAW SERIESoF WARGAMESCoNVENTToNS.
oF TITESUCCESSFUL
ORGANISERS

F\JRTTERDE'IAILS FRoM ntp NerroNer-s ORGANISER:

JosN OneNcE,27, AourRer-ry St., SroNeHousE,

Pr-vuourH, DEVoN,PLI 3RX.
Plriasg uam ALL ENernRms"N.rr.rrolaLs'91", IND rNcLnDElN SSAE.
25mn WaryanesFoundry pintes fron the author's colection. Acquned rcady painted fron the Pendftgon standat Histoicon
this yeat. Rowing-boat etchedln Milliput by Hales Models.
TirE BunurNGop PnNAMA
by John S. Phipps
TIIE BACKGROUND
Who amongstus woulddenythal an evenings Piracy.th€ Iure
of booty, gold doubloonsand the Jolly Roger,hasa cenain
appeal?
I am surethat we haveall heardof menlike Blackbeardand
CaptainKidd and havea generalideaof their lifestylesin the
Caribbean. SomewerePiratcsactingoutside thejurisdictionof
nationstatesor internationallaw. Otherssaw thernselves as
Privateers.irregularnavalforcesgrantedpermissionto carry
out raidsby one nationstateagainsia designated encmy.This
wasa greyarea.sometimes officialsanctionto do so existed.
sometimes not. h mighttakemonthsfor word to rcachEurope
and for a reply to be received.In practicalterms this often
meantthat whethera stateof war or peaceexistedbetween
protagonistswaslargelyacademic - raidswenraheadanyhow.
The greatestbuccaneerof all. Henry Morgan,was adept at
taking advantageof the confusionand lime delays that
The word Buccaneeris derivedfrom the Frenchboucar.
which refers to strips of dried, smokedbeef thal the first
boucariersusedto iradewirh passingshipsin the WeslIndies.
Cladin loosetunics.\r ith stripsofleatherwoundfromkneeto
ankle,a strip of hide aroundtheir waist.filthy andcoveredin
bloodstains.thesewild and lawlessmen formed a primitive
sociery.callingrhemselves rheBrelhrenofthe Coasr.Gradual
ly. their numbers grew. enconpassingex-soldiers,naval
deserters. criminals,anyonewho had a reasonto tive ouiside
society,beyondthe reachofthe law.Preitysoon.drawnby lhe
lure ofquickermoneyandpotentiall)'highrewards.theywere
takingto seain dugouts,capturingships.usuallybarques,and
dividingup the booty accordingto prearranged contractsin
whichmenreceivedrecompense forwounds,aswellastheirfair
Crueltyand violencewere lhe norm. newsbeingpassedby
word of mouthwheneverraidswerebeingplanned.(Plenryol
scopehere {or role-playingambitiouspiraiesstartingat lhe
bottomof the heapintendingto makea careerof it.) housesand took someprisonen, teavinga chattengeaaaressla
EversincetheTreatyof Tordesillas in 1494,theSpanishlaid to Morgan nailed to a tree. This gave Modyfod the excuseto
claim to the territories west of an imaginary line running down allow Morgan to resumehostilities, despitethe fact that Pardal
through the Adantic, encompassingeverythingwith the ran into John Morris soonafter and wasshot in the neck during
exceptionof Brazil, whichwasPortuguese. the battle.
By about 1530the anival of Portugueseslave$ ftom West Morgan sailedfor C-owlsland in August with elevenshipsand
Africa heraldedthe beginningof the end of the Spanish six hundred men. He sent out scouts to forage and gather
monopoly.welcomedby thecolonistsfor theirtrade,theywere intelligence,and waited.
not encouragedby the Spanishgovemment. Frenchprivateer- In Octoberthreebuccaneercaptainsturnedup atPortRoyal,
ing (govemment-approved pimcy) was alreadya fact of life, Iresh from a raid on Granada and Late Nicaragua.Mod]'ford
forcingthe Spanishtreasureshipsloadedwith Inca andAztec reprimandedthem and then sent them to join Morgan. Ships
goldinto convoysfor theirownprotection,The attemptsmade were arriving from aI over, drawn by rumours and Morgan's
by the French,the Englishand the Dutch to plunderthem reputation folowing the Marac-aiboand Porto Belo laids. He
established a traditionthat anythingwestof th€ Azoreswent, evenmanagedto penuadethe Frenchfrom Tortuga to join him.
regardless of peacetreaties.
By the time we reachMorgan\ century,the Englishhad
aheady founded colonies in Virginia and Bermuda, later EXPEDITIONAGAINST PANAMA
spreadingto Barbados,St Kitts and the LesserAntilles.The At the beginningof Decembera generalcouncil of the captains
French,likewisewereestablished on Martinique,Guadeloupe, washeld and Panamawasnominated asthe taJgetfor the next
and St Kitts which they sharedwith the English. attack.The fleetsailedaweeklater,on the8th December,two
Spanishattemptsto controlsmugglers, manyofthem Dutch, thousandmen in thirty-sixships.
ledto thedepopulation ofthecoastsofHispaniola. Beforelong, Panamalies on the westcoastof the Isthmusand thereforc it
all thatwereleft werethe Boucaniers ekeingout a livingselling would be necessaryto crossit with a land force, folowing the
their beef. route of the ChagreRiver. lts mouth wasguard€dby a fort, th€
In 1664,Lytdeton,the Govemorof Jamaica,wrote to the Castleof Sanlrrenzo, which had beenrecentlyr€inforcedwith
l-ord Chancelor listing reasonsfavoudng the BuccaneerJuse three hundredand fifty men becauseof the threat of Morgad's
of Port Royal. fleet, bringing their total to about four hundred. Th€re were
Withoutthem,anavalpresence to guardagainstthe Spanish now an additional two hundred mer at Porto BeIo, several
wouldbe necessary. Theyprcvideda usefulnavalreserveready ambusheswaiting along the Chage, and a large force of
for actionin war time. Their networksprovidedinvaluable reservists stationedat Panama.
intelligenceregardingthe intentionsof the Spanish.They BeforetakingSanLorenzo,Morgandecidedto captureOld
stimulated trade with their booty. Any attempt to oust them ProvidenceIslandto removea possiblethreatto his rcar. He
might result in the desertion or mutiny of English crews ariedto attack the Fort of santa Thercsa ffom the west with a
attncted by the prospect of a life of buccaneering.Probably force of a thousandmen, taking advantageof a sandbank
mostimpo(ant of all, evenifthey wered venfrom one area, connecting a smallisletin AguadaGrandewith the nainland.
theywould simplygo elsewhere- probablyTortuga, wherethey Thegarrisonnumberedabouta hundredmen,but theircannon
usedto hangout, in whi€hcaseanybenefitswouldpassto the fire wasdeadlyand preventedMorgan\ force crossinga bridge
French. to the fort. That night the buc€aneersbutchereda stray horse
A newGovernorofJamaicawas appointedinthatsameyear, and sliced it thinly, Morgan having omitted to allow for
Thomas Mod'.ford. Instructed to trade peacefully with the provisions,not anticipatinga delay. Torrential rain helped
Spanish,he beganhh careerwith the intentionof takingsuch
ordersseriously. Therealityofthe situationsoonchanged all of At daybreakMorgandecidedto attemptto parl€y.A white,
that, not leastdue to the influenceof one man in particular. bloodstained shirtrippedfrom tbe backofone of hissailorsdid
the trick, and Morgan's terrifying reputation the rest. He thus
avoidedunnecessary casualtiessofar from his recruitmentarea.
ENTER HENRY MORGAN In order to saveface, the Govemor agreedto surrendor
Henry Morganwasbom in 1635,eitherat Llanrhymnion the provided a mock battle was fought with blanks and the
bordersof Glamorganshirc andMonmouthshire or at Pencarn, impressionof resisrancewas given. Both sides honourcd the
near Newport in Monmouthshire.He namedhis Janaican agreement andtherewasnoneofthe usualtortureandrapeto
estatePenkame,which suggeststhe latter, thougha village follow. Morgan gainedthirty thousandpounds of gunpowder
calledLlanrumneyalsoexistson the island. and a load of victuals, spikedal the gunsexcepta few and blew
His early life is obscure, though he is known to have up all the forts saveSantaTheresa,and,with an eyeto usingit as
journeyedto Bristol wherc he was capturedand sold into a baselater, left a garrison of about a hundred men.
slaveryin Barbados.He later escapedand in 1654joined up He sentCaptainJosephBradley aheadin the Maldowerwith
with ColonelVenables,then in chargeof land forcesunder a few smallershipsand four hundredmen, no doubt influenc€d
AdmiralPenn,boundfor SantoDoningo, the capitalandchief by the easewith whichhe had taken Old Providence.
port of Hispaniola.
Morganrapidly assertedhimselfand was electedCaptain,
following the death of Edward Mansfield to whom he was ACTION AGAINST SAN LORENZO
secondin commanddudng a seriesof raids againstCentral The fort of San Lorenzo perched on a cliff protected by
Americanin 1665. defensiveearthworksand a moat. Bradley lost the advantageof
More raids followed,includingthoseagainstCuba, Santa surpriseby sailinginto the mouthof the dver, cameunderfire,
Ca.alinaand Granadaunderthe overallcommandof Edward withdrew rapidly eastwardsand set ashore,only to find that the
Mansveltduring 1666-67,with Morganas vice admiral.The placewassurroundedby densejungle. By the time they rcached
deathof Mansveltat the handsof the Spanishsoonafterledto the fort everyonewasexhaustedand they immediatelysuffered
Morgan'selectionas admiral'in-chief. heavycasualtiesbeneaththe fort's guns.Bradley fe back into
In June1670two Spanishwalships,commanded by Captain the jungle and an evasivebattle developed lasting for three
ManuelRiveroPardal,raidedthe coastof Jamaica,bumt a few days.Duringthethird nighta buccaneer, dightlywoundedby a
dossbow bolt, wasso annoyedhe tied a strip of cloth to it and scorchedearth policy, they left nothingbehindand foraeing
stuffed it into the barel of his musket. Setting alight to the yieldednothing.Nextdaytheyhadto disenbarkfromthelarger
cloth, he dischargedthe bolt into the fort where it lodged boatsbecause of sandbanks.Vain attemptsweremadeio hack
againsta thatchedroof andsetit alight.Theothermenwith him a path alongthe river banks,but the knottedvineswere loo
copiedby tearingtheir shirtsand hurling them into the fort thick for thei cutlasses. Swamps,woodticks,mosquitoes and
weighted by stones, adding powder to the cloth for good snakesadded to the misery.
measurc.The resulting fires set off a banel of powder. The By nowall thesloopshadbeenleft behindandsoonit wasthe
defendershad to leave their guns to fight the fire and the tum of the flat-bottomedboats. Morgan decidedto leave
buccaneersseizedthe chance,They swarmedup the walls and CaptainRobert Detanderto improvisea forl to protectthe
succeededin settiflg light to the parapets.Outlined againstthe boatsandcannonthat wouldnow haveto be left behind.Two
flames, the fire fighteN were easytargetsand the men on the hundredmen remainedwith him.
wallssoongaveway also,no matchfor the skilful buccaneers. The rest of them continued upriver.
Many of them preferred to leap over the cliff rather than face On the third day, they dis€overedthe remainsof hastily
mutilationandtorture at the handsof Bradlevs men. constructed fortificationsdesertedby the Spanish.They were
TheSpanish commander, Don Pedrode Lisaldoy Ursua,was beingwamedin advan€eof the approaching buccaneersby their
shot during a desperatelast stand and by daybreak the fon lndian scouts,shadowyfigures flitting through the dense
belongedtoBradley.He llas discovered with hislegscrushedby foliage.Continuingto usethe riverfor maintaining hisforward
a cannonball. however.and his losseswere found to be a intelligencegatheringscreen,Morgan pressedon, his men
hundreddeadandasmanywounded.It had beena cosdyand hoistingthe canoesand carryingthem when necessary. The
desperate fight. fourth day brought news of rnore abandonedearthworks and
Morgan arrived with the main fleet a week later. His over heretheydiscovered a cacheofleather bags,whichtheywere
confidenceshowedwhen four of his ships, including his forcedto cut into morsels,scrape,simmerand eatl Fortune
flagship,Satitfacrbr, racedtriumphantly into the mouth of the smiledon Morgan on the fifth day when his scoutsdiscovereda
Chagre and struck an uncharted reef. A stom blew up but, coupleof sacksof grain, some bananasthat would require
undismayed,Morgan managedto savethe crewsand salvage cooking,somebreadanda few jars of wine,all overlookedby
the food and military caeoes. The river banksbecamea stores the Spanish. Morganriskedhislife by insistingthattheweakest
dump. Once ashore,Morgan wasboisted shoulderhigh before menatefint, brandishing hispistoltoreinforcethepoint.Some
being carried into what was left of the fort. menweresoweakby now that theycouldhardlywalk andhad
Morganleamedthat Bradleywascloseto deathandthat his to tradeplaceswith the oarsmenin the canoes.The situation
casualties were higher than expected. He was obviously wasbecomingincreasingly desperate.
concernedat losing foul ships and now it was discoveredthat On the sixthday the starvingmentried to ford a rivuletand
the food was contaminated with maggots and weevils. He werc met by a hail of arlows-Half a dozenfel deadand the
ordered that San Lorenzo should be repaired, that the jungle Indiansmeltedawayinto the trees.Morgandecidedto hold off
should be {oraged for food and interrogated the surviving until dawnwhenhisscoutsinformedhim thatVentade Cruzlay
Spanishpdsoners.They were eager to talk and told him that just up ahead.His mencleanedtheirweaponsandmusketballs
Panamawas expectingan attack after a desener from his fleet and madeready.
had revealedhis plansto the Govemor and reinforcementshad Next moming,havingobserved smokeabovethe trees,they
madethei wearyway into the town and discovered that the
Bradleydiedfive dayslater. Morgan placedMajor Norman in Spanishhad fled. The only buildingthat wasnot bumingwas
commandof thr€e hundred men at the fort to guard against thekirg\ warehouse. Theonlysignsof lifewerea fewstraycats
Admiral Alonso del Campon,his old enemyat Maracaibo,who and dogs,the first meal the buccaneers had eatenfor days.
was rumoured to be cruising in the area with a number of AJternibbling$ass andleavesfor aweek,manyofthem were
wanhlps. sickwhentheytriedto swallowmeat. Someone foundacacheof
winein thewarehouse whichagainmademostof themviolently
i[. Foragingaroundthe areayieldeda baln filled with naize,
MARCH ON PANAMA CITY whichtheywereat lastableto eatandkeepdown.Moralelifted.
AI the riverboatsavailablefrom the fort were assembledon the Maybethey weregoingto makeit after all.
Chagre.Theseincludedsevensloopsandthiry-six sma er craft At themoment.however.Don Guzmanwasunableto decide
and canoes.All told, lessthan fifty, five of them €ontainingthe whetherto 6ght ouisidethe city or to try to defendit ftom
artillery. Morgan decided he could go part of the 50 miles by within. Morgan's reputatior was so terrifying that all he really
wanted to do was pray. He had six hundred armoured cavalry
The buccaneers wereunableto takefood, havingno roomto aroundwith lancesand swords,and two thousandinfantry,
cany it. Morganknew nothingof the detailsof the enemy's althoughtwo thirdsof thesewereNegroandIndiandaves.He
preparations. It wasthe dry season,the river waslow and the had artilery on the city walls and a herd of six hundred cattle
sloopswould only be able to go a short distancebefore running that he intendedto useto stampede into Morgan'srear at the
aground. Fallen tlees had choked the dver. The heat and critical moment.He at last decidedto face Morgan on the
humiditywere extremeand the threat of malariawas high. prairie,aboutthreemilesout ofPanama,thusavoidingthe risk
Added to this, Morgan's guides were continualy more of its predominantlywoodenbuildingsburningdown.
optimistic in their reports regardingihe difficulty of the terrain Generallyspeaking,the Spaoishwere not noted for their
than they had reasonto b€. braveryand their pleasure-seeking lifestyleat Panamahad
At this moment, five hundrcd Spanishwere lying in wait at softenedthem considerably,yet despite their fear of Morgan
Venta de Crux (Cruces), where Morgan would be {orced to the truth was that they were up againsta force that was much
abandonhis boats,and nearlyfour thousandon the praiie in smallerthan theirs, weakenedand starvedby a long and
fiont of Panama,with cavalry support. arduous march through thick jungle, lacking artillery or
Morgan ordered his forc€ of around twelve hundred men cavalry, without even any pikes to fend off horsesand with
upriver on 9th January 1671and they managedfourteen miles powder that was still damp. Morgan'saudacityhas to be
on the fi$t day. The Spanish ambushedthem here at Dos admied when all this is taken into ac.ount.
Bracas,a small settlement, and immediately fled. Adopting a
 23

