Table of Integrals∗

Basic Forms Integrals with Logarithms

√ √
Z
2
Z x ax + bdx = (−2b2 + abx + 3a2 x2 ) ax + b (26)
1
Z
xn dx = xn+1 (1) 15a2
ln axdx = x ln ax − x (42)
n+1
Z
1
Z
ln ax 1
dx = ln |x| (2) Z p
1 h dx = (ln ax)2 (43)
x p x 2
x(ax + b)dx = (2ax + b) ax(ax + b)
Z Z 4a3/2
 √
udv = uv − vdu (3)
i
−b2 ln a x + a(ax + b)
p Z  
 
(27) b
ln(ax + b)dx = x+ ln(ax + b) − x, a 6= 0 (44)
Z a
1 1
dx = ln |ax + b| (4)
ax + b a Z
x
b2 ln(x2 + a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 + a2 ) + 2a tan−1
Z p  
Integrals of Rational Functions b x p 3 − 2x (45)
x3 (ax + b)dx = − 2 + x (ax + b) a
12a 8a x 3
3  √
b p 
+ 5/2 ln a x + a(ax + b) (28)
Z  
1 1
Z
8a x+a
dx = − (5) ln(x2 − a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 − a2 ) + a ln − 2x (46)
(x + a)2 x+a x−a
(x + a)n+1
Z
(x + a)n dx = , n 6= −1 (6) Z
n+1 1p 2ax + b
Z p
1 p 2 1
 
ln ax2 + bx + c dx =
p
x x ± a2 ± a2 ln x + x2 ± a2 
�

x2 ± a2 dx =
  4ac − b2 tan−1 √
2 2 a 4ac − b2
Z
(x + a)n+1 ((n + 1)x − a) (29) 
b

x(x + a)n dx =
� 2

(7) − 2x + + x ln ax + bx + c (47)
(n + 1)(n + 2) 2a
Z
1 Z p
1 p 2 1 x
dx = tan−1 x (8) a2 − x2 dx = x a − x2 + a2 tan−1 √
Z
bx 1
1 + x2 2 2 a 2 − x2 x ln(ax + b)dx = − x2
2a 4
Z
1 1 x (30)
dx = tan−1 b2
 
(9) 1 2
a2 + x2 a a + x − 2 ln(ax + b) (48)
Z 2 a
Z
x 1
p 1� 2
3/2
dx = ln |a2 + x2 | (10) x x2 ± a2 dx = x ± a2 (31)
a2 + x2 2 3 Z
1
x ln a2 − b2 x2 dx = − x2 +
�

x2
Z
x Z
1
  2
dx = x − a tan−1 (11)
p
√ dx = ln x + x2 ± a2  (32)
 
a2 + x2 a x2 ± a 2 1

a2

x2 − 2 ln a2 − b2 x2
�

(49)
Z
x 3
1 1 2 b
dx = x2 − a2 ln |a2 + x2 | (12) Z
1 x
a 2 + x2 2 2 √ dx = sin−1 (33)
a 2 − x2 a Integrals with Exponentials
Z
1 2 2ax + b
dx = √ tan−1 √ (13) Z
x
ax2 + bx + c 4ac − b2 4ac − b2
p Z
√ dx = x2 ± a2 (34) 1 ax
x 2 ± a2 eax dx = e (50)
a
Z
1 1 a+x
dx = ln , a 6= b (14) √
Z
x p
√ 1 √ ax �√

Z
(x + a)(x + b) b−a b+x √ dx = − a2 − x2 (35) i π
a 2 − x2 xeax dx = xe + 3/2 erf i ax ,
Z a 2a
x a 2
Z x
dx = + ln |a + x| (15) where erf(x) = √
2
e−t dt (51)
(x + a)2 a+x π 0
x2
Z
1 p 1
 p 
√ dx = x x2 ± a2 ∓ a2 ln x + x2 ± a2 
 
