EXPERIMENT 3: PREPARING SOLUTION

Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions. The homogeneous distribution of substances is called
dissolution. Generally, the component of the solution in a higher proportion is called the solvent, in
a lower proportion is called the solute. However, in aqueous solutions, water is always considered a
solvent. If the amount of solute dissolved in the solution is low, the solution is dilute; if the amount
of solute is higher, it is called concentrated solution. The dilution and concentration are relative.
0.5M HCl solution is concentrated according to 0.1 M HCl solution; but dilute according to 5M
HCl solution.

The amount of substance dissolved in a solution is called concentration. The most commonly used
concentration units are; molarity, molality, molar fraction and percent concentration by mass.

The molarity (M) is the mole number of the dissolved substance in the solution. The molality (m)
is the mole number of the solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. The molar fraction (X) is the ratio of
the number of moles of any component in a solution to the total number of moles of all components
in the solution. The percent concentration by mass is the amount of dissolved substance in 100 g
of solution.

When preparing the solution from the solids, it is sufficient to know the molar concentration
(molarity), volume and molar mass of the desired solution. The dilution formula should be used as
the dilution process will be carried out from the liquid when the solution is prepared from liquids. In
addition, in order to find the molar concentration of the stock liquid, the density of the stock
solution, the mass percent concentration and the molar mass of the compound must be known. Care
should be taken when preparing the solution from acids and bases and never add water to the
concentrated acid.

If the solution is to be asked how many ml of solution should be used, the balloon flask with the
desired volume should be used. For example, if a 100 ml solution is desired, a 100 ml flask should
be used. The balloon means 100 ml exactly above the neckline of the joint. Therefore, the neckline
should not be exceeded. If the liquid level is below the neck line, the solution is not completely in
the desired volume and concentration. Therefore, when the solution is added to the desired volume
after the addition of the solute in the solution preparation process, the water should be gradually
added to the narrow part of the volumetric flask so that it does not cross the neckline or remain
under the line.

When preparing the solution from the solids, the weighed solid is added to the flask after the
calculation of how much the solid should be used. Dissolve with some pure water. If the amount of
water is not sufficient to dissolve the solid, a little more water is added. It should be noted here that
the water is not added to the neck line until the solid is completely dissolved. The solid must first be
completely dissolved, then the remainder should be filled with distilled water up to the neckline of
the volumetric flask.
Purpose of the Experiment: Preparation of solutions from solids and liquids.

Tools and Supplies

 Volumetric flask (250ml, 2 pieces)

 Precision scales

 NaOH

 NaCl

 Funnel (2 pieces)

 Graduated cylinder

 Spatula

 Pure water

Experimental Procedure

For Preparation of 0.5M and 250ml NaOH Solution;

1. First, calculate how many grams of NaOH we need to prepare 0.5M 250ml NaOH solution. g
NaOH = 0.25L solution x 0.5mol NaOH / 1L solution x 40g NaOH / 1 mole NaOH = 5g NaOH

2. A little amount of pure water is placed in the 250 ml volumetric flask.

3. Weigh 5g NaOH into the sensitive balance and add it into the flask. Shake well and ensure
complete dissolution of NaOH.

4. After complete dissolution, pure water is added to the neckline of the flask.

For Preparation of 1 M of 1000 ml NaCl solution;

NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58,5g /mol. 1 mol (58.5g NaCl) is taken into a 1 liter volumetric flask and the
pure water is filled up to the signal line and dissolved.
 EXPERIMENT 4: INDICATORS

In the measurements, it was determined that the water conveys a little electric current. So, water is
considered to be a little ionizing. The ionization equation of water is as follows.

The ionization constant of the water is indicated by Kwater

Kwater = [H+] x [OH-]

Since the concentration of water in equilibrium will not change, H2O(s) is not included in the
equilibrium relationship. The acidity of a medium is determined by the molar concentration of
hydrogen ion present in the environment; the degree of basicity is measured by the molar
concentration of the hydroxide ion.

Since Kwater value is lxl0-14 at room temperature; [H+] = 1xl0-7 and [OH-] = 1x10-7.

In 1909, the Danish chemist, Soren Sorensen, called the term pH and defined it as the minus
logarithm of [H+] meaning “hydrogen ion potential”.

Nowadays, pH is expressed as minus logarithm of [H3O+].

Therefore, pH = 7 in neutral solutions, pH < 7 in acidic solutions and pH > 7 in basic solutions.

In this case, indicators that change color at different pHs were obtained. In this experiment, the
color change of various indicators at different pHs will be observed.

Below are the color changing intervals of some indicators in acidic and basic environments.

Indicator Color changing pH Acid Environment Basic Environment

Methyl orange 3,1-4,4 Red Yellow
Methyl red 4,2-6,2 Red Yellow
Litmus 7 Red Blue
Bromothymol blue 6-7,6 Yellow Blue
Phenolphthalein 8,2-10,0 Uncolored Red
Alizarine yellow 10,0-12,0 Yellow Red
Purpose of the Experiment: To examine the behavior of different indicators in acidic and basic
conditions.

Tools
 Tube holder
 Test tube
 0.1 M Na2CO3
 0.1 M NaOH
 0.1 M NH4Cl
 0.1 M C6H5COOH
 Indicators (methyl orange, phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue)
 Dropper bottle (3 pcs)

Experimental Procedure
1. Take 3 test tubes. As shown in the table, 5 ml of 0.1 M Na2CO3 solution is added to each test
tube, respectively.

2. Then two drops of the methyl orange indicator into tube 1, two drops of phenolphthalein
indicator into tube 2, two drops of bromothymol blue indicator in tube 3.

3. The color change and the approximate pH that occur in the following table are recorded.

4. The same procedure is done for other solutions.

Methyl orange Phenolphthalein Bromothymol blue Approx.

pH
0,1 M Na2CO3

0,1 M NaOH

0,1 M NH4Cl

0,1 M C6H5COOH