BATTLE FOR PANAMA

At daybreak Morgan roused his men and they go4ed
themselveson meat before their advanc€began. He placed
John Morris and a Colon€l Prince in commandof an advance
guard of three hundred and fifty of his best marksmen, took
commandof the main body himselfand placedhis cousin,
Bledri Morgan, in chargeof the rearglard. Sprcadout at first
and then adoptinga more rvedge-shaped fomation, he decided WAR191+18
THEGREAT
to make a flanking manoeuvre acrossscrubland to the east, GERMAiI'AGERS
MMSHHIGI{I.AND IIGHTII{FAiINY
which forced the Spanishonto a narrow front and rcstricted \/818 Offierlvlounted 55p GAl4 OffkerMounted 55p
wB19 Offi@rAdvan<ing 25p GAls offkeradvan<ing 25p
Bannershigh, buglesblaring, the buccanee$advancedat a WB2Ostanding,fning 25p GAl6 Standing,fidng 25p
fast pace. WB21 Kneeling,fning 25p GA17Kneeling,ndng 25p
Don Guzman ordered his cavalry under Don Fmncisco de WB22 Lying,firing 2sP GA18Throwinggrenade 25P
Haro into the attack, someagainstthe advanceguardand some wB23 Thrcwinggrcnade 25p GA19Fallingrcunded 25p
W824 Falling,wounded 25p GA20Adv. fl€up 25p
attemptingto herd the catde into Morgan'srear. Neither of the W825 Adv.atrcady 25p GA2l Adv atrcady 25p
two were very successful.The cbarge faltered at the ftont, W826 Marching 25p GA22cha€ing 25P
running into a quagmir€,and the cattle gored asmany Spadsh W827 Vicke6NtccEw f1.10 GA23Marching 25p
asthey did buccaneers.The accuracyof the buccaneeN'musket GA24 Lyingdsd 25p
fire wasalso a significantfactor. Morgan later praisedde Haro GA2s MaximMGcr€M, f1.10o
for hiscourage,the Spaniardfalling at lastonto the fiont rank of BffNsH CAVALRY
the wedge. Orden were given during this skirmish that WCI officerwithd€wntword ssP
underline the discipline that Morgan ex€rted on this ruffian wc2 Trooperwithswordattheslope 55P
wC3 Lan.erjnmarching p@ 55p
army. Having no pikes, he doubl€d the ranks on the right and note no lanceir suppliedsuggenue of pianowire
closedup the files on the right andleft inward, hisdetermination WC4 Trumpetermarchingpot€ 55P
not to give rvay very evident, despite the fact that the cavalry WC5Trcoperfallingwounded 5sP
werecomingat them with considerablespeed,evenallowing for All p cesindudehou6 whichareavail.blenandingor
the mud, which neither would haveknown about at the onsetof galloPing,two Pc'ses.
the charge.
P & P uK 121h%ol otdet. EurcDesurface33% of Order.
wiahin haff an hour the cavalry routed and a few Fratrciscan
pdests who arived to give the Spaniardstheir last rites wer€ sendlaqe tqE + sop in rtampsfor tull listsand emple foot {igure of
blown awayfor good measure.Morgan could not afford to take our 20mmor 2smh ranges
prisoners at this stage and it was necessaryto display total
ruthlessnessif the Spanishwere to be defeated. Indians armedwith j avelins,andthat eveninga torrential stom
The advancecontinued, and the sight of their cavalryfleeing descended,soaking the powder.
soon led to the collapseof the SpanishinJantry. Within two On the ninth day they cresteda rise and therc alrcadof them
hours all that remainedwere the dead and dying. Plodding on lay herdsof cattle anddonkeys,the SouthSeaand PanamaCity
towards Panama,harried by snipers and caffrcnfire as they itself. After they had eat€nthe marchresumeduntil dusk. They
cameto the walls of the city, Morgan's men shot down anyone bivouackedwithin sight of the cathedml's spire, whilst being
who tried to prevent them gaining entry. Most of the populace shadowedby Spanishcavalry, riding out of musket range and
had alrcady fled, and the gunners were putting up a token shoutinginsults at them. No doubt thesewere r€tumed in Sood
resistancebefore joining the exodusinto the jungle. measure,as Morgan busied his men with the preparation of
Suddenly the entire city shuddered as the main powder defencesaDd the posting of lookouts. By now he had about
magazineblew up, tued by the Spanish.Before long the flames sevenhundrcd effective men.
sDread and within twelve hours Panama had bumt to the Roundshotwhined ovefiead asthe Spanishartillery opened
ground. up at long mnge, beginninga nightlong banagethe buccaneers
Morgan sent the canoesback to join lhe flotilla of sloops ignored. Morgan had chosen a spot $here his flanks were
lraiting downriver, not wishing to waste men guaiding them Fotected by a marshon one side and uplandon the other. The
now that he was so close to Panama. He retained one for buccaneers, exhausted, setdeddown to deeP.
Dossibleuse later. in casethere were lakes or streamsahead- The battle for Panamawas about to begin.
Now each man had his musket and flintlocks, food and
ammunition to carry, but no pikes, plus in a few casesdrums,
trumpets,flags andother musicalparaphemaliafor ceremonial SITUATION OF TIIE SPANIARDS
purposes.Morgan himself had a flowing wig and rufiles, should First aword about the SpaDish.Don JuanPerezde Guzman,the
he have to receive the Govemor's sword as a tok€n of his govemor and captain-generalof the kingdom of Tiera Firma
sufiender. H€ was also carrying detailed plans of Panama,a and of the province of Vemguas, based at Panama, was in
primitive lnap of the Isthmus and other navigationalaids. H€ constant receipt of rcports r€garding Morgan's whereabouts
wasrelying on a smallgroup of scribesto keep messages flowing and movements,but he was not wel and had not finalised any
to his forward commandeN. plansto deal with the situation. He had already sent a force of
At this stagehe was about halfway there and from now on five hundred men under GeneralFranciscoSaladoto Venta de
conditions were going to be a lot easier. The foliage was less Cruz, and a further two hundrcd and fifty mento reinforc€ San
dense,the weatherwas calmerand the first signsof civilisation I-oreDzo,neither of which materialisedasan effectiveforce He
were here in the form of tracks. On the eighth day Morgan's had also prepared strong defenceson the wooded heights at
advanceguardof about two hundrcd menran into an ambushin Baro Colorado and had increasedth€ landwardside defences
a narrow defrle. Casualtieswere slight, but the situation might with infantry, cavalry and artillery. Panamawas very strongly
havebeenmuchworseif the lndians had beenbetter organised. fortified, beingbuilt on a rocky peninsulajutting out to the east,
They ran into a screenof Spaniardssoon after, including a few cominatedby Mt. Ancon (530') andin the harbour by the Island
 trl1nteAAnnnallures
Hiehq!6|ity25nmga€'de''igul.s
PABLISHING
ANSCHLUSS
?9 Godfr€y Road Spixsorth NORWICH NRl0 3NJ
We de p'oud ro announce rhar CROSSBEERTN N onceagain
in orinr. Now in Lbb & flow comDarbielo'mar.crrh rhe mo\r
detiiledordenofbattlevoucouldhoDafor.asa.esultol research
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since181?lPrice:13.50+ P & P.

1375

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ll25 AUI/0r RNiar305'r4

of Taboga(935').lt was6lled with churchesandmonasteries, 12x AUr/m riary1305/rr 13c5
I]q5
promisingloot and treasurein abundance.Its populationwas
AUI{)s Sdonyl&tla
aboutten thousand. 1Jqi
1_'l AUrd ..d"rRh*
::: AUIios Pddd'!07!
WITHDRAWAL & AFTERMATH :l:l Auroe PnsEuer'r8ob
::: AUr/'o Bid.n^rmrmhn !r e5
On 14th February, 1671Morgan gave the oder to begin the
march back down the Chagres,after occupyingPanamafor a aUI/r? wBrphalia
month. He had fail€d to prevent a galleon escapingwith a vast !r.95 AUI/I4 Fr.i.h Foni8nRs6 13.95
hoard of booty aboard, nor had he rccovered a solid gold
crucifir weighing approximately a ton. The frre had turther Jwol HenbyDallisl (20rhCenrnSrimnh)
HCOIEbb&FldorBxtrl.:Mod1 Tn.l&9cnpaistr
reducedhis takings, having consumedall the silks and spices HGm Ebb& Flo*orBatk, Mod2.T1'rlsl3cmpaiqn
that would have been left. There was talk of munity, but
Morgan crushedit l'ith a mixture of diplomacy and violence.
The total haul would have been about one million piecesof
eight, including twenty thousandtaken during attemptsto find
the $easure ship, (Thesewere actually aboard another vessel
seizednearTobagoIdand usinga capturedSpanishflotilla from
Panama.)And a mnsom paid for six hundred prisoneN taken
from the surroundingjungle. ff ever''thing had work€d out as
int€nded the prize would have been nearer three mi ion.
As it happened,each man received two hundred piecesof HEROES
eight, the CaptainsaroundsixteenhundredandMorgan himse[
about t€n thousand.Modford receivedhis usualten per c€nt.
MINIATURES
King CharlesII waslater sentone fift€enth of the total, and the 7 \YAVERLEYPLACE
Duke of York, now senior admiral of the Royal Nary, one \YORKSOP,NOTTS
tenthl sso2sY
The loot was divided up at San lrrenzo and then Morgan
abandonedthe place, sailing for Jamaicaon 6 March, 1671,
accompaniedby thee ships.Controveny ragedthercafter asto I\fAIL ORDER SPECIALISTS
whether or not he cheatedhis men, though nothing has ever 1!r 4
been proven to support the theory. Six more ships sailed for
Port Royal later, and one took Bledd Morgan to Old
Providenc€where he becam€Govemor. Th€ rest of the fleet
dispersed and thus it was that Harry Morgan's dadng raid
passedinto the annalsof history.
There are obvious parallels between this and Ross's rard
againstthe city of Washingtonduring the war of 1812.In both
casesa smal .andinadequat€lysupported force tbreatened a
community and the rcsulting panic and overreactionended in
nsd,n.cr
disasterfor the inhabitantsand the destructionof property on a rdidit!Do cio

grand scale. By emphasisingthe factors that resulted in the

record of history the umpire can createan interesting scenario
provided the playen know little or nothing about eventsasthey
actuallyhappened.The seeminglyimpossibleoddsat the oulset
must be hinted at and not ovenold. however.or elsethe 'wlrc
DaresWins' mentality of the original charactersin real life will
not be allowed to flourish in the minds of the players and will
detractfrom an enjoyableevening'sattemptsto \{eak mayhem
from the direction oi th€ sea.

IN THE GRANDMANNER
GETTYSBURG
by PeterGilder
One battle I have never fought, although the A.C.W. period
was,andstill is, of major interestto me,is Gettysburg. Strictly,
to sayI have nev€r fought it is a lie; I battled it out with Paddy
Griffith in the television series"Battleground", but that wason
an 8 foot table,and not really'in the grandmanner'.So that
then was the project: organise and get the armies together,
selectthe genenls, makethe necessaryterain, stagethe refight
andlet you know a[ about it. No smal task, a bit like our Sudan
Campaign,but look how fastthat €ameto fruitior. As I beganto
write this we had no armiesor terrain. but a lot of enthusiasm.
On reflection the terrain part was made sinpl€r by stil living
near the WargamesHoliday Centre, now in the very capable
haodsof Mike Ingham. Mike offered the use of the centr€ to
stagethis geat battle and so, with the hundredor so 3ft. terrain
squareshe already had, we only neededa few more piecesto
makeour terrain. All my original buildingsare now sitting on a
wargames layoutin Chicago,alongwith my old A.C.W. army,
so a completely new set-up was needed.
The year 1863wasthe high wat€r mark of the Confederacy-
and tlrc beginning of the end. The brilliant victory at
Chancellorsvillewhich cost the life of StonewallJacksonwasto
be the most costlyvictory the Southachieved.His presencelvas
sorely missed some two months later at a small town in
Pennsylvaniaca ed Gettysburg. His veterans, some 70,000
men, were mishandledbadly du.ing the first two days-On July
3rd l-ee rnade the final mistake when George Picket took
forward15,000assault$oopsin an attemptto breakMeade's
front along Cemetaiy ridge. The bloody repulse of Picket\
chargewastosoundthedeathknellof theCoofederacy. Canwe
do better, will we havethe advantageof hindsightandplanning,
which neither commanderin the real battle had? Only time will
tell.
Now to the nitty gritty. We started with the organisationof
the armies. As alwayswe wanted an order of battle. There are
many of them around, most of them taken ftom Battlesanl
kaden, a four volumed"must" for the A.C.W. fan. I have
chosen the ,4rnrler at Geuysburg book by S(ouy Bowden,
publishedby Enpirc GamesPress.(I know Terry Wise hasthis
at Athena Books at Doncaster). As we werc orce againdoing
this in the Grand Manner we wanted quite a few troops, so we
useda scaleoJ 1-30.This gaveussome52162 figuresin total. Now
we cameto a tricky point. At 1-30someof the units are sosnall
that uDlessyou take the basicmoraleasbeingthat of the brigade
ARMY OF TIIE POTOMAC
M4i. G€n. ceorge c. Mead€
lst ARMY CORP Maj. cen. John Reynolds
lst Division (Brig. Gen. J. wadsrvorth)
19th Ind 30 Elite
2nd Wisc 30 Elite
6th Wisc 36 Elite
7th Wisc 36 Elite
25
it *on't wo*. I chosea different approach,that of working out
the individual units at a scaleof l- 10,but only usinga third ofthe
units. This way we have, for €xample, a Union Bfgade
representinga Division. The end result givesa pleasing-to-the-
eye army and also, and this is most imponant, one that wil
operate well within the rules we use.
Another problem v,/iththe American Civil war Union forces
is the methodthey hadof disbandinga regimentat the endof the
enlistmentperiod andcarryingon the old regiment'sveteransas
the c.adreof a newreginent andgivingit a newnumber.This has
an immediate problem for the wargamer.
Becausethe conflict wasa fairly drab affair we all look for lhe
most colourful of units to add spiceto the ranksof the blue-clad
waniors. A couple of casesin point. The 5th New York,
Duryea's Zouaves, had a high proportion of three-year
enlistees.The unil was disbandedon l4th May 1863,but the
bulk of its troops went into the 146th N.Y. Other fanous
rcgiments- the 9th N.Y. for instance carried on under other
nurnben. In my order of battle I have tried to get as many of
thesecolourful units aspossible,to give us this greatdivenity of
unifoms.
Another problem hasalwaysbeenbeing ableto find out what
individual units' weaponswhere. The Union side is reasonably
easyas there is a very good book available caled R€gimerral
stengths at Geutsbutg, published by Gateway Press Inc.,
Baltimore in 1982. It is interesting to note that many more
Union regimentshad smoothboremuskets than did the
Confederatesand this wasmainly through choic€. For instance
in the farnous'lrish t egion' the 63rd, 69th, 88th all retainedthe
smoothbore, only the 28th Mass. was equipped with a rifled
musket.In our order of battle SB is a smoothbore,BL is a
breech-loader,and RBL is a iepeating breechloader. Others
not marked have the standarddfled weapon. This is another
factor in which the A.C.W. givesits own appeal;the diversityof
weaponsgivesthe commandera headache.
The A.C.w. alsobroughtaboutthe adventoffieldworksthat
were actuallyconstructedduring the coune of the batde, rather
than previous to it, as in earlier periods.
When we had decidedon the organisationthen all we had to
do was get the troops togethei: some 3154on the Union side,
and 2308on the Confederateside. An impossibletask for one
person,so it wasspreadacrossall the peoplewho had indicated
that they wantedto takepart.
In the next article ne will give you the p.rticipents, ho* we
structuredthe b.ttlc for the ref|ght and hopefuIy a report of the
battle and its conclusion.
2nd Division (Brig. Gen, Robinson)
9th NY 30 vet (zouave)
7th Ind 30
14th NY 36 Vet (Zouave)
95th NY 30
3rd Division (Brig, G€tr. A, DoubledaylBrig. Cen. Rowley])
13tbVt 36 Raw Anillery
14thVt 30 Raw 2nd Bty 1stMe 3 x 3" Rifles
l6th vt 30 Raw Bty B 4th US 3 x Napoleons

2nd ARMY CORP Mqt. G€n. Winfield qancock

lst Division (Brig. G€tr. Crld$,€n) 2nd Division (Bdg. Gen. Gibbon)
28th Mass 30Vet 69th Pa 30
63rd NrY 30Vet SB Tlst Pa 30
88th NY 30Vet SB 72ndPa 36(Z.ouave)
69th NY 30vet SB (Zouave) 1stMinn. 30BL

3rd Division Brig. Gen. Hays Artilery

39th NY 30 Bty A 4th US 3 x 3" Rifles
l4th Crnn. 30 Bty B lst RI 3 x Napoleons
4th Ohio 30sB
12thNJ 30sB
3rd ARMY CORP Maj. G€tr. Daniel Sickles
1st DiYisiotr(Msj, Gen. Birne, 2nd Dtvision (Brig. G€n. Humphrtys)
63d Pa 30 lst Mass 30
68th Pa 30 70rh NY 30
114thPa 30Vet (Zouave) 72ndNY 30
2thh Ind 30 74th NY 30 (Zouav€)
2nd NH 36BL

B€rdetrSharDshooteft36 Vet BL Artil€ry

Bty E 1st RI 3 x Napoleons
Bty B 1stNY 3 x 10lbPanot

5th ARlvrY CORP Maj. Gen. George Sykes

lst Division (Brig. Gen. Bames) 2nd Division (hig. Gen. Ayr€s)
20th Me 36 Elite 3rd US 36 Vet
44th NY 36(zouave) 4rhus 30 Vet
16th Mch 30 6thUS 30 Vet
32nd Mass 30 12thUS 36 Vet

3rd Divirion (Brig. Grtr. Crawford) Artilery

140thl.IY 30 (zouave) Bty 1 5thUS 3 x 3" Rifles
146rhNY 36V€t (Zouave) Bty L lst Ohio 3 x Napoleon
glst Pa 30 (Zouave)
155thPa 30 (Zouave)
13thPaRes. 36vet BL

6th ARMY CORP MCi. Grn. John Sedgrvick

r$ Division (Bris. G€tr. Wrigbt) 2nd Division (Brig. Gen, Howe)
5tb Me 36 7th Me 30
12lst llY 30 43rd NY 36
95thPa 36 (Zouave) 2nd Vt 30BL
96thPa 30 3rd Vt 30
lst NJ 36 Vet 4th vt 36

3rd Division (Brlg. Gen. Newton) Artilery

7th Mass 36 Bty C 1st RI 3 x 20lbParrotts
10th Mass 36 Bty D 2nd US 3 x Napoleons
37th Mass 30
2nd Rl 36
65th l.,lY 30

llth ARMY CORPMsi. Gen.OliverHoward

lst Division (hig. Gen. B.rlow) 2nd Division (Brig. Gen. Steinwchr)
17thConn 30 Raw 33rdMass 30RawRBL
25thOhio 30RawBL 55thOhio 30 Raw
75thOhio 30Ra* 73rdOhio 30 Raw
 n
3rd Division (Brig. Gen. Schurt) Artillery
82ndlI 36 Raw Bty G 4th US 2 x Napol€ons
45th NY 30 Raw 13thNY Ind. Bty 3 x 3" Rifles
61stOhio 30 Raw

rfth ARMY CORP Maj. Gen. Hetriy Slo.um

lst Division (Brig. G€n. Williams) 2nd Division (Brig. Gen. Gcary)
27th Ind 30 5th Ohio 30
2nd Mass 30 7th Ohio 30
t3th NJ 36Vet 29th Ohio 30
lst Md 48 28th Pa 30BL

ArtiUery
Bty M lst IIY 2 x 10lb Parott
Bty F 4th US 3 x Napoleons

CAVALRY CORP Maj. Gen. A[r€d Ple$o on

rst Division (Brig. Gen. Buford) 2nd Division (Bris. G€n. Gr€sg)
6th Pa 24(Rushes Lancen) lst Pa 32BL
lst US 32BL Vet 3rd NJ 32BL (lst HussaN)
2nd US 40 BL vet 3rd Pa 32BL

3rd Divisiotr (Brig. Cen. Kilpatrick) Hor{€ Artilery

lst Mich 32 BL \jet 9th Mich 3 x Y Rifles
5th Mich 32 RBL 6th t,tY 3 x l0lb Panotts
7th Mich 32 RBL Btty M 2nd US 2 x 3" Rifles

CONTEDERATEA.RMY OT NORTHERN VIRGINIA

Gen€ralRoh€rt E L€e
tsa ARMY CORP Lt G€n. Jrmes Longshe€t
Mclrvs Dtuision Otqj. Gen. Lalyette Mc|-affi)
Kersha*'s Brieade Barksdale'sBrigrde
2nd SC 36 Vet l3th Miss 36 Elite
3rd SC 36 Vet lTth Miss 36 Etite
?rhsc 48 Vet l8th Miss 36 Elite
2lst Miss 36 Elite BL

Picket'sDivision(Mqi. Gen.GeorgePicket)
carn€t's Brigode Kemp'sBrigade
8th Va 30Vet 1stVa 30 Vet
18rhVa 36Vet 3rdva 30 Vet
19thVa 30vet 11thVa 30 Ve.