Z
x 1 x 2 ± a2 2 2 Z
dx = ln |ax2 + bx + c| (36) xex dx = (x − 1)ex (52)
ax2 + bx + c 2a
b 2ax + b  
− √ tan−1 √
Z
(16) x 1
a 4ac − b2 4ac − b2 xeax dx = − 2 eax (53)
Z p
b + 2ax p 2 a a
Integrals with Roots ax2 + bx + cdx = ax + bx + c
4a
Z
x2 ex dx = x2 − 2x + 2 ex
�

2
(54)
4ac − b
 p 
+ ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx+ c) (37)
 
√
Z
2 8a 3/2
x − adx = (x − a)3/2 (17) x2
Z  
2x 2
3 x2 eax dx = − 2 + 3 eax (55)
a a a
√
Z
1
√ dx = 2 x ± a (18)
Z
1  √ p 2 x3 ex dx = x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6 ex
Z �

x±a p (56)
x ax2 + bx + c = 2 a ax + bx + c
Z
1 √ 48a5/2
√ dx = −2 a − x (19) × −3b + 2abx + 8a(c + ax2 )
2 xn eax
Z Z
n
�

a−x xn eax dx = − xn−1 eax dx (57)
 √ p  a a
+3(b3 − 4abc) ln b + 2ax + 2 a ax2 + bx + c (38)
 
√
Z
2 2
x x − adx = a(x − a)3/2 + (x − a)5/2 (20) Z
(−1)n
3 5 xn eax dx = Γ[1 + n, −ax],
an+1
Z
√
 
√ (58)
2b 2x Z Z ∞
1 1 ta−1 e−t dt
 
ax + bdx = + ax + b (21) where Γ(a, x) =
p
√ dx = √ ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx + c)
 
3a 3 ax2 + bx + c a x
Z
2 (39) √
� √

3/2
Z
(ax + b) dx = (ax + b)5/2 (22) e ax2 i π
dx = − √ erf ix a (59)
5a 2 a
√ √
Z
x 2 Z
� √

√ dx = (x ∓ 2a) x ± a (23) π
Z
x 1p 2 2
e−ax dx = √ erf x a (60)
x±a 3 √ dx = ax + bx + c
ax2 + bx + c a 2 a
b
Z
1
 p 
p 2 2
− 3/2 ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx + c) (40)
Z r
x x(a − x)
 
p
2a xe−ax dx = − e−ax (61)
dx = − x(a − x) − a tan−1 (24) 2a
a−x x−a

√
Z Z r
dx x 2 1 π x −ax2
√ = √ (41) x2 e−ax dx = erf(x a) − e (62)
Z r
x p √ 
(a2 + x2 )3/2 4 a3 2a
dx = x(a + x) − a ln x + x + a (25) a 2 a 2 + x2
a+x
∗
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 Integrals with Trigonometric Functions Z
1 x
Z
3 1 1 ex cos xdx = e (sin x + cos x) (106)
sec x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| (84) 2
Z
1 2 2
sin axdx = − cos ax (63)
a Z Z
1
sec x tan xdx = sec x (85) ebx cos axdx = ebx (a sin ax + b cos ax) (107)
Z
2 x sin 2ax a 2 + b2
sin axdx = − (64)
2 4a Z
1
sec2 x tan xdx = sec2 x (86) Z
2 1 x
Z xex sin xdx = e (cos x − x cos x + x sin x) (108)
n
sin axdx = Z 2
1
secn x tan xdx = secn x, n 6= 0 (87)
1

1 1−n 3
 n
− cos ax 2 F1 , , , cos2 ax (65) Z
1 x
a 2 2 2 xex cos xdx = e (x cos x − sin x + x sin x) (109)
2
Z
x
 
csc xdx = ln tan  = ln | csc x − cot x| + C (88)

2
Z
3 cos ax cos 3ax
sin3 axdx = − + (66) Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
4a 12a Z
1
Z
1 csc2 axdx = − cot ax (89)
cos axdx = sin ax (67) a
a
Z
1
cosh axdx = sinh ax (110)
Z
x sin 2ax
Z
3 1 1 a
2
cos axdx = + (68) csc xdx = − cot x csc x + ln | csc x − cot x| (90)
2 4a 2 2
Z
Z
1 eax cosh bxdx =
csc x cot xdx = − cscn x, n 6= 0
n
Z
1 (91)
cosp axdx = − cos1+p ax× n  ax
e
a(1 + p) 
 2 [a cosh bx − b sinh bx] a 6= b
a − b2
  Z
1+p 1 3+p 2ax (111)
2 F1 , , , cos2 ax (69) sec x csc xdx = ln | tan x| (92) e x
+ a=b