HoodsDivision (Mqi. Gen. John B. Hood)

Law's Brig.de Rob€rtson'sBrigade
4th Ala 36 Vet 3rd Ark 36 Elite
15thAla 30 Vet 1st Texas 36 Elite
44th Ala 36 Vet 4th Texas 36 Elite
5th Texas 30 Elite
'Washington
Corp Artill€ry La 2 x Napoleons
lst Richmond Howitz€rs 2 x 20lb Rifles BedfordVa 2 x 3" tufles
Richmond Fayette 2 x Whitwonhs PalamettoSC 2 x 10lb Panott

2trd ARMY CORP Lt. Gen. Richant S. Ewell

Eady's Division (Mqi. Gen. Jubal F,arly)
Hsys Brigade Hook's Brigade
Louisiana Tigen 36Vet 6th NC 48Vet
l,ouisiana Tige6 36vet 21stNC 36
5th l,ouisiana 30vet 57thNC 30
28

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2nd Va 36 Elite lst NC 48
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IY€rson'sBrigadc Dol€'s Brigade
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AndeNotr'sDivision (Maj. cen. R. H. AtrdeNon)
Wilcox's Brigade Perry's Brigade
8th Ala 36 BL 2nd Fla 48
9th Ala 30 5th na 36
10thAla 36 8th Fla 36

H€th,s Division (Mqj. cen. Henry Heth)

Pettigrew's Bripde Archer's Brigade
11thNC 36 BL 13thAla 36 Vet
26rh NC 36 lst Tenn 30 Vet
47rh NC 30 7th Tenn 30 Vet
Pender'sDivision (Maj. Gen. William Pendcr) (Light Division)
Perrin's Brigade Lanc's Bripde
lst SC Rifles 36 Vet BL 7rh NC 4{l
12rhSC 30 Vet 18rhNC 30
13thSC 30 Vet 33rdNC 36
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 29

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30
,'CHRISTIANS
AND SPICES'
THEPORTUCUESE
IN THEINDIANOCEAN,
1499.1602
by Chris Peers
PartOne:ThePortuguese Programme
Space
Of all the ev€ntsin hunan history before the moon landings,
few s€emmoresignificantwith hindsightthat the appearanceof
a Portuguesesnaval force under Vascoda Gamaoff the Indian
pon of Calicut in May 1498.Sincethe last Crusadeshad been
beaten off two centuries before, the forces of Islam,
spearheaded by the Ottoman Turks, had been pushing
Christendomonto the defensive- not only in military termsbut
economicallyas well, for the trade in spicesfrom the Far East
was firrr y in the hands of Arab rniddlemen. And of course
spiceswere rot just a luxury in Europe befoie modem meansof
food preservationwere developed,but an expensivenec€ssity-
just how expensivecan be judged from the following rough
table of price mtios for a given quantity dependingon where
they were purchased:
Temate.SDice Islands 1 theareahadbeenMing China,*hich hadneverinterferedwith
Malacca,Mahy Pensinula 2 trade and in any casehad vanish€dfrom the scenein the 1430s.
Calicut,westemlndia 4 It is signiEcantthat whenfighting did break out at seathe Arabs
Alexandria 80
Venice 250
It is therefore obvious that even taking inao account the
difficulties of the long voyagearcund Africa, there were huge
profits to be madefor Europeanswho could cut out the Muslim
middlemenandtradedirectly with the SpiceIslandsthemselves,
andnot surprisingthat fiom early in the fifteenth century, when
their ships began to move cautiously dostl the West African
coast, th€ kings of Portugal should have been tempted by the
idea of this greatestoutflanking move in history. There wasthe
additional incentivethat rumour placedthe legendaryChristian
kingdom of Prester John somewherenear the Indiar OceaD,
and da Gama apparently had hopes of linldng up with this
potential ally to take Egypt in the rear; the priorities of the
expeditionwere neatly summedup (though in reverseorder) by
one of his clew who, when asked by incredulous Arab
merchants in Calicut why they had come, replied "we are
s€ekingChristiansand spices".What he did not say,althoughit
was soon obvious to both sides, was that this \,vasthe most
deadly blow ev€r struck in the great war betweenChristianily
and lslan. No country with a coastline, no seabome tmde
route, would ever again be safe from the apparently invicible
combination of Christian guns and heavily-built sailing ships.
That da Gama himself was well aware of the imDlicationsis
revealedin his message four yean later to an Indianenvoy:
"This is the fleet of the King of Portugal, my sovereign,who is
Iard ofthe sea,ofal the world, and alsoof thiscoast".King
Manoel did not mince his words either; on the retum of da
Gama's ftst exp€dition he immediately adopted the title,
among othels, of "I-ord of the conquest, navigation and
commerceof Ethiopia, Arabia, Penia and lndia". For a few
decadesthes€boastswere almostliteraly true, for in the kind of
navalandcoastalcampaignsin which they engaged,the decisive
superiority of European military techniquesover those of the
nativesof the Indian Oc€anwassoonmadeclear. The technical
rcasonsfor this will be examinedin Part Two of this article, but
the underlying causelay io the nature of the Asiatic political
systemsand their preoccupations. The Muslinsweredivided;
the Sultanof Malindi, for example,providedda Gamawith
supplies and pilots in return for help against his rival at
Mombasa, and by the early sixteenth century Mudim cr€ws
were manning Poftuguesevesselsagainsttheir co-religionists.
They had by no meansestablishedtotal control ov€r the area
and in someplacesrvereunpopular becauseof their wealth and
missionaryzeal, so that the Po(uguesescould play off Hindus
againstMuslins in lndia and even enlistthe supportof the
Chin€seandJavanesecommunitiesin Malacca.And vet desDite
lhese lensionslhe Ocean itseu was at peace before the
Chnsdansarrived. The main powers of the surrounding area
were land-bas€d,and aslong astradewascarriedout peacefully
they sawno need to maintain warfleets; the last navalpower in
and Indians had to obtain gunsand shipsfrom the Turks, who
were too busy in the Mediterranean to be able to contribute
their full rcsources.Even then most Muslim states failed ro
appreciate the importanceof commandof the sea;asBahadur
Shahof Gujarat said, "warc by seaare merchants'affairs,andof
no concemto the prestigeof kingt'. Moreor lessby chancethe
questfor spiceshad led the Portugueseto th€ '\oft underbelly"
of Islam, and to an era in which they briefly dominated the
world,from Celebes to Brazil,asno oherpowerhadeverdone.
The processhad started soon after 1415when Prince Henry
the Navigatorhad sentshipssouthfrom Portugalto discoverthe
sourcesof the North Afncan trade in gold and slaves.By the
1450sthe Portuguesewere well establishedin West Africa,
gaining experiencein seamanshipat the same time as they
enrichedthe state, and the discoveryof the eastwardtrend of
the Guineacoasthadalreadybegunto put more ambitiousideas
into Henry's head, for at his suggestiona Papal Bull of 1455
dealt with ecclesiasticaljurisdiction "through all Guinea and
past the southem shore all the way to the Indians". Anyone
Ianiliar with the works of Herodotos would have known that
Airica wascircumnavigabl€,and in fact the feat had beentried
by theGenoese asearlyas1291,but thecontinentwasfar bigger
than the Europeanscould have imagrned.The next phaseof
exploration, in *hich succ€ssivefl€€ts from Portugal worked
their way further andfurther south, often againstthe pr€vailing
winds, has often been comparedwith the twentieth century's
voyagesinto space,but in t€rms of the momentousnessof the
results and the couragerequired to penetrate the unknown it
was even more dramatic. In the 1470sthe Castilians tded to
nuscle in on PortugueseAfrica, but after four yearsof fighting
at seathey were decisivelybeatenin what wasprobably the fiIst
European colonial war, and thereafter the Portuguesetried to
keeptheir discoveriesasseqet aspossible.It is likely, however,
that they werehelpedby the Genoesewith moneyandseamen,
as Genoawastrying to cut its nval venice out of the last leg of
the spicetrade in the Mediterranean.There seemsto havebeen
a lot of deviousnessand Macchiavelliandiplomacy going on at
 3l

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this time (and who could be more Macchiavellian than the demanded.For some reasonhe had come equipped to trade
fifteenth-century Italians?) over the ownerchip of the newly- with some of the wealthiest and most sophisticatedstateson
discoveredlands,andI haveoften thought that this could be the earth with goods that might have gone down well enough itr
basis of a good wargamescampaign in itsef, or perhaps a Guinea - red cloth, beads,hats, etc. but were wortblessin
W.D.-style"committeegame"with playerstryingto persuade India. The merchantsdemandedgold andthe visitors hadto sel
the Pope to grant them rights to a new land without actualy their clothing to get enoughto buy a few sampl€s.They sailed
admit.ingthat theyknowit is ther€.For example,the original home in humiliation, but not before they had noticed both the
Bull dividingtheworldbetweenSpainandPortugal,laterto be cheapness of thespicesonsalecompared*itb Europeanprices,
developedinto th€ famousTreaty of Tordesillasof 1494,serthe and the flimsy construction of the vesselsin which they were
dividing line 100leagueswest of the Azores, beyond wbich all canied. Not only wasthe India Oceanrelatively ftee of warfare,
newdiscoveries wereto belongto Spain.KingJohnof Portugal, it wasalso a zone of regular, reliable winds and generallycalrn
however,managedby hardnegotiations backedup by demon- seas,sotherewasneverany needto build the sturdyshipswhich
strations of naval streDgthto get the line moved 370 leagues had developedon the Atlanti€ coast of Eurcpe. The Muslim
beyondthe Azores.He managedto persuadethe restof Europe dhowsusedno iron in their construction, being sewntogether
that this wasjust to protecthis trade with Guinea,but it is with coconutfibr€, andcarriedno guns.They were alsopoor
unlikely to be coincidencethat the oew line gavePortugalmost sailors,havingonly onelargemastandsofinding it very difficult
of Brazil, a country not discovered(officialy, that is) until 1500. to tack or sail into the wind. The opportunities for piracy were
Itis thereforelikely that the Portuguese knewthe rcute into obvious, but the secondPortugueseexpedition, which a[iv€d
the IndianOceanearlierthantheylet on, but no detailssurvive in Septenber 1500underPedroCabnl, tried to tlade peacefully
of anyvoyages betweenthat of BartholomeuDiaz,who landed at Calicut until thei representativesashorewere attackedby an
just eastof the Capeof Good Hope in 1488,and da Gama's Arab mob and aboutfifty killed. Cabral bombardedthe town in
achievementten yearslater. However an Arab writer, Ahman retaliation and sailed to a river port, Cochin, to load spices,
ibn Majid, des€ribed"Fraokishships"wreckedoff Sofalain evadinga fleet raisedagainsthim and sailing home with a v€ry
East Africa in 1496,so there may have been other expeditions profitablecargo.
into the lndian Oceanof which, probablyintentionally,the
rccordstel usnothing.Nevertheless, da Gama'sappearance off
Calicut wasenoughof a surpriseto botb sidesto keep them on TIIE WAR FOR TIIE TRADE ROUTES,I5O2.I51I
their bestbehaviourfor a while, and attemptsat peacefultrade Both sidesspent the next year prepariDgfor what they knew
were made,This was doomed to failure fot two rcasons;firct, would follow. The Samori of Calicut appealedto an unholy
th€ Portuguese never hid the fact that they considered allianceof the Mamluk Sultanof EgWt andthe Dog€ of Venice,
thems€lvesat war with all Muslims, and although th€ ruler of both of whom stoodto lose a fortune if tbe MediterraneansDice
Calicut himself was a Hindu. most of the sDiceswere in the tradewasdisrupted. bul lhe Venetians.
busywitbtbe Frencbin
handsof Muslim merchants:and second.it w;s soonclear that Italy and the Turks at sea,were unableto help. The Mamluks,
da Gama could not afford to buy enough spicesat the pnces however,askedthe Turks for assistance andwereprovidedwith
cannon and with Dalmatian timber to build a fleet at Suez.ln althoughmany had danagedriggingand the swivelgunners,
March 1502Vasco da Gama was sent out again from Lisbon exposedon deck,hadsufferedheavilyfromarchery.No shipsor
with 10shipsand 5 caravels,all heavily-amrcd,and followed by calavelswerc actuallylost, but the fleet of Calicutwastotally
another souadron of about a dozen caravels,the \thole fleet destroyed,andevenmoresignificantly the Portuguese gaineda
carrying about a thousandsoldiers. On arrival on the Malabar moral superiority which helped to offset the still precarious
Coastof WesternIndia he combineda mixture of extortion and situationof a small fleet far ftom home. The east Aftican
tradewith a blockadeof Calicut,againstwhoserulerhe seemed tradingportsaswell asmostofthe Indianspicemarketsquickly
to feel that he had a personalvendettato conduct.The blockade cameto termsandaccepted thei monopolyof the spicetrade,
was conductedwith a geat deal of cruelty, the crewsof ships and not only did da Gana retum home with an extremely
tying ro break through being bumed alive in the captured profitablecaqo, but the Egyptiansand Venetiansfound that
vessels,and the Samoribeganto gathera fleet under Coja the centuries-oldflow of spicesalong the traditional routeshad
Kassim,who had himself lost a brother in this way, to avenge suddenlystoppedaltogether.It wasobvious,however,thatthe
himself on the Portuguese.The original plan wasto surpriseda expeditionwasmore a vastact of piracythan a lastingconquest,
Gama while loadiry spices in Cananore harbour, but the andso in 1505Franciscod'Alrneidawassentout with another
schemewas betrayedby the Rajah of Cochin,althoughthe fleet as Govemorof India, with instructionsto put the whole
Calicutfleet managedto put to seawhile mostof the Ponuguese entemriseon a more Dermanentbasis,
shipswere tradiDgat Cochin and link up with a contingentsent Almeidatook controlof a systemof tradingposts,manyof
fiotrr Eglpt under Cojambar. There may havebeeDasmany as them fortified,which were beingset up at Cananore,Cochin
300shipsin this combined force, but most of them were small and Quilon on the Malabar Coast, but he was strongly against
coastingvesselsandrowing boatsandit doesnot app€arthat the turther involvement on land, prefening to rely solely on his
Turkish galleyswere yet ready, as Cojambar's fleet consisted superiority at sea.In 1506,however,reinJorcementswere sent
oDly of armed dhows. These had guns, presumablymounted out under the rnan who was to be his successor.Affonco
galley-stylein the bows, but they were of poor quality and not d'Albuquerque, and this marked a definite move towards a
well-regardedby the Portuguese.Most of the Egyptian marines policy of conquest. Albuquerque was put in charge of a
were archers, and the only other q,eaponsmentioned were squadronof five shipsbasedon the newly-capturedArab island
torcheswith which it wasproposedto burn the Portugueseships of Socotra,but on his own initiative decidedto take the Persian
afterthey had beenboarded. city of Ormuz, a vastly rvealthy trading cenfie on lhe south
The inevitable battle was fought at an unknown location off €oast. He first moved to Muscat, sailing his ships into the
the Malabar Coastwith the Potuguese sailing north, with the harbour to give covering fire to a desperateassault on the
shore on their nght, and the Muslims coming south to meet rampartslaunchedfrom the ships'boats.Despiteoutnumbering
them. The wind was blowing off the land, and the Portuguese the 500Portugueseby an allegedtwenty to ooe the Arabs were
caravelsforming the van under Vicente Sodretook advantage pushedoff the rampansat two points by scalingparties and the
of their superiorsailing qualitiesto gain the windward position, town taken by storm. It is likely that the numerical sup€riority
acceptingthe risk of being trapped againstthe shore as they oI the defenders has been exaggerated by the chronicler
knew that the Muslim vesselswith their shgle sailswould not be concerned, whowasAlbuquerque'sson, butthisis nevertheless
able to sail into the wind towardsthem, and would haveto rely one of thosecaseswhich bame the military historian, in which
on oars. In doing this the Portugueseadopted the line-ahead, sheer determiration and desperate savagery overcame
broadside-fuing tactic which was eventually to become the seeminglyimpossibleodds. Explanationswould no doubt
standard method of naval \rarfare, but in this case it was in€ludethehearyarmourof manyof thePortuguese, whichwas
probably a defensiveresponseto specificcircumstancesraiher proofagainstthe arrowsof theArab archers,theirpossession of
than a generaldoctrine.The plan for this battle had been arquebuses,and the effects of the supporting naval bombard-
worked out long in advance,and in fact it was wilh this very meni, but evenallowingfor thesefactorsit doesnot seemthat
situationin mindthatda Gamahadbroughtthe caravels, which the local Arabs were either materially or psychologically
were smallcraft no more than 60 feet long and not very suitable preparedfor hard fighting. This wasevenmorenoticeablewhen
for ex[emely longvoyages,but noted for th€ir maneouvrability Albuquerque finally arrived off Ormuz itself in September
in combat.Cojambar'ssquadroDin the van swungto port to 1506.
closein on Sodreand either ram or board his caravels,but the Over 250Muslim ships,both galleysand dhows,including
Portuguesesailed asoss the {ront of them at suchcloserange oneof I ,000tons.hadbeenassenbledin tne harbourandfilled
that their bombardscouldsingleout the Muslim flagship,hitting with huge numben of armoured archels, while othe$,
it with three out of their fiIst ten shots. The Ch.istians had including cavalry,were deployedashore.Albuquerque's offic-
prepared measured quantities of powder in bags to speed erswereappalledat the strengthof the oppositionand urged
reloading,and were able to keep up a continuousfire; the him to negotiate,but he insistedthathe wasdeterminedto tak€
enemywerebunchedclosetogetherandfew shotsmissed,one the city and led his shipsinto the harbour, where they anchorcd
ball usuallybeing enoughto sink the lightly-built dhows.Apart amongthe largestenemyships.Thesecould be seento be
from the hea\rybombardsthe caravelswere alsoequippedwith armedwith artillery,but no attemptwas madeto hinderthe
breech-loadingswivelgunson the decks,firing smallbullets and approach of the Portuguese, or even to deploy into battle
piecesof scrapiron which swept the unprotecteddecksof the formation. The King of Ormuz sent an ambassadorandtried to
dhowsand carnedawaymost of their riggiflg. keep Albuquerque occupied while more reinforcements ar-
As the crippled Muslim ships began to drift out to sea de dved, but after three days the Portugueseleader, againstthe
Gama's htqly squadron arrived and took them in the flank, adviceof mostof histerrifiedsubordinates, decidedto fight.His
while Sodre'scaravelsattackedthe secondwaveunder Coia shipssimply anchoredcloseto the big Muslim shipsand fired
Kassim,Thesewere mainly smallcoastalvesselsandevenmore broadsides into them, findingto their reliel that the poorly-
iuloenble to thesetacticsthan Cojambar'shad been, and madegunsofthe enemywereunableto penetratetheirtimbers
before midday the battle was over. The seawas littered with in reply.The Muslimsthereforetook to rowingboatsandtried
wreckedMudim craft and their swimmingcrews,and da Gama to boardthem, but massedin the harbouras they were they
launchedhisships'boats,eachwith a gunand20crossbowmen,madea target that the swivelguosaodbombardscould not miss,
to pursuethe remnantstowardsthe shore-Ooly one Portuguese and after a day of heary fighting they were destroyed. That
ship is known to have been seriously damagedby gunfire, eveningthe King of Ormuz sent anotherambassadorto conv€y
 his submission, which wasjust as well for the Ponuguese,as negoliated for five days, while the Portuguesemade contact
theyhadlostmanymento arrowsandwouldhavebeenunable with dissident elementswithin the city and prepared for the
to follow up the victory by landingand attackingthe town as attack. Lu€kily for Albuquerque there were largeJavaneseand
theyhad at Muscat.The wholeepisodehassornethingof the Chinese€ommunities at Malacca. both of which disliked the
flavour of the Spanishcampaignsin Mexico and Peru, with Muslims and were only too ready 1o help againstthem. The
immensenumericalsuperio ty but hesitantleadenhipon the Chinesein factwerea relicof ChergHo's voyages in the 1430s
one side offset by sheernerve on the other. Albuquerque andwereeagerto deposethe Sultan,who had repudiatedthe
believedthat sea power alone would not be sufficientto allegiance he wassupposed to oweto the MingEmperor.When
maintainthe Portuguese prcsencein the area,and had long the time wasripe, a force of about1,500Portuguese attacked
advocated the construction of strong fonresses at strategic the river bridge which conne€tedthe two halvesof the city, but
pointsloprovidebasesonland,andsohe beganthe buildingof the oppositionwasmuchstrongerthan theyhad beenusedto
sucha fort at Armuz.The work wasinteruptedwhenthreeof and after taking it they were thrown back to the ships.The
his captains,annoyedat being boggeddown in seemingly Sultan of Malacca had about 2,000 troops armed with
pointlessfightinginsteadof grabbingspices, deserted andsailed arquebuses,tight artillery, bows and blowguns shooting
to India.This sparkedoffa disputebetweenAlbuquerqueand poisoneddans, and supportedby an unknown nunber of
Almeida.who disapproved of hisconquests on land,andit was elephants,and thesesucceeded in re-takingthe bridge and
not until 1509,whenthe former succeeded as covemor, that cutting off suppliesto the Portuguesein the city, who had to
Ormuz was finally pacified and the fort-building policy re[eat, leavingmany dead and wounded.A few dayslater,
however,Albuquerquetried againwith the aid of a strongly-
Meanwhitethe galleyswhich the Sultanof Eglpt wasbuilding built junk which he had bonowed from the Chineseand rigged
at Suezhadbeencompletedandsenrto India to link up with a with screens againstthe poisoneddarts;thisvesselreachedthe
Gujerati fleet and expel the Portuguese.This force, undet bridge at high tide and supportedthe attack with artillery, but
Hussain-al-Kurdi, caughta Po(uguesesquadronof threeships despitethis it wassomedaysmorebeforethe Sultanaccepted
and five caravelsin the estuaryof the ChaulRiver, sealedoff defeat and fled. The Portuguesewerc now in control of the
their escaperoute to the sea, and in a three-daybattle majormarketfor all the spicetradeoftheFar East,whichwas
overwhclmedthem bysheernumbers. No figuresareknownfor channelledthrough the nanow stmits betweenMalaya and
the sizeofthe Muslimfleet or its casualties, but judgingfrom Sumatra,andimmediatelybeganto build a fort to dominarerhis
earlier experiencesagainstthe Christiansit must havelost very natural choke point. From Malacca they would send a fleet
heavily,andHussainspentthe next yearin Diu refitting.The eastwardsevery year to buy spices, quickly discovering the
fleet wassurprisedat anchorthere by Almeida early in 1509and islandswhich were the sourceof the substanceswhich had held
destroyed almostwithoutresistance - anignomiriousendto the Europe in thral sincethe Dark Ages- a surpisinglysmal]group
secondseriousattemptto defeatthe Portugueseat sea.The next centredaroundHalmahera,Amboynaandthe BandaIslands,
yearAlbuquerquefollowedup the victory with an assaulton just west of New Guinea (see map). Pepper was widely
Goa, a city allied to Dium which fell with the aid of Indian obtainablein the Eastlndies, but the mostsought-afterspicesof
piratesanda disaffectedfaction within the city itself, but before all, nutmegand cloves,couldonly be acquiredin quantityin
the proposedfort could be completedhe wasthro*'Il out again theselegendarySpiceIslands.The Potuguesenever altempted
by an arrny under the former ruler's son. The Porruguese to rule them directly, no doubt becauseof their shortageof
escaped to their ships,retumingthreemonthslaterro re-take manpowerand the difficulty of goingeastof Malaccafor mostof
Goaby anotherassaultagainstwhat appearedto be overwhelm- the yearbecauseof the prcvailingwinds,but they secureda
ing odds.This hadimportant political repercussionsthroughout treaty with the Rajah of Temate giving them exclusiverights to
the Indian Ocean,asthe Portuguesereputation for invincibiliry hisclovecrop,althoughtheyhadto tradeon theopenmarketat
spread.The Mamluksabandoned a plan to sendanorherfleet, Amboynaand the BandaIslands.They nevertheless managed
the Sultanof Gujaratofferedthe Chistiansa baseat Diu, and to get a strangleholdon this trade by driving the shipsof their
evenCalicuts€ntan envoyto congratulate Albuquerqueand Javaneserivals off the seain a typical campaignof piracy and
offer him an alliance. From this poirt on the Portuguesewere teror. The Indonesiansseem to have had war galleys which
regardedby all concemedasa permanentfixture in the region, werevery similar to Turkish types,but their tradewascarriedin
andtheexcellentdockingandshipbuilding facilitiesavailableat large Chinese-typejunks which seldom had guns. In an
Coa gavethe "Estadoda India", asthe Asiaticempirecameto engagement offMalaccain 1510Albuquerquehadfoundthata
be called,a grorvingamountof independence from Lisbon. Sumatranjunlwasimperviousto hiscannonandfar too tall to
Fleetsstill had to be sent out to reinforce the Portusuesenaval board,but hadsucceeded in capturingherby closingandpulling
presence. but ir wasnowa continuousone ratherthana seriesof off the rudden, the unarmed merchantsbeing unable to
raids.andmuchof its manpowerbeganto be recruitedlocally. intervene. The Javanesetherefore concentratedon the trade
In 1511,for example,approximately half of the oewmenwho with China, leaving the Malacca run to the Christians; thus
accompaniedAlbuquerqueto Malaccawere Indians, and althoughthe Muslins in the IndianOceansoonfoundwaysto
locals,both Muslim and Hindu soonconstituteda sienificant circumvent the blockade and began to take spicesto Egypt
proponionof rhe fighlrngmenalso. again, even thesecargoeshad to come at some stagethrough
But iI Indiawascomingunderfirm Portuguese control,they Malaccaandsounderthe €ortrol ofthe Portuguese. For a few
werestill a longwayftom the actualsourceofthe spiceswhich yean, while the initial shockof the invasionlasted,eventhe
financedthewholeoperation.In1509DiogoLopezdeSequeria Venetians hadto buytheirspicesin Lisbon,andwhiletheymay
hadvisitedthe greatport of Malaccaon the MalayPeninsula, have thought that they were getting the better of their rivals
wherespiceswere half the price which lhey fet€hedat Calicut, when the route via the Red Seastartedto operateagain,in fact
and where shipscould be found that had come direct from the they were still buying Portuguesespicesand lining Portuguese
mysterious SpiceIslandsthemselves. Albuquerquecharacteris- pockets.
ticallydecidedthat Malaccamustbe captured,andin 15ll he At this point it might be useful for anyone consideringa
alrivedwith 18 ships,ostensiblyto securethe releaseof some campaienbasedon this period to take brief look at the financial
Portuguesewho had been imprisoned there two yearsbefore basis of the enpire, for revenue {rom trade was both the
after a disputewith the Muslim merchants.As hadhappenedat incentivefor th€ conquestsand ultimately th€ meansby *hich
Ormuz, the Sultan a os,ed them into the harbour and they were carried out. Using very approximatefigures, as no
34
detailed budgetssurvive, and taking the 1520sasa representa- to Portuguesenaval supremacyhad appearedin the East.
tive period,we can saythat 68% of the entireincomeof the
Portuguesemonarchycamefrom overseastrade, bmken down CONSOLIDATIONAND COUNTERATTACK
as followsin descending order of importance: 1512-1580
Spices 55v" Portuguese controlof the lndian Oceanand its surrounding
Gold, silver and copper, mostly from west Africa 26V. islandswasin fact neveragainquite asabsoluteasit hadbeen
Sugar,mostlyfrom Madeiraand the Azores 14v. after the firct victories. lslam wasstill spreadingeastwardsfrom
Brazilwoodfron Brazil 3% Java,bringingwith it organisedoppositionto the Christians,
Slaves,mostfrom Westand CentralAfrica andearlyin thesixteenthcenturytheoriginalstoppingpoints on
rooz the route eastfrom Malaccato Tematebecamehostile.The
Bugisof Borneo and Celebes,feanomepiratessaidto have
The slavesmainly went to the Atlantic Islands (and later beentheoriginofthe term'bogeynan',madesucha nuisance of
Brazil)to work on the sugarplantations, althougha fewtumed themselves that the tradersbeganto takethe longerandmor€
up in the lndianOceanassoldiers.Muchof the gold andsilver difficult route north around Bomeo rather than through the
wastumedintocoinsin Portugalandshippedto Asiato payfor JavaSea.Meanwhilefurtherwestthe Portuguese werefinding
thespices, whiletherestof themerchandise wassoldin Europe. that thei empire could only be held togetherby ceaseless
Therewasthusa complexsystemof trade routes, manyof them campaigning. Aheady in 1513Albuquerquehad to return to
interdependent,whichhad to beregularlypoliced,andit lvason Malaccato raisea siegeby the SultanofDemakinJavawith 100
the continuousupkeepof the fleets that most of the moneyvtas ships.This fleet was €aughtin the Straits of Malaccaby
spent. A tenth of the annual spicerevenue was lost eachyear FemandoPerezde Andradeand 13 shipsand defeated,and
due to the wrecking or capture of the ships, and taking into thereafterthe leadenhip of the Muslimsin lhe East Indies
accountthe needfor regular navaland military reinforcements, passedto Acheh in Sumatra, whose Sultansmaintained
whichswallowedup a similaramounlin routinereplacententsunrelentinghostilityto Portuguese Malaccafor overacentury.
evenin a normalyear,it is unlikelythatin the longrun thespice ln the sameyearAlbuquerqueattackedAden in an attemptto
tlade did very much more than pay for itself. Certainly from a breakinto the Red Seaandattackthe Mamluks,but thistirne
campaignpoint of view the interruption of seabometrade linlG the fanaticalassaulton the wallswasbeatenoff. The Portuguese
should have a disastrouseffect on Portugal's ability to raise enteredthe Red Seaon severaloccasions, but theseenclosed
further fleets. waterswerenot idealfor their ocean-going shipsandthe calm
This was especia[y true as the si{eenth century prcgressed watersfavouredthe Eglptiangalleys.LopeSoarezd'Albergar-
and the Muslimsbeganto adapt to the new conditionsof naval ia, for example,appearedoff Jeddahin 1517to attack a
warfare. By the 1530sthere was an average of about 60 gatheringEgyptianfleet, but the shoredefencesand armed
Portuguese shipsinthelndianOceanat anyonetime,andit was galleysdrovehim off. Finally,in 1538,theTurkstook Adenand
clear that they could only be taken on pie€emeal. Muslim sealedoff this route to Eglpt's back door after a last raid asfar
galleystherefore reverted to 'pirate' tactics, lurking in creeks assuez,by EstevaodaGamain 1541.Anew rulerof Ormuzhad
and estuariesto surpdse the snalt native dhows and galleys to be broughtinto line in 1515in Albuquerque's lastcampaign
which were canying an increasing proportion of Cfuistian beforehisdeath,andin Indiait wasnecessary timeandagainto
trade, and only attackingthe large shipswhen they werb defend the basesagainst Iocal powers such as Bijapure and
becalmed or lying up in fiver-mouths and so had lost their Calicut (which after its submhsion in 1509 revolted in the
advantageof manoeuvre. ln 1585-6,for example, a Turkish followingyearandagainin 1525),ormor€ seriously, coalitions
galleyunder Mir Ali Bey took a total of 20 Portugu€sevessels of lndianswith EgyptiansandTurks. The art of fortification had
alongthe coastof EastAfrica, while the 'Malabar pirat€s'based becomeas indispensable to the Christiansas shipbuildingor
on Calicut, hunting in packsof smallboatspropelledby sail and gunfounding, andthe fort at Malacca,knownas"A Famosa",
oars, cameto rival the notorious Bugis in nuisancevalue. The becameone of the most impressivein Asia and survived ten
real answerto the Portugueseat sea, however,was in the sieges.Native towns had only been protectedby wooden
combinationof firearmsand the sturdyChinesetradition of palisades at best,and luckilyfor the Portuguese therewasno
junk-building. Jorge Alvares had reached China as early as local tradition of siege wafare which could deal wi.h stone
1513,andfour yearslater an attemptwasmadeto opentrade defences(the usual practice in areaswhere stone was hard to
with the Ming Empire at Caoton. However the Chineseproved comeby wasto demolishthemosques to buildforts,thusadding
to be immuneto intimidation,and the high-handed actionsof insultto iniurv as far as the Muslimswere concemed).
Simonde Andrade,who io 1521builta fo( withoutpermission Itwas inavitablethat otherEuroDeans wouldsoonerorlater
on an islandoff the city, provoked war. A fleet of junks armed want a shareof the spicetrade, andit wasin fact the Spanish
with artillery attackedhis shipsandcapturedmostof them, only attemptto discoverthe SpiceIslandsby the westemroute which
three escaping.This was a setbackto the China trade, which led to their beingside-tra€ked in America.In 1521Ferdinand
rernained targely in Javan€se hands, but once again the Magellan, a Portuguesein Spanishservice, reached the
Portuguesewere lucky, for Ming China had no interest in Philippines, andthreeyearslateran abortiveattemptwasmade
projecting naval power beyord its own coastalwaterc and its by a Spanishexpeditionto reacbTematevia the Pacific.The
nary was in any casebegioning to detenorate due to official Treatyof Tordesillas mentionedabovehadalreadyestablished
neglect.Eventually,ho*ever, the ideaof mountingcannonin the boundariesbetweenthe two powe$, but in the primitive
junks spreadto the East Indies,and the Sultanateof Acheh stateof geographical knowledgeofthe time it wasdifficultto
beganto by-pass Malaccaandsendspicejunks,panly manned sayexactlywhere theselay. In theory the line 370leagueswest
with Tu*ish fioops and gunnen, direct to Egypt. Very little of the Azores shouldsimplyhave been extendedround the
could be done about this potent combination, and several wortd, but there was no accuratemethod of calculating
hard-foughtseabattlesoccuned in the 1560sand 70sin the Red longirude and so no-one knew whether the Philippines and
Seaand Singaporewhen Portuguesesquadronsinterceptedthe SpiceIslandsshouldbelongto Portugalor Spain.In 1529and
junks.On two occasions, in 1562and 1565,both the Achinese agrcementwasreachedgivingthe former to Spainandthe latter
junk anda Portuguesegalleonwent to the bottom together, and to the Portuguese(who in fact were entitled to both accordingto
eventually the Christians had to allow Acheh to trade the originaltreaty),but Spanishshipscontinuedto violatethe
unmolested. By thistime,however,an evenmoredeadlythreat boundary, taking over Ternate's rival Tidore in 1542. The