2 2 2 
4a 2
Products of Trigonometric Functions and
Z
3 sin ax sin 3ax
Z
cos3 axdx = + (70) 1
4a 12a Monomials sinh axdx = cosh ax (112)
a
Z
cos[(a − b)x] cos[(a + b)x] Z Z
cos ax sin bxdx = − , a 6= b x cos xdx = cos x + x sin x (93) eax sinh bxdx =
2(a − b) 2(a + b)
(71) Z
 ax
e
1 x  [−b cosh bx + a sinh bx] a 6= b
x cos axdx = cos ax + sin ax (94)
 2
a − b2 (113)
a2 a 2ax
e x
Z
sin[(2a − b)x] 
− a=b
sin2 ax cos bxdx = − Z
4a 2
4(2a − b) x2 cos xdx = 2x cos x + x2 − 2 sin x
�

(95)
sin bx sin[(2a + b)x]
+ − (72) Z
2b 4(2a + b) eax tanh bxdx =
Z 2 2
2 2x cos ax a x −2
Z x cos axdx = + sin ax (96)  (a+2b)x
1 a2 a3 e h a a i
sin2 x cos xdx = sin3 x (73) 
 2 F1 1 + , 1, 2 + , −e2bx
3



 (a + 2b) 2b 2b
1 ha i
Z
1 − eax 2 F1 , 1, 1E, −e2bx a 6= b (114)
xn cosxdx = − (i)n+1 [Γ(n + 1, −ix) a 2b
Z
cos[(2a − b)x] cos bx

ax −1 ax

2 2  e − 2 tan [e ]

cos ax sin bxdx = − 
a=b
4(2a − b) 2b 
+(−1)n Γ(n + 1, ix)] (97) a
cos[(2a + b)x]
− (74) Z
1
4(2a + b) tanh ax dx = ln cosh ax (115)
Z a
1
xn cosaxdx = (ia)1−n [(−1)n Γ(n + 1, −iax)
Z
1
2
cos ax sin axdx = − cos3 ax (75) 2
3a
Z
1
−Γ(n + 1, ixa)] (98) cos ax cosh bxdx = [a sin ax cosh bx
a 2 + b2
Z
x sin 2ax sin[2(a − b)x] +b cos ax sinh bx] (116)
sin2 ax cos2 bxdx = − − Z
4 8a 16(a − b) x sin xdx = −x cos x + sin x (99)
sin 2bx sin[2(a + b)x]
+ − (76)
8b 16(a + b)
Z
1
Z
x cos ax sin ax
x sin axdx = − + (100) cos ax sinh bxdx = [b cos ax cosh bx+
Z a a2 a 2 + b2
x sin 4ax
sin2 ax cos2 axdx = − (77) a sin ax sinh bx] (117)
8 32a Z
x2 sin xdx = 2 − x2 cos x + 2x sin x
�

Z (101)
1
tan axdx = − ln cos ax (78)
a
Z
1
sin ax cosh bxdx = [−a cos ax cosh bx+
Z a 2 + b2
1 2 − a2 x2
Z
tan2 axdx = −x + tan ax (79) 2 2x sin ax
x sin axdx = cos ax + (102) b sin ax sinh bx] (118)
a a3 a2