problemfor the Spaniards at thistime, however,\vasthat they
hadonly managedto crossthe Pacificoneway, Irom America to
Asia, due to the prevailingwinds at the latitude they had
explored. Any trip to the Spice Islands therefore involved
circurnnavigatingthe globe, for the last half of the voyage
through Portuguese'controlled waters, and so tmde on a
regularbasiswas impossible.All this changedin 1565,wh€n
Urdaneta found westerly winds in the North Pacific which
enabtedhim to pioneera retum route to America. Manila in the
Philippineswasfoundedin 1571,soonbecomingthe greatest
fofiess in the East, and regular Spanishtrade acrossthe Pacific
began,tradiflgAmericangold and silverfor Chinesesilk and
East Indian spi€es.This provoked sporadic fighting with the
Portuguesein which the latter, with shorterlinesof communica-
tion and longerexperienceof seamanship, usuallycameoff
better,until in l5S0theunification ofthe two kingdomsbrought
the war to a halt.
DECLINE,15E0.1602
PhiliplI ofSpainhada reasonable dynasticclaim to the throne
of Po(ugal whenit becamevacantin January1580,but more
importantlyhe wasthe onlyclaimantwho couldbe on the spot
in force.Aland invasionwassupponedbytheMarquisofSanta
Cruz who, wit}l 8? galleys and 30 seagoingships, huggedthe
coastnorth from Cadizandtook the harbour at Lisbon while the
Portuguesefleet was busy overseas(a feat which makes the
imaginative campaign organiser wonder what would have
happened if the Turkshadwon at Lepantoin 1571andtried to
knock out their Indian ocean rivalsby a similarshort lunge
from the Mediterraneanat their vital spot).This unifi€ation,
although mostly peaceful, was ultimately a disaster for
Portugal's empire. The Spanishprofited greatly by it, for the
Ponugueseformed the basisof their naval dominance(includ-
ing the senior, largest and most efficient squadron of the
Armada of 1588), but their new allies found themselves
embroiledin Spain'sEuropeanwarswithout any conesponding
profit. And suddenlythe extendedand wlnerable Portuguese
trade network was fair game for the Dutch and English
privateers who had long been preying on the Spaniardsin
America. The first premonition of disasterwas provided by
Francis Drake, who in 1579-80sailed round the world via
America, made a treaty with one of the Rajahs of the Spice
Islands, loaded a €argo of clovesand sailedhome through the
Indian Ocean.Significantly he wasnot intercepted,and in fact
did not seea singlePo(uguese ship on his home journey. The
Portuguesewere by now stretch€dvery thin. There were never
morethan 10,000ofthemin theirwholeempire,andaswell as
havingto beatoff a massivecombinedattack by the Indian and
EastIndianMuslimson Chaul,Goa, MalaccaandTematein
the 1570s, they w€re staning to diversify into territorial
conquestsinland. Ceylon and Mogambiquewere the main
targetsof this new move,which appearsto havebeena response
to declining control over the searather than its original cause,
but it certainlydid not help with the manpowerproblem.
Neither did the ambitions of King Philip, whose plans for the
Armada of 1588forc€d the Portugueseto abandonan attack on
Acheh and the building of a fort at Mombasa.So, as the lo{al
powe6 became more fomidable at sea, the European
resources to dealwith them declined.but the real blow came
from the Eurcpean €nemiesthat Spain's hostility and subse-
quentdefeatsuckedinto the IndianOcean.Frorn1592English
pirates began to appear in the East lndies, but the fiIst
organised fleet wasone of4 Dutch shipswhichsailedto Java
after the closure of Lisbon to Dutch trade in 1596 and the
consequenlcutting off of the Netherlandsfrom spicesupplies.
Soon larger Dutch fleets were arnving, using tlrc b€lt of
westerly winds which blew throughout the year south of the
35
FEUDAL CASTINGS
llalets of Htgh Qu.hy lSmE Wargamc Flgures
Stae Sha* 22 JGtah Boa4 Northfeld.Bidnngham831 sDF
DARX AGES/FEUDA!SCOTS AND MEDIEVA! IRISH
51 14 Kd 6aha ldding
SI 15 r@ wlh sbfi sl,nq
Sl17 Srcts 4he lddinq
SI18 Wld S.oE, Lrc hdd€d are attncking'2
sl19 Wrld Scos mher irinq
Sl20 Wld s.ots EveLnand slueldatlachN '2
Sl2l Wld ScoE *Drd dd sheld ahchns
Sl22 s6ts LC Flelin dd sh€ld
sl23 *oE MAHC. Ewlm, shj€14man tnd helnal
Sl24 l$h LC slh Fwtn
Sl25 l6h MC"4jCwi$ lan(e, slneld,mal and helfl€t
TCAVALRY
' ARf ONE PIFCL CASTINGsI ' - mbons
Pnc unl6 srad Inr.n' 12! C.v.hv 24p
'un@ 201o'oda dnbl501o'oda
P-P: Uv!tsFPO lO5m20D 0@6
5.At rdsmp4 M Dqw
Cape of Cood Hope for a very fast aod reliable passage- for
this route had never been adopted by the
Portugues€,who prefened Vascoda Gama\ old coastingroute
up East AJrica. The Portuguesehad becomevery unpopularin
the Spice lslands becauseof the high-hand€d and corrupt
behaviour of their officials, so the natives eag€rly ageed to
tradewith theDutch.whofounda usefulbaseat Bantamin Java
thus gainingthe windward position, to put it in tacticalterms,
over Malacca.And at this point it becameclearthat a century of
almost unchallengedsupremacyhad eroded the efficiency of
the Portuguesenavy. Over the years their fleets had come to
consistof biggerandlessseaworthyvessels- from an averageof
12shipseachof arouDd400tons in the 1520sto an averageof 5
shipseachof 800tons or rnore andthesewere basicallytraders
rath€rthanfighters.In sharpcontrastto da Gama'smanoeuw-
able and heavily-armed caravels, these vast carracks and
galleonswere poorly armedfor their size,with pe apsonly 25
guns,mostly light 8-pounders,and commandedby aristocratic
Itdalgoswho despisedthe old classof sailors and exploren. In
1601Furtado de Mendocaled 8 of thes€juggemauts,together
\vith 20 small vessels,many probably local ga eys, to fight 5
Dutch ships under Wolfert Harmenszoff Bantam. The result
waspainfully reminiscentof the battles of the beginningof the
c€ntury, but with the boot on the other foot. The Dutch ships
kept to windward,fired three timesasfast astheir enemies,and
drove off the Portuguesewith two ships lost for no lossesto
The following year the Dutch East Indies Company was
formed to organise the take-over of the spice tmde, and
althoughdvalry betw€enthe awopowerscontinu€dfor most of
the seventeenthcentury the great era of Portugueseconquest
wasover. They might hang onto most of the fortified basesand
continue to beat off the Achinese from Malacca, but they no
longer controlled the oceansthemselves,and tumed more and
more to their teritorial ambition in Ceylon, Africa and Brazil.
The eventsof the next hundredyeaE, when warsoriginating in
Europe reverberated throughout the world and the Dutch,
English and French fought at seaover the remainsof the first
Europeanenpire in the Indian Ocean,arc anoth€rstory. In the
secondpart of this article I intend to look in more detail at the
ships,men andweaponswith which the early warswere fought,
both to examinethe reasonsfor Portugal'sstartling successaDd
to enable the wargamer to recreate the fleets and armies
involved. A Blbliography will follow at the end of the series.
 A Timber Norman Keep
by lan Weekleyof Banlements

It is said that when Duke William landed his army on the
English coastin 1066he brought with him the partly assembled
sections- a kit, in fact for a simple timber keep. The Duke's
carpentersquickly put up this earliest Norman defence in a
matter of a few days. The keep was ready for use before the
Battle of Hastingshad be€n fought!
Som€stonek€epswereknown before this date, but they werc
v€ry rare. One surviving ston€ dotjon was built in France by
youogFulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, aboutAD 990.This wanior
Count built such keepswhercver his foops conquercd.
However in the eleventhcentury the limber keep was more
common, and after the ConquestWilliam built strong timber
onesat principal points throughout England. Thesewere often
placedon a man-madeearth moare- an artificial hill on the edge
of a town, major road junction or dver.
Saxon'slavelabour' was available, and suchwoodencastles
no doubt senied their purposewell to overawethe conquered,
but (no doubt) often rebellious, Saxons.
In the twelfth century stone buildings beganto replace the
timber structureson the samesite. and the Dalisadewall of such
'motte and bail€y' c-astleswas also rephc;d by stone.
impressiveif I had been able to photograph it ,, srtu on the
I cut out the walls andbaseboardor floor from 3mm (ys inch)
plyrood. The door openingand windowswere cut out, and the
battlements alongthetop of eachwall,resultingin a ratherstark
'box'. A shallowthatchedroof was made,
and this rop floor
sectionmadeftee lo belihedout. allowingaccess lo rhe;te rior
for any future development.
As usual I used plaster (Tetrion) soaked underf€lt for the
'under-roof.
thatch, laying the soggystuff down on a plywood
As the plaster startedto set I combedit out a little to give the
effect of reed thatching (seesketch).
Then the time-consumingwork begar of glueing on all the
strips of thin modelling wood to gain the feeling of timber
construction. Capping was also glued to the top of the
crenellationsand gradually our Norman Keep came to life.
Stepsand a timber platfom were addedto the upper or fiIst
floor doorway. we are not suretoday how suchbuildings were
painted, but suchevidenceasthere is suggeststhat suchkeeps
'White
wereDaintedwhite (evenstoneoneslater on - hencethe
Tower' of the Tower of l-ondon) andtimben picked out in red,

CONSTRUCTION The model wasgivena thin washover with plasler to tidy any
cracksor crevicesin constructionand, when dry, painted white
My customerhad sel about providing the 25mm tenain for a
with the main timbers painted a red-brown-
motte and bailey castlehimself. He gavem€ the dimensionsfor
It is perhaps hard to visualise eleventh or twelfft century
building him the timber keep to go on top of the moundot motte
England, liberaly dotted with thesewood towe^ to contain a
already constructed.Th€ finished model shownhere is merely
none ofthese buildings survivedthe passage
placedon flat display material- It would have looked far more conqueredrace, as
of time or replacement with stone.

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3.ctd.! llft .u!r Boplit€3 a iftiE odzal'Gd tutr tueU IM 1 EACol Clrdlr Il_sJclddq
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4ttcoNs & 2 clSls EoRsEs & cRE | $!.Lle Dr
ta-_----J:
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18Lovers
Lane, NormanKeep 2 5 m m
Newark,
Notts.
NG241HZ
Pengel&Hurtsenesol bookels on theorqa.rsator,urrto,rns ano
'lagsor lhe ahres ol lhe Sevenv€arsWai At boohels are g. 12,
slapedwrh papercoves and otackondr1g.tmp plce Ind.ares
r{cKr.ss a.d arounr ot itusl ation..angngI om 20 to r00 paqes f...:']i
silh up lo 50%illusuanon. ,,ll i \\\\
AuslrianDragoons
P B 2 Auslro.Hunqar
andCutassierc
anHussa6&Arti[ery
Auslro.Hunoanan lnlantto
$.50
22.95
e5.95
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Bavaa,Saionv&thePaialinale e5.95
P H 5 French CavaryandDraaoohs
- !5,95
Frenchl4aisoidLFoi 13.50
FrenchTrouoesLeoares 12.95
P H 8 French lrianlfrReo-henls t5.95
P H l O Ptuss,anDragbonaand Cutrass,ers !4.95
t3.50
P H 1 2 PrussianlnfanrrvRe-oiments Q5.95
PH13 83.75
t3.25
PH15 15.95
Swedish Amy inPomerania t3.50
P H 1 8 Prussian Flags(includesswordknotsanddrum MEASUREMENTS
borde|sior Prussian A.mv) c1.95
P H 1 9GermanStetes c5.95
Height t2"
PH2OSwedrsh andGerman Stat€sCavatrv $.50 Depth 8%"
PH21 Swedish andGerman SralesIntantriEAnrteto e5.95 Frontage
PH22FrenchFor€ign Fegim€nts t3.95
10"
Door opening(froln $ound level) 3'
UwBFPO:10";(miiim!m 35p) Thatchedroof 8' x5'
Overseas:Sudace25% (minimum cl). Airmai5070 H€ightto roof ridge 2'
(minimumt2.)
cheques/PosDavableto strataaemDlease,
OveraeascuslbniercDleaserern-irin slerlino. Illustratedby the author, with Normansftom rhe .Willie'
Personalcallersby ai,polntmentonly. catalogueissuedby TraditionIntemational-
38

RATHERNOISY ON THE
WESTERNFRONT
by lim Webster

The fightingon the Westemftont in world war I hasnrely been There \{,erc attempts to provide mmmunications for the
wargamed,aslhere hasalwaysbeena feelingihat the stereog?ed inJantry.They weregivencarrierpigeons,whichwerercasonably
"siege!'warfarewastoo tedious,meaningless, andpoorly thought suclessful,alwals providedthat the pigeonshad hadlong enough
out to b€worth wargaming.However,clo6ereadingof accountsof in their currenthometo rctum to it. But the pigeonhad to make
thetime,especia yftomjunioroffic€rsorevenhistodeswrittenby readand pass€don to
lhe trip, arrive safelyandhaveits message
peoplelike John Buchan,who had a wide circle of ftiends who the relevantani ery unit. lt a[ takestime.
participatedin the action at the sharp end, gve a somewhat Unitswerealsoissuedwith telephones.The problemhercis that
differentimpression.Much of our impressionof this war hasbe€n thereis a limit to how fastyou cin nm tkough an anillery barrage
fomed from readings,either voluntary or inllicled upon us at andharlof of machine-gunfue whilstuffeeling a roll of telephone
school,of the Grcat War Poets.l-et's be brutaly frank about it, cable.Nor only that. Cableswereproneto beingcut by all sortsof
would you choosea Poet as a rnajor sourcefor studyingfor things: enemyshel fue, enemyinfantry, tanks,other units who
examplethe Falklandscorllict? I suspectthat whenassessing ihe could just usea lengthof cableto patch up theL own line - the
Po€tsof the Great War their artistic merit hasbeen allowedto world conspircdagainstthe telephonelinesman.
blind peopleto their relative medt as historicalsouce matenal. Anotherfavouredsolutionwasto fue up rocketsarldflares.This
Sowhatwasit rea y like? How canwe wargameit? My reading wasa problembecause everyonewasdoingit, soyoucouldgetlost
has led me to pi€ture a t?ical relatively successfulassaultas in the crush.Also it isn't sp€cfic:firing off a flare saying'we are
proce€dingsomethinglike this. Fi^dy the Allies (normally the under attack' could be dangerousif you were actuallyholding a
attacker)*ould pomd the Germandefences,oftenin somedepth. positionin ftont of whereyouwerc suppo6ed to be. You couldget
The Germaoswould reply, initialy wilh counter'batteryfue, but sheledby your ownartilery, who thoughtthey wereputtingdo*n
this would then be mixedin with harassingfire, in an attenpt to a barragein front of your position.
break up concentrationof attacking troopGand cut off their The final problemI want to mentionatroutartillery wasthe old
supplies.Then the attacken would go over the top. Ideally they on€ about munds not going where they were supposedto. I
wouldfolow a roling banage,oftenonly a scoreofyardsbehjndit. rememberone seniorAA Anilery man statingthat during the
German artillery fire would attempt to hit the trenchesas the defenceof lnndon ftom bombenduringthe Filst World War they
attacken left them, and if possibteNeMan's l-and as we[. had 6red their gunsuntil the banelswer€oval andthey hadwom
However this arca could often be safely left to the ma€hine- the rifling off them. Barrel-life isn't somethingwe think of too
g rlnels and the artillery switchedto hitting the communications often,but underthepressureof eventson the Westemftont, many
trenchesandthe Alli€d secondwavemovingup. The Alied troops $ms, especialyCeman guns,werewell pastthei "Best t€fote"
would. at considemblecost, overrun severalseclionsof trench, date.Ovalsrnoothborebanelsdo not makefor accumcfandeven
whichtheywouldeitherhold or passoverdepnding on just where at lessextremelevelsof wear the proportion of shellswhich fell
tbenobjectiveslay, andjust howpossibletheachievement of thes€ short wasmuchhigherthan normaly consideredacceptable.For
objectivesseemed.At ftis stagethe effectivecommanderwasthe anyoneinterestedin rule of thumbfigures,anti-tankgunstend to
Lieutenant. Battalion commandersseemto have exertedtheir havethe shortestbarrellife, normallylessthan6000rounds,often
influenceby contsolof battalionsupportweapons,machine-gum lessthan 1000.Field gurs tend io be between6,000and 10,000
and morta$, and by personaly appeadngat a critical point and rounds, and howitzec between 10,000 and 15,0m rounds.
issuingspecificorden, of the 'You go therc with them and take Obviouslythere are overlapsand many excepdons.It is obvious
thaf t}?e. dratthes€roundswouldsoonbe fired otr in a tfench-warsiegeand
It shouldbe pointed out that, certainlytowaralsthe end of the the battlefieldwould be hit regularlyby anil]ery tue in no way
war, the Germanftont line wasactuallya screenof machine-gun aimedat it.
posts,and therewere basicallyonly enoughriflemento fetch and Sowhat will our wargamebe like. The 6rst thing is the levelof
carry for the machjne'gumers.The rest of the inJantrywereheld organisation.I suggestyour forceconsistsof around15menled by
backin the serondline to be readyto deliverythe counter-attack. a Lieutenant.AI couldbe riflemen,but ifyou arercally generous
After the Allied infantry had commencedto advancebehindthe thentleat yourselfto a l-€wisgunteam.Thetenain is simple.Take
barrage,other Allied anilery would searchout German com- your leveltable,anddon't havehils, just haveslightundulations,
municationtrenchesand potentialmusteringpointsin an attempt in effectkeepyourterminpiecesin realscalewiih the figureheight.
to break up thes€ counter-attack prior to then every being A scatteringof shel holes, a few buildingsin various statesof
launched. di$epair, and perhapsevensomeapparendyrandoms€cionsof
Sothereyou haveit. Now I don't knowifyou noticed,but whilst trench,idealy runningfiom left to right, but don't worry if they
I havementionedthe artllery regulady,I havent mentionedhow don't link up. The Alied player is told to place his men in a
theywerecontrolledby the infantry. The simplereasonfor this is defensivepositionin the c€ntreof the table and he hasto hold it
that theyv{eren1.The AftiIery had its program,fie infantry had againstaI comers.
thein, andgodhelpthe infantry if theywenttoo fastor too slow.It Onceyou havedonethisyou wantto find anenemy.Roll on the
wasacceptedasinevitablethat infantry would eventualy get left folowing iablesandirnplementthe result.Eachmoveroll on every
behindby their barrage,meaningthat the defendershad time to table. Off tablefire slrculdbe consideredasa form of 'D. andD.'
recover,slowingdown the attackeNevenmore, but it did at least Wanderinsmonster.
help slow down enemycounter-attack.
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I Nothing Notjring Nothing enters&om the CermanBaseline, $e exad Dointchoienal
2 "
3 RandomStragglers Random,StraggleF Counter-Attack
4 " RandomMMG This is a stmngGermanForce,it shodd at leastequalthe Alied
5 ' troopsalreadydeployedwhen it entersthe table. lt enten along
6 RandomStra&glen ; the German baseline in as many placesas the GermanPlayer
With Machine-gun wishes-It shouldhavea sensiblenumberof automaticweaponsIor
1 " Supponwith LMG its size.
8 Probingattack " RandomHF RandomMachin€-gun
9 A one move bust of 1,fl\4c fue. Choosetwo table edgesat
10 CounteFAttackSupportswithVicken mndom, then choosea point on eachof the two sides,connect
A fewdefinitions.I suggestyounumberyourtableedges,thenspfit thesetwopointsandthatisthelineof fire.Theftestartsrandony
eachinto s;\ sections.Wlen you havedonethis you will alsohavea at oneendandcrntinues alongthe line until blockedor leavesthe
grid oiss-caossing the table. So, first thingsfirst- rable.
R ndon Seagglers. RandomIIE
Roll 1d6for numberof riflemen.Thenroll 1d4for whichtableedge One shell. 75mmor l05mm for choice.landsat randomon lhe
thev appearon and a 1d6to seewherethey appearon that €dge table.Rememberthegrid thatwe cleated,roll mndomlyandplace
e.Iied itraggten will attempt to join up with the defenden, the shel within the srid.
Geman stragglen\'r'illnake for the Germanlinesor, if cut off or Sothereyouhaveit. PeNonalyI feelthat youmaywel not need
underfire, dig in andawaitrescueby the inevitablecounter-attack.
'Random to roll for troop reinforcementseverymoveas,if not careful,you
ff you rol a 6 you get an NCO. ff your initial rol says 'i,vi[6nd troopsariving fasterthanyou cankill them. (Thatisn't a
Straggle$ with a Machinegun' you get one of these lf rhe problemour Wwl predec€ssonhad.) Henceyou rnight want to
Cermans enter on their bas€ line, don't worry tbey are lust roll for troop6only once everythree moves,or even lessoften.
disorientated,they'll soonrealisetheir mistakewhenthe shooting However, I would suggestthat you roll for Off-table fue every
move. After all. therc is a rvar on. I haven't mentionedunder
Supporls off-tablefue suchthingsasoff-tablesnipenandspentdfle bullets.
Is a rcasonablyformed and organisedbody of Alied troops,it is You can either ignore them or count everyoneunder fue, at all
3d6figuresstong underat lease1NCO; theyhavethe appropriate times,whetherthe other sideis formaly shootingat them or not.
machine-gun. Thisforceenten ftom the Allied baseline, the exact You canget too manyautomaticweapons.ff this startsto be a
point chosenat randorr. pmblemthenallowfor the3 Mt (Mud, MaltunctionandMurphy.)
Basicallyif an automaticweaponrnisseswildly or if usingrny flel
Pmbinc Attack bJ Daylight les (AnschlussPublishing) do€sn't tue, it has
This is ; reasonablyformedandorganis€dbodyof Germantroops jamrned.
BORODINO
WAISRIOO
AUSIERTITZ
ARMADA
COMPLffiR SIMUAilONS: A llE$y RANGEOF GAMES
Reviewed.
by lohn Smith

Over manyyearsof playingwargames,oneof the main problems

in most games,whether tabletop figrlle games,board gamesor
somecomputergam€s,is the god-likeco-ordinationmany rules
allow. What would any real commander,pastor present,giv€ to
be able to move his troops with the all-seeingeye that most
wargamersseem to poss€ss,
II you play or watch many ganes you will fiDd, whether the
Eoop movementsare altemate or simultaneous,players *ill
matcheachother movefor move.Tmop6are ableto executethe
most amazingmano€uvresatrd taclics.
Very few of th€ gam€s played today give any accurate
simulationof the fog of war, the limited visibility, poor battle
rcportsandmessages goingastray.Four newcomputerwargames From the game Waterloo. A view ftom Wellington's location
overcomemost of thes€problens. Three of th€ gamesare from looking at the Frcnch on the far hil and l-a-Haie-Saintin the
the Napoleonic em, the last bemg a naval simulation of the foreground.
SpanishArmada. AI are written by the sameperson,Dr Peter
Turcan. Eugene,to Shevardinolinking with Davout." The troopGin Ney's
Thre€ of these gamesput you in the position of one of rhe corp6 are deployedin thoa€ positionswith orders to attack.
commandersof e.achsidei Napoleon v. Kutusov at Borcdino; Beforethe battle properstartsyou can,if you wish,c,hange the
Napoleon v. Wenington at Waterloo; and Napoleon v. &ar hjstoricrl orden andirsueup to thjrty ne* commands.However,
Alexander at Austerlitz. In the naval game you can be l,ord evenif youorder the troopsto moveto new startitg positions,the
Howard and defend our land againstthe might of the Spanish corp6wil have to move to them ftom fteir historicallocations.
fle€tcommand€dby the Duke of Medina-Sidonia.As canbe seen ln rhe Napoleonic games rhe trmp's arc organis€dftom
ftom the photograpt$lhe screendisplayis in 3D colourgaphics. regimentalto divisionalto corps level. As the C-in-C you can
The troops have a block-[ke appearance,with different colous
directordersto anylevel,but they haveto passdownthe chainof
us€dto depicl the varioustroop B?es. The shipsin the Armada
conmand. If you give a corp6an order it wil be left up to the
gameare shownin great detail, with mastsand full sails(unlers
corps cornnander to deploy divisionsand divisional leade$ to
shot oE. The view point ftom the comnander's or admiral's
deployregimentsio complywith the co+s ord€n. In the Annada
position is slighdy elevated. game you can sendorders to squadroncommandersto detach
individual ship6to pedorm a solo task.
Th€ units in the land gamesare the samesizefor troth armies,
sonationalcharacteristics are not takeninto accounlasfar asunit
size goes. [n thesegamesa regiment has 10m men, a cavalry
brigade600men and a battery 16 gunsand 400crew. There are
s€veraltypesof troopsfrom militia to guardand€ocsackto heavy
cavalry. The tuoopsund€r Ney's commandat Borodino arc:

Fouchd ' 3 foot, t ho$e batteries

Irdm 3 line infanty reginents
Razout 5 line infanty reginents
Marchand I light, 5 line infantrj reginents
From the game AunerliE. The opening logo. 3 ligbt ca\alry brigades

When s€ttingup the gamethere ar€ a numberof featues you

canalter. You may view the battlefieldfton locationsother than
that of the commander.You crn havea two playergameor cho6e
to play onecommanderor th€ other andlet the comput€rplay the
opponent.You can if you wish watchaI the messages ftom one
or both sidesduring the time the programis running. After you
haveplayedthe gamea few timesit is moresatisfyingto view the
game orily ftom the comnande/s location and only read the
messagesthat he sendsor receiv€s,
At the startof the gameall the $oop6or fleetsare deployedin
the positionsthey occupiedduring the actualbattle. The ftops
are Fe-Fogramned with the actualordersthey had on the day.
FIom the game Waterloo. Iroking ftom the sarnelocation as
For example,in the BorodinogameNey'sordeB are: "Ney, form
above, along the English lines to the west.
an attackline ftorn % mile soufteastof the pontoons,linkingwith
 41
In the Armada game the fleets are split into historical squad
rons, wrth each ship having individual characteristics,e.g.

Type Name Guns Tons

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Sailors Soldiers
Galleon Revenge 43 500 Mail Order specialists in board wargaming.
150 76
Galleon San Juan s0 1050 169 327 Specialists in old and
out of print games and magazines.
The game is divided into quarter hour moves. Each move the AvalonHill.Battleline,
Clashof Arms.Columbia Games.G.D.W.,
commanders are allowed to make up to eight orders. There are a Historical
Concepts. HobbyJapan.OmeqaGames,OSG,
full range of orders that can be given, these range from PantherGames.PeoplesWirgarires, Simulations
QuartZrdeck.
morement, attack, support and orders asking for battle reports. Canada.SPI,Taskforce, The Gamers.VictorvWestEnd.
All the orders in the game are given in full sentence style. One
W.W.W,.Yaquinto.
thing to remember is the orden do take time to arrive. If thev do S & T subscriptionf22.50 3 issues or f42.00 6 issues
arrive they then have to move down the chain of command before Othersubsareavailable for Grenadier.
F&M.Generaletc.GDW
lhey are acted upon. This aspect of the game is realistically Europafans- ETO & EuropaNewsin stock.I alsobuy your
frustrating when you, as Napoleon, are told that the attack on thl unwantedgamesand magazines, sendlists.
redoubt (Borodino) has been repulsed; when you can see for List of Products
yourself the French flags flying over it.
TumingpointStalingrad t20.45 The Urals tl7.95
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Second Chance Games, 62 Earlston Road,

From the game Borodino. Looking at the Russianreservesfrom Wallasey, Merseyside. Tel: 051-638 3535
Kutusov's command position.

As can be seen from the photographs, the graphics are very then I could remember who I ordered to go where! At the start of
good. There is little animation in the game, troops and ships do each game ther are some very impressivJgraphics,followed by a
not run, or sail around the screen; the picture is redrawn after number of pagesof historical text, this islntiresting to read ihe
each move. What little animation there is consistsof cannons first time, but I would prefer to get straight int6 the game,
firing and shot landing; this looks very good in the Armada game, especiallyif restoring a savedgame. These aie minor poinii ttrat
with missessendingup fountains of water. One of the options at should not stop you from trying these four very good ga-"s.
the start of the game is to turn off even this small animation. In conclusionDr Peter Turcan has produced some of the most
One of the orders available is to look at the on going points realisticcomputer wargamesI have played. The order writing and
score,this can be very frustrating as you may appear to be doing viewing systemsare amongst the best available for comp.-uter,
well in the area you can see,but may be well behind on points. In board, or tabletop wargaming. I believe there are a number of
the Waterloo game the Prussiansunder Blucher also scorepoints, other gameson the way, including another naval game basedon
but you have no control over them and they just wander around the battle of Trafalear.
the battlefield as they see fit.
During the order segment you can view all round from the
commander's location and keep track on your troop or fleet
movements.You will also be able to see the individual generals
and messengendashingaround. At the top of the screenthere is
a compasspointer which is neededwhen giving orders, it is even
more vital in the naval game, as it also showsthe direction of the
wind. At the bottom of the display is a text window, in this area
orders are written and reports received. There is a mouse
controlled pointer with which you can selectunits on the screen
and get a description of them in the text area. You can also
remove the text to see the troops underneath.
When playing the game if you wish you can savethe game after
each hour or at any time during an orders segment.The game is
slow to start, but as soon as vou get the hang of giving the orders From the game Borodino. Overlooking the French troops from
it speedsup a great deal. It is not a short game to play, often the Redoubt.
taking three to four evenings to complete.
There are a number of very small improvements that could
have been made to the games. If there was one disc with the
playing program there could be other cheaper disks for any
number of Napoleonic battles. I would have liked to use my
printer to record all the messagesthat appeared on the screen,
42

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 43

ROLL CALL
BRITISH 15mmOPEN
WARGAMESCHAMPIONSHIPS

QUEENSWAYHALL, DTJNSTABLE, BEDS

SATURDAYlst & SUNDAY2nd JUNE l99L

^oP rrade {Qr^

st*ar1?Hificompetirion,
tr Demonstration -<eO
& ParticipationGames, -
Licensed& SnackBars,Restaurant,Bring & Buy.
INDIVIDUAL + TEAM + CLUB COMPETITIONS
PERIOD ARMIES POINTS RULES
AncientsI Biblical 1500pts WRG 7th
Ancients2 Macedonian/Punic 1500pts WRG 7th
Ancients3 B o o k 2 - 3 0 0 -1 1 0 0 A D 1500pts WRG 7rh
Medieval 1300-1490 1500pts WRG 7th
RenaissanceI Up o 1600 1500pts WRG 2nd ED
Renaissance2 1640- 1690(EC\\D 1500pts WRG 2nd ED
Renaissance3 1600- 1700 1500pts WRG 2nd ED
lSth Century TTG 1500pts wRG 1685- 1845
Napoleonic l:20 1500pts Soundof theGuns
ACW On Entry 2500pts Newbury(Sedan)
l9th Century Colonial 2500pts Newbury(Sedan)
SUPPLEMENTARYCOMPETITIONS
Ancient(25mm) Dark Ages 1500pts WRG 6th
WWU (1/300) On Entry On Entry Firefly
AdvancedSquadkader On Entry On Entry Avalon Hill GameCo
EnglishPlay-offsto be heldin London,Birmingham,& Oxford
PlusPrizesDonatedB

ENTRY FEE f,5.00PER PLAYER CLOSING DATE:-

Chequespayableto ShireLevy lst NOVEMBER
ENTRIES& ENOUIRIESWITH LARGES.A.E.TO:-
Peter Foster,12 Graige Road,frirg, Hertfordshire.HP23 5JP
 DEAD
MEN
TEII.
NO
TAI.ES
?T

bv Derek Henderson
Village Green's Desert Fort snapped at Warcon. Doubtless
many will be snapped up by eager customers. Photo hete Supposenow that you wish to disposeof the need to count
'hello' to a friend in Orange, a veteran of the
reminds me to say hits but do not like whole figure rules. Your current rules are 1
legion who saw action in the Suez cfisis and Algeria. figure: 25 men and you are the proud owner of severalwalking
wounded and dead figures in your chosenperiod. Firstly, you
Recently there has been a spate of wargamesfigures onto the will need to re-write your casualty table. (Sorry, but it only
market in varying degrees of expiration. These cover all needs to be done once.) Replace the casualtyfigures for men
periods and are often available in all states from walking hit as follows:
wounded through to lying dead. Apart from their obvious use Men Hit Replace by
in dioramas or in breaking up the open spacesin Wargames 0 - 6 0
Illustrated photographsit seemedto me that they could be put 7lI2 1/3 figure hit
to better use. 13-18 2/3 figure hit
One of the things that has always niggled me about games 19-24 1 figure hit
with miniatures is the need to keep a casualtycount on paper. The system is simple to use. Calculate fire and melee as
With the exception of skirmish games a wargamer almost normal and read off the casualties.Say 1/3 of a figure is hit.
'men hit', so as to be able to Remove a figure and replacewith a walking wounded. (That's
invariably has to keep a record of
determine when a figure should be removed from the table pretty visually 213 of a figure's worth and certainly is more
whether that figure represents20,25,33 or some other such aestheticallypleasingthan counters, markers etc. particularly
number of men. at events open to the public.) A further ll3 of a figure is hit.
Whole figure rules do exist and solve this book-keeping Either replace another figure with a walking wounded or
'step-down'a walking wounded
problem by simply removing it. A complaint often heard to a deceased,(i.e. a deceased
though is that when a unit comesunder severalforms of attack figure represents 1/3 of a figure).
piecemealit may escapeloss to its own fire or melee capability Values of 213of a figure fight as a full figure whilst those of
through not actually sustaining a loss. For example, a 1/3 do not count. Remember though that two walking
Napoleonic battalion may take skirmisher fire and long range wounded in a unit is 213 + 213 : | 1/3 and so fight as one
artillery fire for several moves in succession,yet not lose any figure.
figuresbecauseno individual calculationis sufficientto causea This system is a good, easily worked compromise between
loss. When the battalion has to face, say, an attacking column men and whole figure casualties. It does not involve non-
it will meet it with full firepower, though perhaps damaged participating clutter on the table which all too often can mar a
morale. Without going into the argument of morale versus visually attractive game and requires a maximum of 2 casualty
physical factors it can still be generally agreed that this is an figures per unit. In practice many fewer figures will be
anomaly. required as not all units will be engagedat once and not all will
'Wargame De- be carrying partial hits at once.
Several wargamers, most notably those of
'no figure hit'to the extreme and The basic idea is easily adapted to cover other men: figure
velopments' have taken this
'effectivenessfactor' which ratios by juggling with the casualty split between fractions
simply rate a unit as having an
encompassesall numeric factors from number of men, morale when re-writing the casualtytable. Furthermore, with 3 types
and tactical situation into one figure. I have seen this system of wounded figure available such as walking wounded, sitting
operate well, but it does not suit all situations and calls for a looking rough, and lying dead then 1/4 figure steps can be
complete replacement of standard rule systems rather than utilised. Give it a go. No accuracy is lost (I defy anyone to
their modification. (This could open a whole new can of worms prove they know that N men firing at a certain range in certain
and connectedarguments,but is not the point of this article.) conditions will always produce X hits), and the loss of
So what is the point of this article and where do the casualty paperwork is a welcomerelief. In fact with 24 different typesof
figures come into it? wounded figures you could . . . .
 45

FIVE MINUTES WITH E.D.N.A.

A Dashing game of Pluck and Luck
by Graham Hockley
"Five Minutes with E.D.N.A." is a very quick game,
which was THE PLAYING SEQUENCE
successfully put on in June at this year's Conference of E.D.N.A. : Ever DecreasingNumber Allocation
Wargamers (C.O.W.). Unfortunately, due to a long term SCALE One inch : One Yard One figure : One man
illness,I was unableto attend myself,so my good friend Gordon For the gameyou will need a ten sideddice (D10). A zero counts
Mclllroy kindly offered to present the game on my behalf. The as ten.
game itself was inspired by reading about the heroic exploitsof In the game the gates of the fort are situated 60 inches away
Captain Aylmer during the Nilt Forts campaign of 1891on the from the start line. Although the game was designedwith 25mm
North-West Frontier. The main force was unable to advance figures in mind it could easily be adapted with pen and paper.
against the heavily defended fort without incuring high The playsheet can be photocopied and used to mark off the
casualties, and so the Captain and two fellow officers, player's progress.
volunteered to lead a storming party of Gurkhas to blow the Each player starts off with an E.D.N.A. of eight. This
gates.Despite being wounded severaltimes, the Captainfinally numerical allocation can decreaseas the game progresses.If it
succeededin the destruction of the gates,which allowed the fort reaches zero or below then the player has been killed.
to fall to the British. He was awardedthe Victoria Crossfor this
deed. Step 1: "The Approach"
I wanted to devise a general game basedon the destruction of The player throws the dice. If the number thrown is equal to or
an enemy gateway, which captured the flavour of his exploits. I lessthan the player'sE.D.N.A. then he can move his figure that
had already devised a system of movement which I named go the amount of his E.D.N.A. in inches.If the number thrown
E.D.N.A. (Ever Decreasing Number Allocation), and this is higher than his E.D.N.A., then the differenceis deductedto
seemedto be ideally suitedfor this project. With this systemasa createhis new E.D.N.A. If a 10 is thrown then the differenceis
basis "Five Minutes With E.D.N.A." soon emerged. still deducted as above, but it is noted that the player's figure has
received a wound. Wounds make a player even more of a hero if
he survives!
THE SCENARIO Step one is repeated until the player either reachesthe gates,
You are a soldier in Queen Victoria's glorious army and are or has his E.D.N.A. reduced to zero or below in which casehe
engagedin upholding the splendourand honour of the Empire. has been killed.
At the presentmoment this meanstaking the enemyfortressof Exarnple: A player starts the game with an E.D.N.A. of eight.
Kherboum by storm. The sun is shining mercilesslydown on you He throws a D10 for his first go and rolls a five. This is under his
as your regiment forms up ready to be addressed by the present E.D.N.A. and so he moves his figure eight inches
Colonel. With a flourish of his swagger stick he begins. towards the gates. The next go he rolls a 10. As this is higher
"Well chaps, it would
seem we're batting on a pretty sticky than hispresent E.D.N.A. by two he deducts the difference to
wicket. We're unable to advancebecausethe enemy can lay make his new E.D.N.A. of six and so can only move six inches
down a murderous hail of fire on any assaulting column this go. He also notes that hisfigure hasreceived a wound. (This
approachingthe gates. The way I see it, our only hope of is the stuff that medals are made of!)
avoiding horrendous casualtiesis by blowing the massive
wooden gates first, before we storm the fortress. This can Step 2: "Placing The Charge"
only be achievedby a brave man running the sixty yards to the Having reached the gates the player must spend two clear goes
gates, laying a charge of guncotton, igniting it and then preparing and packing the guncotton. For each go he must
dashingfor cover as the gatesblow up. I wouldn't hesitateto throw a D1.0:
go myself, if I didn't have my dear wife Edna to consider. A throw of one means that he has been shot and killed
However, any man who is brave enough to volunteer for such outright. (This is the only time that a throw of a one indicates
a dangerousmission will have the satisfaction of knowing that being killed)
he. earns the respect and undying gratitude of the whole A throw of 10 means that he has been wounded and must
regiment. Gentlemen, I ask for any volunteers to take one reducehis E.D.N.A., but only by one this go.
step forward." Example:A player reaches the gates with an E.D.N.A. of six.
Immediately you hear the sound of boots simultaneously He needs to avoid throwing a one or ten. He throws the dice and
crashingto the ground and you feel proud that so many of your scores eight. This is fine and he is half way through laying the
regiment should have felt compelled by honour to take that one guncotton. However, he then throws a ten, which reduces his
step...until you look around and discoverthat they had all taken E.D.N.A. to five, and a wound is marked down on the
the step backwards,leaving you hopelesslyadrift, one pace in playsheet. He must throw again as he only has one clear round
front of them! so far. This time he throws a three, and so can proceed with the
The Colonel strides acrossto you and pats you fiercely on the next part of the game.
back.
Well done my boy! Never thought you had such pluck." Step 3: "Lighting The Fuse"
After handing you the precious fuse and guncotton he Having placed the explosives the player must try now to light
shakes you by the hand. the fuse. He must throw his E.D.N.A. or under in order to be
"Off you go now,
and good luck - you'll need it! We'll give successful.If he should throw a 10, then he has been wounded
you as much coveringfire aswe can. Oh, one last thing...who and must deduct one from his E.D.N.A. This phaseof the game
should I send your medal to, just in case...? will continue until the fuse is lit or the player is killed.
46