tann+1 ax
Z
tann axdx =
Z
× 1 Z
1
a(1 + n) xn sin xdx = − (i)n [Γ(n + 1, −ix) − (−1)n Γ(n + 1, −ix)] sin ax sinh bxdx = [b cosh bx sin ax−
  2 a 2 + b2
n+1 n+3 (103)
2 F1 , 1, , − tan2 ax (80) a cos ax sinh bx] (119)
2 2
Z Products of Trigonometric Functions and
1 1 Exponentials
tan3 axdx = ln cos ax + sec2 ax (81) Z
a 2a 1
sinh ax cosh axdx = [−2ax + sinh 2ax] (120)
Z 4a
1 x
ex sin xdx =
Z  x e (sin x − cos x) (104)
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| = 2 tanh−1 tan (82) 2
2 Z
1
sinh ax cosh bxdx = [b cosh bx sinh ax
Z Z b 2 − a2
1 1
sec2 axdx = tan ax (83) ebx sin axdx = ebx (b sin ax − a cos ax) (105) −a cosh ax sinh bx] (121)
a a 2 + b2
 TABELA: Derivadas, Integrais
e Identidades Trigonométricas

• Derivadas • Integrais
�
Sejam u e v funções deriváveis de x e n con- 1. du = u + c.
stante. 2. un du = un+1 + c, n 6= −1.
n+1
�
1. y = un ⇒ y ′ = n un−1 u′ . � du
3. � u = ln |u| + c.
2. y = uv ⇒ y ′ = u′ v + v ′ u. 4. � au du = lna a + c, a > 0, a 6= 1.
u
′ ′u
3. y = uv ⇒ y ′ = u v−v
v2
. 5. � eu du = eu + c.
4. y = au ⇒ y ′ = au (ln a) u′ , (a > 0, a 6= 1). 6. � sen u du = − cos u + c.
5. y = eu ⇒ y ′ = eu u′ . 7. � cos u du = sen u + c.
′
6. y = loga u ⇒ y ′ = uu loga e. 8. � tg u du = ln |sec u| + c.
7. y = ln u ⇒ y ′ = u1 u′ . 9. �cotg u du = ln |sen u| + c.
8. y = uv ⇒ y ′ = v uv−1 u′ + uv (ln u) v ′ . 10. � sec u du = ln |sec u + tg u| + c.
9. y = sen u ⇒ y ′ = u′ cos u. 11. � cosec u du = ln |cosec u − cotg u| + c.
10. y = cos u ⇒ y ′ = −u′ sen u. 12. � sec u tg u du = sec u + c.
11. y = tg u ⇒ y ′ = u′ sec2 u. 13. � cosec u cotg u du = −cosec u + c.
12. y = cotg u ⇒ y ′ = −u′ cosec2 u. 14. � sec2 u du = tg u + c.
13. y = sec u ⇒ y ′ = u′ sec u tg u. 15. � cosec2 u du = −cotg u + c.
14. y = cosec u ⇒ y ′ = −u′ cosec u cotg u. 16. u2du = a1 arc tg ua + c.
u′ +a2
15. y = arc sen u ⇒ y ′ = √1−u . 1
� �
� + c, u2 > a2 .
2
� du � u−a �
′ 17. u2 −a2 = 2a ln � u+a
16. y = arc cos u ⇒ y ′ = √−u . � √ �
1−u2
18. √udu
�
= ln
�
u + u2 + a 2 � + c.
�
u′
17. y = arc tg u ⇒ y ′ = 1+u 2.
2 +a2 �
� du � √ �
−u′ 19. √ 2
= ln �u + u − a � + c.
� 2 �
18. y = arc cot g u ⇒ 1+u2 . u2 −a2

19. y = arc sec u, |u| � 1 20. √adu = arc sen ua + c, u2 < a2 .

�
′ 2 −u2
⇒ y ′ = |u|√uu2 −1 , |u| > 1. √ du = 1 arc sec � u � + c.
� � �
21. u u2 −a2 a a
20. y = arc cosec u, |u| � 1
−u′
⇒ y ′ = |u|√ u2 −1
, |u| > 1.