Step 4: "Diving For Cover" MOVEMENT CHART

Once he has successfullyignited the fuse the player has only one
go to try and reach a safeplace from the blast. Safety will only be g L 2 5 L E
t4
7 8
found four inches away. He throws against his currect
E.D.N.A. and moves as in Step One. If the gatesblow and the 7 1 to II b1 t2
(r
I5 IL t5 t6
player has not been able to move to safety then he is deemed to L ta I8 t1 1A 2l a.l
23 ?t+
L2
have died in the explosion, and can claim to have been hoist by
L) 21 27 79, 21 30 3 l 3L
his own petard! 5 ,.4

Exarnple:A player has a current E.D.N.A. of six, and on the h ?< 3L 352< 31 37 T 31 Lo
b 2.
D10 he throws a five. He is able to move the required four
inches to safety. However, if he had thrown a nine, then 3 lr,, L2 r+J
'"1*
tl
u L7 II
t+u

because of the reduction to his E.D.N.A. he can only move 4 I Q

+l 5o 52 53 5+L 55 5L
I
three inches and will be killed in the blast, receiving his medal
posthumously. Only one "diving for cover" throw is permitted 1 57 49, 2 t ARRIVE! AT C-ATE,

at this juncture.
y,/oudDS

Step 5: "The Big Bang" [El flAatNG clt4cf

ue{Ttrtc
Fus€
Mo't€ To
c.v€R
G4T65
l3Ld
After lighting the fuse and diving for cover, it only remains to
seeif the gatesblow up. To do this the player must throw four or
above on the dice to succeedand achieve the status ofhero. If
F-1---l
1 3l + l E,trMM
7= o.4,'D
cvllR6r/T
E.9.!.4
Nusr n E.
lL,lAcDs vs.
h-q 46.G
cAr€s 6rd.
the result is lessthan four it meansthat the fuse has gone out and 7-1.su.'@ ,lf.a "il|#iF""
E.o.N.A.
<-R.Er{i
the player must return to the gate by throwing against his
E.D.N.A. and then repeat steps three to five again.
I hope you have fun playing it and will think it five minutes well
spent.
SCHEMATICVIEW OF IAYOUT FOR
'FNTEMINUTESWITH E.D.N.A.'
THE GAME ITSELF .DEFENDERS"
THE GATES OF
The WargamesDevelopments 'Conference of Wargamers'took .KIIERBOUM'
place at Knuston Hall. The game was set up in the Panel Room,
one of the many small rooms, set aside specifically for the 'after
dinner'games. Gordon had done as much as possible to publish
the presenceof the game before hand, and we had prepared a
number ofposters and badgesbearing such slogansas "Are you
man enoughto spendfive minuteswith E.D.N.A.?'. As well as
causing much amusement, they achieved their objective of
interesting people in coming along and playing the game,
something which is vital at a place like C.O.W, where a number
of different games are all being put on at the same time. They
also helped to establish in peoples' minds that here was a game
not to be taken too seriously! Gordon had previously painted a
length of lining paper in suitable shades of earth, which was
'Blu-Tac'd'
to a table. He had made a twisting road on it by
sprinkling fine grit onto P.V.A. glue. This road led to the gates
of a fortress which, along with some colonial figures, had been
borrowed for the occasion from Brian Cameron. Apart from
one figure who represented the brave, (or foolhardy) hero of
the game, the rest of the figures were used for their visual affect.
Fixed onto the main tower were the gates, which I had
constructed out of card, especially for this game. Whenever any
of the participants were successfulin their task of blowing them,
they were opened by Gordon to reveal a "pop-up" explosion (I
got the idea from one of my children's birthday cards!). . To add
extra atmosphereto the whole proceedings,we used a B.B.C.
Sound Effects tape to make a one hour cassetteof heavy rifle
fire. This was played during the player's dash to the gate. On
another tape we put the sound of an explosion which was played
at the appropriate time, again much to the amusement of all
concerned.
At the end of the game, each individual who failed to
complete his task was given a badge to wear bemoaning his bad
luck. Those who had been successful were, of course,
immediately presented with a'Victoria Cross'badge to proudly
show off, in the vain hope of getting a free pint in the bar
afterwards for their gallantry. Whilst not, by any means, being
an essentialpart of the game, the little extra touches of the tapes
and the badges added greatly to the players' enjoyment of the
game, and were in keeping with the spirit of the whole
 47
week-end. As a final touch, those people waiting to take part
were given a list of quotations about the game, such as "I can't
remember playing a better game" by the AmnesiacsSociety.It
made their waiting a little lesstedious and made them mentally
ready for the arduous task that lay ahead of them!
In all the game was played over one hundred times and was
finally packed away in the early hours of the morning by an
Fouthnea 69, ALBERTROAD

ole Ls
SOUTHSEA
exhaustedGordon, who had also been celebratinghis birthday PORTSMOUTH
that day! HANTSPOs2SG
ENGLAND
CONCLUSION 0705-733208
E.D.N.A. is a very simple, yet highly effective and versatile
systemto use. It is ideal for solo play as its great advantageis
that in just one throw of the dice it is able to take into account
THESOUTH'S
any number of adverseeffects (e.g. morale, fatigue, incoming
fire). It can be usedasthe mechanismfor completegames,such LARGEST
as "Five Minutes", or be incorporated as a part of other game
systemswhen the need arises. In its present form E.D.N.A.
relies totally upon luck, but there is no reason why this aspect
MINIFIGS
can't be altered to take into account different requirements.
Another friend of mine, Mark Hannam, is currently developing
STOCKIST
a'command' decisionmaking elementfor the systemwhich will
give it even greater scope.

THE DEVELOPEMENT
OF E.D.N.A. ALL MAJOR
CREDIT CARDS
E.D.N.A. wasfirst thought of as a meansof solo gamingattacks WELCOMED
acrossNo Man's Land during the First World War. I was only
interestedin finding out how many men made it to the enemy
trenches and did not want to waste a lot of time flicking through
Latest releases,always,quicklyavailableby post -worldwide
rule books and looking up fire tables. The attackers were
M I N I F I G S C A T A L O G U EN O W I N S T O C K
divided into groups of eight figures, and each group had its own f 3 . 5 0 - U . K . f 5 . O O - O v e r s e a si n c . p o s t .
E.D.N.A.
As this decreased,I correspondinglyreduced the number of
figures. This enabled me to see at a glance what each group's
current E.D.N.A. was. I next used a slightly different version
during a role-playing game, where the player characters had to
out-run some pursuers. As they were not under any fire, I
DON'TBUY UNTILYOU CAN SEE
decided to reduce their E.D.N.A. onlv bv one each time thev THE WHITESOF THEIR EYES!
threw over it, to represent fatigue. When they reached zero,
they had to spend a turn resting, before starting off again at their
original E.D.N.A. Their pursuers were operated by me in a
similar fashion, but using an ordinary six sided dice with a
starting E.D.N.A. of five. It proved to be very successfuland
added an 'edge'to what they had assumedwould be a relatively
easy part of their escape.
I'm sure that you will be able to think of lots of uses for
E.D.N.A. Here are just a few possibleideas that I've come up
with:
- Troops crossing wide, fast flowing rivers (zero : washed GAMERS IN EXILE
away)
- Troops or vehicles crossing minefields
- 'Kamikaze' planes againstU.S.Fleet
r-rt I r--ll-l
- Any chargesagainstenemy held positions t
| € 6 !

l |
o | | |

r |
| |

l
- Charge of the Light Brigade
- French Cavalry at Agincourt
- U.S,Marines in the Pacific WWII
uon,.o*.*-lFt
Tu+satto.oet.tsll I
- Street actions against snipers
- Messengers/couriers/runnerson the battlefield
- "Chases"of all types- Wagon Trains chasedby Red Indians 283 PENTONVILLE ROAD
TONDONNl gNP
- See who is the first one to reach the enemy ramparts. Telephone:071-8334971
- Night attacks on enemy camp ( zero : discovered by pickets)
- Landing craft attempting to come ashore.
WARGAMES FANTASYGAMES
ESSEX& DIXON T.S.R.
I hope that you will keep E.D.N.A. in mind next time you're FREIKORPS& PLATOON AVALONHILL
running a game, and will get as much fun out of the system as I MtR & HOTSPUR STANDARD
have. As Rudyard Kipling nearly once said, w.R.G. PORTAGE
"If you PAINTINGSEBVICE
can keep your E.D.N.A. when all about you
Are losing theirs...you'll be a Man my son!" Tom Hardman,ChrisLeason& otherqualitybrushmen
,18

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 49

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Tiading Post/ wargames figures, scenery rules and accessories:
StockadeFort,
Viking/Saxon
20/25 mm Scale WILDGEESEMINIATURES
Village/Stockade
B u i l d i n e sa n d (tNcoRPoRATtNGWARBAND15MM)
Fort, City Wall,
Tents, Bridges, S c en i c s .
INTRODUCTORY MINIATURELANDSCApES Terrain
Stables,Walls,
SKYWARRIORAIRCRAFT %oo \{Wll/Modern
Gatewaysetc. OFFER
TIN SOLDIER 1s/zsmm
l 0 p i e c e2 0 / 2 5 n m D E S E R ' l ' F O R T ( S u i t a b l e1 8 5 0 / 1 9 5 0 )
M e a s u r e m e n t sA p p r o x . 2 8 c n t x 2 8 c m x 9 % c m h i q h K + M TREES,Hedgesand scenicmaterial
Corner Towers
ANSCHLUSSPUBLISHING:Books, Rutesand
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Wall Sections
Army/Uniform
Guides
FALCONFIGURES:New 1SmmNapoleonic Russians
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Send a large S.A.E. tor our free caialogueto:

For illustrated lists 31 NOVEMBEB 1990

-ff"62.11 London Wargames Depot
--* ' i " Y ' " -
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s e n d S.A.E.
S . A - E -tto:
n: \Village
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Middx. TW7 7LH
Telephone:
(0904)410321 c81-892 6697
BLAST-A-MASTER Watchoullor additional
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resin-castmultiples - enquiries welcome Trade€nquiries

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CALTVER BOOKS
26 CliffseaGrove,Leigh-on-Sea,
EssexSS9lNQ
Tel: 070273986
15mn 25nn
THEFRINCH.INDIAN
WARSIN NORTHAMERICA1745.1763 ANCIEM RANGES
CAMILLAN/REPIJBLICAN ROMAN
fresh, milchins CR I Roman offi@r, Aftic helmet
fresh, advancine - CR 2 Roman offier. EtrusCorinthim helnet
fresh, firing - CR 3 Roman offier, Mont Fortino helner
5 Io qress,milchms CR 4 Roman standild bearer
o ln {res, a_dvancirig CR 5 Triarius stmdins with sEil. Attic helmer
7 dress, firing CR 6 Triuius standini with siEa. Etrus-Corinthian helmet
8 , acvuqng CR 7 Triuius standinEwith siEil. Monte Fortino helmet
o , mng CR 8 HastatuvPrincipls,cheit plate, Attic heLnet
10 try, standing $5ing CR 9 HastatuVPrinci'pes, chestblate, Estruscorinthian helmer
t2 €p, sranolnqlme C 10 H6tatus/Prineides,chestdlate, Monte Fortino helmet
FI l3 hal, advanci-ng C 11 H6tatus/Princibes,mail a'mou, Attic helnet
PROVINCIAL UNITS C 12 H6tatus/Princifes, mail amour, Estrus-Corinthian helmet
FI 15 8&h Fmt, advancinr C 13 Hatatus/PriDcifes,mail amour, Monte Fortino belmet
g 19 !q_l.Fmt, eopaigri'dress, marching C 14 Velite, advanciirs.bileheaded
FI 18 Militia, advancing- C 15 Velite. advancinl. in wolfskin
C 16 Velite, advancin!, in Monte Foftino helmet
INDIANS
FI 21 Indim ommand & characteF CR 1 Roman citizen eouites
FI 22 Wffiios with native weamns CR 2 Mounted Romaronsul
^
FI 23 Wmion with muskets CARIIIAGINIAN
FI 24 Wmios with European @ats CG I Libvan heaw infantrymatr
IR"ENCH CG 2 Libvan veter-u infanimm
FI 26 Command CG 3 Spairish scutarii in credted helmet
FI 27 'Europe fresh'marchins CG 4 Sbanish rcutarii in sinen helmet
FI 28 'Eurob? fresh'advancinls CG 5 Sbanish €etratus
FI 29 'Euroire fresh'firing CG 6 Ealearic slinger
COMPAGNIES TRANCHES DE LA MARINE AUGUSTAN/EATLY IMPERIAL ROMAII
(Fretrchtr@ps on Colonial Seryie) AR 1 Centurim
FI 30 Marcliine AR 2 Aouilifer
FI 31 Advuciis AR 3 Sic-nifier
FI 32 Firins AR 4 Le-eionanstandinswith Dilum
FI 33 Camiaim dress.marchins AG 5 lpEonarv throwin-e oiludr

K
FI 34 Cambaiin dress,advancinle AG 6 kdonarv holdins:\iord
FI 35 Caminign dress, firing AG 7 Auliliary, mailshirt, with lanea
TRENCH CAVALRY IMPERIAL ROMAN
FI 37 Offier & cavalrymen,mmpaign dress,firing carbine
FI 38 Corps de Cavall6rue, bemkin \\9, ,r IR I Lesionarv standins with oilum
IR 2 tpEonari throwin-s piludr
IR 3 Lefionari, attackin-g'with sword
CHARACTER PACKS: Most ontain viliants
FIC I Infantry in snow gear - suitablefor both sides
FIC 2 Clureui des Bois-- Woodsmensuitable for both sides
FIC 3 Gorhm's raneen
FIC 4 Roser's rmeeis
FIC 5 Infintry, blinket oat - suirablefor both sides
trdY
'r( \"^ -
\'l \,\Frrt
PRICES:5m Foot 40D;Hone & Rider 80o
l5m 95p per-pack.
- UK & BFPO - 10%
Postase:
Europe - 20%
Restbf World - 50%
FI 6 Infmtry, ep, kneeling. firing Jaegerrifle --=- _i6-- SEND f1.00; 5IRCS or $5 in bills for smples and Bmk and figure liss
COMING SOON: S@ts;Artillery & More Chamcters

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50

J.A. Spain MODEL,

1 GrangeRoad
Barcombe
East Sussex
BN8sAU fT?
A range of polyurethdie the (25mm) Soviet vehicles
and terrain for wargamers.
"dug in" tanks *
ART A.
CRAFT]
ATTENTION
IN THE
ALL WARGAMERS
SOUTH-WEST
* Latest kits including
H1 TrenchandburiedBT3 Russian Front......................t4.00
H2 Driveintank pit.Russian e4.00
Front................................. A NEWWARGAMESTOCKISTIS NEARYOU
H3 Stalin tank "duq in"Russian Front.............................t4.00
H4 T54tankin use-asdefence position MidEastwars....94.00 Minifigs15mmNapole"#:r;T}lf;. of Yesteryear" packs
RS47BTR70Sovietinfantry carrierAfgan war...............€5.50
SendSAEfor full list prices include postage in Europe FrontRank25mmSevenYearsWarArmySets
French& British.
Fullrangeof French& BritishSYWto MailOrder
t29.00 inc VAT- Save 10%
ART OF WAR Rangeof SlrytrexBooks,Rules,PaintingGuidesand
Art ol War is an establishedprofessionalfigurepaintingservicespecialising larger75mmfigures.
in creatingsuperblypainted armies both lor club or privatewargaming Foliage factory modelterrainand paints.
collections. (acrylicbasedespecially
All work undertakenis fully researchedto your needsprovidingfigures suitedto figures.)
you want in a variety of scales. Similarly, you can send us your
"campaign-weary"veteranstor that special Art of War finish. We stockWindsor& NewtonArtistsColours,
ProArteSable& NylonBrushes,XactoKnives,Milliput,
With experiencein providingminiaturearmiesfor customersin Europe, Das& FimoModelling Claysto complement all your
USA,Australiaas well as the UK, whateveryou require,the emphasisis wargame & modelling activities.
very muchon providinga QUALITYserviceat realistic,competitiveprices.
At Art of War you will always find a friendly,polite and businesslike We are expertsat mailorder.Visa& Accessaccepted.
service. This means that whether you want to add monthly to your
collectionor prefera one-offarmyfor a futuremeeting,we are rightfor you. So call us or comealongandsee us at:
Try us, after all, we must be doing somethingright- so many satisfied 23 ForeStreet,Shaldon,NearTeignmouth,DevonTQ140DE.
customerscan't all be wrong!!
Tel: (0626)872896
For a sample of our work, please write with details enclosing t1.50 to:
N.C. MULLIS, 5 Gllson Way, Kinghurst, Birmingham 837 6BG.
Telephone 021-770 30tt5

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ESSEXMINIATURES
15mmSEVENYEARSWAR
Thesefigrres.aretheJirstP{t of a comprehensive newSevenYearsWar range.We will be addingto this initial
release,British,Frenchand Russians,all of whichwill be availableby September'90.
PRUSSIANS: SYP20 Command pack: Hussar ol{icer, std. bearer, SYA3 German Grenadier
SYP1 Musketeeradvancing trumpetsr SYA4 Command pack: Geman Grenadisr officer,
SYP2 Musketeer at the ready SYP21 Mounted General & 2 statf offic€rs std. bearer, drummer
SYPS Command oack: Musketeer officer. std. bearer. SYP22 Jager de Noble knseling firing SYAs HungarianFusilier
orummgr SYP23 Jager de Noble advancing SYA6 Command pack: HungarianFusilierotficer
SYP4 Fusilieradvancing (N.8. Use SYP3 tor Jager ds Noble @mmand) std. bearer, drummer
SYPs Fusilierat the ready SEVEN YEARS WAR EOUIPMENT SYAT HungarianGrsnadier
SYP6 Command pack: Fusilierofficer, std. bearer, SYWE1 4lb cannon SYA8 Command pack: Hungarianotticer, std. bearsr,
drummgr orummer
SYWEz 8lb cannon
SYPT Grsnadieradvancing SYWE3 l2lb cannon SYAg Command pack: Mounted Infantryofficers
SYPS Grenadier at the ready SYWE4 Howitzer SYA10 Chasseuruagerfiring
SYP9 Command pack: Grsnadier otficer, std. bearer, SYWEs 2-horss limber (in tandem) SYA11 Chasseuruageradvancing
orummer SYA12 Command pack: Chasseuruager otficsrs
SYWE6 4-horse limber
SYP1o Jager advancing SYA13 Pandour
SYWET Open top wagon, 4 horses, civiliandriver
SYP11 Jager kneeling firing SYAl4 Command pack: Artillerymen
SYWE8 Open top wagon, 4 horses, civiliandriver
SYP12 Command oack: Officsrs SYA15 Dragoon
SYWEBa Open top wagon, 4 horses, unilormedtigure
SYP13 Command pack: Artillerymen SYA16 Command pack: Dragoonotficer, std. bearer
leading horees
SYP14 Command pack: Mounted intantry oflicers drummer
SYWEg Open top wagon, 4 horses, drivsr in unilorm
SYP15 Cuirassier SYA17 Cuirassier
and tri@rn
SYP16 Command pack: Cuirassierotficer, std. bearsr, SYA18 Command pack: Cuirassisrotficer, std. bearer
SYWE13 Two wh*led card with horse
trumo€tsr orummer
SYP17 Dragoon AUSTRIAN SYA19 Hussar
SYP18 Command pack: Dragoonotficer, std. bearsr, SYA1 German Fusilier SY42O Command pack: Hussar otficer, std. bearer,
drummer SYA2 Command pack: Geman Fusilierofficer, orummer
SYP19 (Hussar)(Mirliton) std. b€arer, drummer SYA21 Command pack: Mounted General with two statf
Officers