• Fórmulas de Recorrência
• Identidades Trigonométricas 1. senn au du = − sen �au
� n−1
an
cos au
n−1
senn−2 au du.
��
+ n
1. sen2 x + cos2 x = 1.
2. 1 + tg2 x = sec2 x. cosn au du = sen au cosn−1 au
�
2. an
3. 1 + cotg2 x = cosec2 x. + n−1 cosn−2 au du.
� ��
n
4. sen2 x = 1−cos
2
2x
.
2 1+cos 2x
5. cos x = . tg n au du = tg n−1 au
tg n−2 au du.
� �
2 3. a(n−1) −
6. sen 2x = 2 sen x cos x.
7. 2 sen x cos y = sen (x − y) + sen (x + y). cotg n au du = − cotg
n−1 au
n−2 au du.
� �
4. a(n−1) − cotg
8. 2 sen x sen y = cos (x − y) − cos (x + y).
9. 2 cos x cos y = cos (x� − y)�+ cos (x + y). secn au du = secn−2 au tg au
�
5. a(n−1)
10. 1 ± sen x = 1 ± cos π2 − x . � ��
+ n−2n−1 secn−2 au du.

cosecn au du = − cosec a(n−1)

au cotg au
� n−2
6.
� ��
n−2
+ n−1 cosecn−2 au du.
248 CHAP. 6 Laplace Transforms

6.8 Laplace Transform: General Formulas

Formula Name, Comments Sec.

�
F(s) � l{ f (t)} � �
0
e�stf (t) dt Definition of Transform
6.1
f (t) � l�1{F(s)} Inverse Transform

l{af (t) � bg(t)} � al{ f (t)} � bl{g(t)} Linearity 6.1

l{eatf (t)} � F(s � a)

s-Shifting
l�1{F(s � a)} � eatf (t) (First Shifting Theorem) 6.1

l( f r ) � sl( f ) � f (0)
l( f s ) � s 2l( f ) � sf (0) � f r (0) Differentiation of Function
l( f (n)) � s nl( f ) � s (n�1)f (0) � Á 6.2
Á � f (n�1)(0)
t
le � f (t) dtf � 1s l( f )
0
Integration of Function

t
( f * g)(t) � � f (t)g(t � t) dt
0
t
� � f (t � t)g(t) dt
0
Convolution 6.5

l( f * g) � l( f )l(g)

l{ f (t � a) u(t � a)} � e�asF(s)

˛

t-Shifting
6.3
l�1{e�asF (s)} � f (t � a) u(t � a) (Second Shifting Theorem)

l{tf (t)} � �F r (s) Differentiation of Transform

� 6.6
�
f (t)
le f � F( �
s ) d�
s Integration of Transform
t
s

p 6.4
l( f ) �
1
1 � e�ps
�
0
e�stf (t) dt f Periodic with Period p Project
16
SEC. 6.9 Table of Laplace Transforms 249

6.9 Table of Laplace Transforms

For more extensive tables, see Ref. [A9] in Appendix 1.

F (s) � l{ f (t)}
˛ f (t) Sec.

1 1>s 1
2 1>s 2 t
3 1>s n (n � 1, 2, Á ) t n�1>(n � 1)!
t 6.1
4 1> 1s 1> 1pt
5 1>s 3>2 21t> p
6 1>s a (a � 0) t a�1>�(a)

1
7 eat
s�a
1
8 teat
(s � a)2
1 1 t 6.1
9 n
(n � 1, 2, Á ) t n�1eat
(s � a) (n � 1)!
1 1 k�1 at
10 (k � 0) t e
(s � a) k �(k)

1 1
11 (a � b) (eat � ebt)
(s � a)(s � b) a�b
s 1
12 (a � b) (aeat � bebt)
(s � a)(s � b) a�b

1 1
13 sin vt
2 2 v
s �v
s
14 cos vt
s 2 � v2
1 1
15 sinh at
a

16
s2 � a2
s
cosh at
t 6.1
s2 � a2
1 1 at
17 e sinh vt
2 2 v
(s � a) � v
s�a
18 eat cos vt
2 2
(s � a) � v

1 1
19 (1 � cos vt)
s(s 2 � v2) v2
x 6.2
1 1
20 (vt � sin vt)
s 2(s 2 � v2) v3

(continued )
250 CHAP. 6 Laplace Transforms

Table of Laplace Transforms (continued )

F (s) � l{ f (t)}
˛ f (t) Sec.

1 1
21 (sin vt � vt cos vt)
2 2 2
(s � v ) 2v3
s t
22 sin vt t 6.6
(s 2 � v2) 2 2v
s2 1
23 (sin vt � vt cos vt)
2 2 2 2v
(s � v )
s 1
24 (a 2 � b 2) (cos at � cos bt)
2 2 2 2
(s � a )(s � b ) b � a2
2

1 1
25 (sin kt cos kt � cos kt sinh kt)
4 4
s � 4k 4k 3
s 1
26 sin kt sinh kt
s 4 � 4k 4 2k 2
1 1
27 (sinh kt � sin kt)
s4 � k 4 2k 3
s 1
28 (cosh kt � cos kt)
s4 � k 4 2k 2

1
29 1s � a � 1s � b (ebt � eat)
22pt 3

e�(a�b)t>2I0 a
1 a�b
30 tb I 5.5
1s � a 1s � b 2
1
31 J0(at) J 5.4
2s � a 2 2

s 1
32 eat(1 � 2at)
(s � a) 3>2
1pt
k�1>2
1p t
a b
1
33 (k � 0) Ik�1>2(at) I 5.5
(s 2 � a 2)k �(k) 2a

34 e�as>s u(t � a) 6.3

35 e�as d(t � a) 6.4

1 �k>s
36 e J0(2 1kt) J 5.4
s
1 �k>s 1
37 e cos 2 1kt
1s 1pt
1 1
38 ek>s sinh 21kt
s 3>2
1pk
k 2
39 e�k1s (k � 0) e�k >4t
3
22pt

(continued )
Chapter 6 Review Questions and Problems 251

Table of Laplace Transforms (continued )

F (s) � l{ f (t)}
˛ f (t) Sec.

1
40 ln s �ln t � g (g � 0.5772) g 5.5
s
s�a 1 bt
41 ln (e � eat)
s�b t

s 2 � v2 2
42 ln (1 � cos vt) 6.6
s 2 t
s2 � a2 2
43 ln (1 � cosh at)
s 2 t
v 1
44 arctan sin vt
s t
1 App.
45 arccot s Si(t)
s A3.1

CHAPTER 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. State the Laplace transforms of a few simple functions 15. et>2u(t � 3) 16. u(t � 2p) sin t
from memory. 17. t cos t � sin t 18. (sin vt) * (cos vt)
2. What are the steps of solving an ODE by the Laplace 19. 12t * e�3t
transform?
3. In what cases of solving ODEs is the present method 20–28 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
preferable to that in Chap. 2? Find the inverse transform, indicating the method used and
4. What property of the Laplace transform is crucial in showing the details:
solving ODEs? 7.5 s � 1 �s
5. Is l{ f (t) � g(t)} � l{ f (t)} � l{g(t)}? 20. 2 21. e
s � 2s � 8 s2
l{ f (t)g(t)} � l{ f (t)}l{g(t)}? Explain. 1
16 v cos u � s sin u
6. When and how do you use the unit step function and 22. 23.
1
Dirac’s delta?
2
s �s� 2 s 2 � v2
s 2 � 6.25 6(s � 1)
7. If you know f (t) � l�1{F(s)} , how would you find 24. 25.
l�1{F(s)>s 2 } ? (s 2 � 6.25)2 s4
8. Explain the use of the two shifting theorems from memory. 2s � 10 �5s 3s � 4
26. e 27.
9. Can a discontinuous function have a Laplace transform? s3 s 2 � 4s � 5
Give reason. 3s
10. If two different continuous functions have transforms, 28. 2
s � 2s � 2
the latter are different. Why is this practically important?

11–19 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 29–37 ODEs AND SYSTEMS

Find the transform, indicating the method used and showing Solve by the Laplace transform, showing the details and
the details. graphing the solution:
11. 5 cosh 2t � 3 sinh t 12. e�t(cos 4t � 2 sin 4t) 29. y s � 4y r � 5y � 50t, y(0) � 5, y r (0) � �5
2 1
13. sin (2pt) 14. 16t 2u(t � 14) 30. y s � 16y � 4d(t � p), y(0) � �1, y r (0) � 0