SE VDS.A.E OR TWOt.R.C.FOROURCOMPLETECATALOdITEOFI1mm MTNTATURES

Poslage& Packingratesfor UK& BFPO PACKING DETAILS

Minimum Postage& Packing - 75p Inlantry pack I figureF 90p
Ordersvalueovert7.50 andundsre25.00- l0% Inlantry command pack 6 figures - 90p
Ordersover€25- POSTFREE! Cavdry pack 4 horses 4 riders - 90p
Cavalry command pack 3 horses 3 riders - 90p

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 KEEP WARGAMING A\ilITUL DIIAGON
Pauland TeresaBailey
The Keep UNrT SI;TS
@
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Devizes,Wiltshire,SN102ER,UK LIGHTER! STRONGER!NON-TOXIC!
Tel & Fax (0380)724558
1:200scalemodelsmanufactured underlicenseand usingoriginal
patternsfrom SKYTREXLtd, UK.
We shall be at the following shows in the near future: U.NITS-ETS- Designedby wargamersto give you balancedand
historically
accuratesub-unitsto enableyouto buildup yourforceson
21st Oct SELWG, Lewisham a modularbasis.
Leisure Centre
28th Oct Wapentake, Southampton NOW AVAILABLE- BRITISH.GERMAN NW EUROPE1944.45
Millbrook School A1 PLATOONSET A2 COIIPANYSET
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-fioures Panzerorenadier
PlatcionM5 72 track + Q.ompaiyHQ & Heavy
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24thl25th Nov Poole Zuo Pzktzllt lY Figuies& Weapons
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Zug Sd 251 72 track + tigures EverySet includesrules,vehicles,
OFFICIALMINIFIGSST(rcKFT and figures.
Figures A3 RECONNAISSANCE SET
MiniatureFiourines:All 1Smmand most 25mm ranoes& Ral Partha 2 Troops& Elements EACHSET OI{LYe15.00
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Triton, Davco& Firefight- selectedranges. ComfanyHQ,Heavy& SupportZugs 5% discountfor club members.
Navwar & Naismith- selectedranges. 10% discounttor 4 sets or more.
We acceptcheques,Visa,American
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WargamesResearchGroup; TabletopGames;Newbury Rules; WELCOME!
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plus selectedtitles from many other publishers. zinc alloy or plastic at vety low @sf
Tactica - Ancient Warg.me6 Bules C12,95.Tactica Supplement
Book I C6.95.Tactica + Supplement C19.fl1 AIDFUL DRAGON I"TANAGEMENTUfD
Tenain & Model Buildings 311 Siu Yee Building, 590-596Queen'sRoad West
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.NEW*25mm ARABFLATROOFBUITDI]TGS
Booltr P/B H/B
AmhsoftheMacedonian & PunicWars2ndEd, t11.50 €14.50 Sultablefor TheSudan,IndlanMuflnyanda
ftmles& Enemiesof lmpedal Rome 4thEd. e7.95 810.00 host of other perlods.
AmiesoftheDarkAges2ndEd. e7 95 e10.00 plaln palnted
Amies& Enemies oftheCrusades 1096-1291 €7.95 H30SmallHouse e4.95 89.90
H31OblonS, two storeyhouse,ladderto roof [5.90 e11.80
Amiesof FeudalEurope 2ndEd. e11.50f 14.50 H32Square, two storevhouse,stairsto roof 85.90 811.80
AmiesoftheMiddle AoesVol.1 €11,50814.50 H33"1"shapedhouseoubidesbirsto rooF €5.90 811.80
ArmiesofMiddleAoesVol.2 e11.50f14.s0 H34RuinedHouse 84.50 €9.00
FromPiketoShotlogs-tzzO 89.95 e12.95 H55DomedRoofHouse e5.90 €11.80
H36 Lowrenderedwall (3 variations) e0.75 e1.50
ScenadosforWaroames e7.95 €10.00 each
f rogrammedWarg-ames Scenarios e7.95 H57Lowrenderedcorner(2 variations) €0.75 81.50
ffing upa Wargames Campaign 3rdEd. !6.95 €9.00 eacn
RrftnPublications Alsoavailable
Arabbuildingsin 1/zntn
& lAootn
scales.
The&itishMilitary
1803-1815 [8.50 Post& Packaging add 15%up to e25- 10ohoverE25.
PrusianLandwehr & Landsturm 1813-1815 e8.50 Access,
Mastercard andVisaholderscanohonein orderson
UnitOrganisations
oftheACW2ndEd. e7.00 0/72-750552.
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Wearepleased to announce that'HOVELS"
'Crossed
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Forourfulllistspleasesenda s.a.e.
or2 IRC's availabb
in Canada from: Swords" Wargaming Supplies,
tothefollowingaddress 14 WinfieldAvenue,Toronto,ontario,Canada,M6S2JB
AUSIMLIAN DISIRIBUTOR:SupplyTrain,P.0.Box7165,HuttSt.,
Wargames Research Group,TheKeep, SA5000.Australia
LeMarchant Barracks,LondonRoad,DeVizes, USAD|SrRIBUT0R: StoneMountainMiniatures Inc..Box594.
Wiltshirc,
SN10'2ER Tel&Far:(0380)724558 BroomfieldCo..80020Colorado. USA.

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 GAMES
GTADIATOR

BATTLEGROUND
by lan
L i g h t w e i g h t ,h i g h d e f i n i t i o nu r e t h a n ew a r g a m i n gs c e n i c sd e , c i g n s d
W i e k l y a n d J a m e s M a i n t o p r o v i d e a v a r i e t y o f W a r g a m e sf e a t u r e s
LaroeHill 93.95 15mmLaBelleAlliance t5.25
HillSet e9.00 15mmPeleTower 88.40
25mmRoadSet e6.40 15mmCityGateway t8.25
25mmRiverset t6.80 lsmmFrontierFort t15.95
15mmRiverSet e4.95 lsmmlogcabin e5.15
15mmRoadSet e4.95 lsmmManorHouse e5.95
1/300RiverSet e4.15 2smmceorgianHouse f8.25
25mmBridge c4.40 lsmmJettied House e4.95
l4mmBridge v.tJ lsmmBarn t5.95
25mmMediaeval House t7.25 15mmltalianHouse 94.35
25mmRoundHut e4.95 25mmArabHouse
'15/20mm
t8.00
25mmArtillerv Wallsection [6.15 Norman Church 18.95
25mmBreeched WallSeciion LO.tC 1SmmLaroeStoneBuildino e2.95
25mmArtillerv WdlComer t7.15 1smmSm;llStoneBuildind ' e2.85
25mmGatew-av - Section L O . t C lsmmstoneoonage 82.70
25mmBastion L6. /C 25mmPallisade Section e5.95
25mmRavelin L5. /C 25mmPallisade Gatewav t5.95
25mmArtillerv Tower F7 2q 25mmPallisade Bastion- t5.50
1Smm Castle'Keeo t7.25 NEW
15mmMediaeyal Caste t28.25 15/20mmAmericanChurch t6.50
25mmNorman Castle t37.80 lsmmLaroeStoneHouse f2.95
25mmVillaoeChurch t8.25 lsmmsmAlstoneHouse e2.85
25mmKeei e28.00 lsmmstoneCottaoe 82.70
1Smm Beloium Farmhouse LC.tC l5mmLargeSpaniihHouse t4.50
15mmCodching Inn t7.95 lSmmSmallSoanishHouse e4.00
1smmYeoman's House €5.15 15/20mmSouthernMansion t7.95
FROMUSAI WAEq4[4ES
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6+2mm
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lnland and BFPO post^ge is 12V20/0, minimum 25p. Delivery is within I week. Overseaspostageas follows:
DESTTNATION ORDERS UP TO fT2 tl20ROVER
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 53

CLASSIFIED
ADVERTISEMENTS
Ads_shouldbe accompaniedby a chequemade payable
to Stratagem Publications Ltd., 18 Lovers Lane,
fiuei SorpEtE 1 5 m m M e t a l Figur es
Newark, Notts. NG24 |HZ. Rate 15p per word. Please
add lSVo V.A.T. Minimum charqe:S2.50. B r i t a i n3 1 2 - 11 0 0 A D
R o m a n s& G a u l s
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FOR SALE Elizabeth'slrish War
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VERY CHEAP PROFESSIONALLYPAINTED and based E n o l i s hC i v i lW a r
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figures - 15mm Franco-Prussians (and Austrians), 25mm French& IndianWars
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25mm Fantasyand many others.Also many books, board- American War of Indeoendence
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all painted- f35. Also 15mmACW Confederates, 100figures, FREIKORPS 15, 25 PrincetownRoad, Bangor,
all painted- f30. Tel: 0977647647. Co. Down BT2O3TA, Northern lreland.
MAGNETICBASINGSELF-ADHESM 0.8mmthick f2 for an
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PO'sto: M. Sawyer,29WindsorDrive,High Wycombe,Bucks,
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Ken Trotman Ltd
available for IBM PC and Compatibles.Available from: Antiquarianbookson
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BRITISH-SYW. 254 foot, 22 mounted, 5 guns - f130. from Ancient times
French-SYW,60 foot, 11 mounted,7 guns- f40. Mohicans- to the Boer War
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20mmSANDBAGFIELD DEFENCESalso:Warsquad,Battle
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Barracks",3 MonmouthClose,Aylesbury,Bucks,HP193LD.
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andRules.All paintedandbasedto highstandard - f400o.n.o.
Tel: 042082216(after 6 pm) for details.
\ o The World Wars
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Old rangeof STANDARDHIGH METAL MINIATURES(now

Inca Products)Napoleonics.Preferablyunpainted.Tel: Jeff Visitorsb1 appointnwnt
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constructedto individualdesigns,from f16 per squarefoot. Telephone0223.211030
D.H. Evans,7 HaverholtClose,Colne,Lancs.

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54
WARGAMESRESEARCH,O.B.'s,Maps,Uniforms,etc.Will National Army Museum Colonel Peter Walton was elected
provideextensiveresearchfor the seriouswargamer.Write to: ChairmansucceedingDr. DouglasJohnsonwho had held the
M. Sexton,87 Loke Road, King's Lynn, Norfolk, PE302AZ post for two years.The Societyis gratefulto DouglasJohnson
with details,for quote. for hiscontributionduringhisterm of office.PeterWalton,who
SCALE ARCHITECTURAL MODELS constructedto your wasin fact Chairmanof the Societyfrom 1984and 1988is an
requirements. Detailsfrom: Edwards,29BekeRoad,Gilling- author, artist and recognisedauthority on the British army of
ham, Kent, ME8 9RL. the Victorianera.He is particularlywell knownasthe authorof
two publicationsOntitledSimkinsSoldiers,thieBritish Army in
PAINTING SERVICES 1890, which are highly informative works dealing with the
organisation andequipmentof the period. GilesBrown, who is
25rnmand 15mmTREESetc. 25mmWargameFigurespainted
well establishedin international modelling circles as the
to collectoror wargamestandard.Sendf3 for samples.SAE for proprietor
of Dorset (Metal Model) SoldiersLtd, succeeds
lists.Dean ForestFigures,P & M Beveridge,62 Grove Road,
Peter Walton as Honorary Secretary.The Victorian Military
Berry Hill, Coleford,Glos.Tel: 059436130.
Society,whose aim is to foster and encouragethe study of
BUGLE & MUSKET painting service,very high standardof military mattersof the Victoria era,wasfoundedin 1974.Since
work, all sizesand periods.For samplesendf1..50,statesize then it has grown to over 900 membersworldwide and has
andperiodrequiredto: Bugle & Musket, 148Valley Crescent, acquiredgeneralrecognitionasan authorityin its field. Original
Wrenthorpe,Wakefield,Yorkshire, WF2 0ND. researchaswell asother mattersof contemporaryinterestare
PROFESSIONAL PAINTING SERVICE(Est. 1985).All scales publishedin a quarterly newsletter Soldiersof the Queen.
cateredfor. We acceptVisa, Access,Mastercard,American Membersalso receivea periodical newsletterSoldiersSmall
Expressetc. All work fully guaranteedand to a choice of Book. The highlightof the Society'syearis the annualmilitary
standards.Send SAE for colour details: 114 Windmill Hill fair held in London eachMarch. This event has becomethe
Lane,Derby,DE3 3BP.Tel:0332487038 am-6pm. Overseas regular meetingplace for enthusiastswith an interest in any
orderswelcome. aspectof the colonialperiod.For further detailspleasecontact:
Richard Caie, Hon Publicity Officer VMS, 62 The Links, St
CLUBS& SOCIETIES Leonards-on-Sea. EastSussex. TN38OUW.Tel:0424437103.
ESCAFELD KRIEGSPIEL meet every Sunday (11am-5pm)
and Tuesday(7pm-11pm)at their club room on Hawkesley FORTHCOMING EVENTS
Road,Hillsborough,Sheffield.All periodsare covered.As we WAPENTAKE 90. Sunday 28th October 1,990.10.00am-
rent our premiseson a full time basis the club rooms are 5.00pm,Millbrook School,Lower Brownhill Road, South-
availableto membersat any time during the week. For any ampton.Traders,Bring & Buy, Games& Tables.Details:
interestedwargamersin the Sheffield,SouthYorks and North Mark Littleton, SecretaryWessexWargamesSociety.Tel: 0703
Derbyshirearea,pleasecontactthe secretary:SteveAllen, L6 21t723.
BinsteadWay, WadsleyBridge,Sheffield,56. Tel: 338961. WARGAME 90 Saturday,LTth November. Glasgow'sWar-
gameShow,ClydeHall, ClydeStreet.Doors open 10.00am-
TIIE BRITISH FORCES WARGAMES ASSOCIATION 5.00pm.Admission60p,Juniors30p. Trade
Stands,Demon-
(B.F.G.W.A.), drawsits membersfrom civiliansand service-
stration Games,Bring & Buy Sale, ParticipationGames.
men of several nationalities in Nbrthern Germany. New Canteenand Bar facilities
available.
membersarealwayswelcome,sofor detailsof yournearestclub
contact:Mr Davies,Starrnet,4 Sig GP, BFPO 140.Tel: W OLD GUARD ON PARADE '90. The Old Guard Wargames
Germany02161557630. Club is holdinganopendayon 25thNovember1990at St Lukes
THE SHREWSBURY WARGAMESSOCIETYis alwayson the Church Hall, WestmountRoad, Eltham, London, SE9. The
lookoutfor membersinterestedin wargaming,whethertheyare opendaywill commenceat noon until 4.30pmand admissionis
experienced veteransor raw recruits!Our aim is to recreatethe FREE. Traderswill be in attendancefrom 11.00amuntil
battlesandcampaigns of historyin miniature,usingscalemodel 5.00pm.Light refreshments will be availableon the day,hot and
soldiers, equipment and scenery, with the emphasison coldfoodsandbeverages. Furtherdetailsincludingreservations
producinga gamethat is realistic,challengingand enjoyable. for the dayand detailsregardingthe club canbe obtainedfrom
We can offer a wide variety of wargamesin the following Mr M.A. Hedgeson 081-851 2298or 557SidcupRoad,Eltham,
historicalperiods:Ancients.Medievaland Renaissance (popu- London. SE9 3AF.
lar with many club members).Napoleonic(the most popular TIIE SOUTHAMPTONWARGAMESASSOCIATIONwill be
periodin the club.We currentlyhaveabout8-9,000Napoleonic holding'SouthernMilitaire'on Saturday8th June 1991.The
model soldierscoveringall of the major armiesof the period, showwill includeDemonstrationGames,Tradd Standsand a
and quite a few of the smallones!).Colonial- the Zulu War of competition,with prizesand a trophy kindly donatedby our
1879.World War Two (in particularthe FrenchCampaignof Club PresidentMr Neville Dickinsonof Minifigs Ltd.
1940,the Normandyand Italian Campaignsof.l9M, and the
EasternFront 1941-1945). Naval Warfare (WWI and WWII). ART OF WAR
VACANCY. 'Beat Those Poll Tax Blues'. Established
Vietnam. We also cover a number of the less well known
periods,and havea smallfantasygroup within the Club. The professionalfigure painterrequiresenthusiasticindiviualto
Club meetsat St Chad's Church Hall (St Austin Friars, off paint 15/25mmwork, mainlyfor overseas orders.Depending
Lower ClaremontBank, near the WelshBridge, Shrewsbury) upon location,full, part-time,seasonalwork available.For
on the lst and3rd Mondaysof the month,from 7-10.30pm. If detailsof ratesof pay, bonusetc. detailsto: N.C. Mullis, 5
you areinterestedthenpleasedrop in andvisit uson oneof our GilsonWay, Kingshurst,Birmingham,B376BG. Enclosing
club nights,or contactoneof the club memberslistedbelowfor samDlesif possible and telephone number.
further details.Barrie Lovell - Tel: Shrewsbury(0743)236983.
Paul Glover- Tel: Oswestry(0691)830881. 30.000 + SECOND HAND WARGAMES FIGIIRES alwavs in
s t o c k . A l l s c a l e s .M o s t n r a n u l l c t u r e r s .S A E f o r l i s t s t o : A . J .
NEW CHAIRMAN AI\D SECRETARY.At the recentannual D u m e l o w , 7 0F e r r vS t . . S t a p e n h i l l B . t a f f s .D E l - 5
. u r t o n - o n - T r e n tS
general meeting of the Victorian Military Society at the 9EY. l'e l: (02ltl) 30556.
 55

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OUR RANGES
EARLY REPUBLICANROMANS (25OBC.1sOBC) THIRTYYEARSWAR (1618-16,€) cRtMEAN WAR (1854-1855)
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