CLS Aipmt 16 17 XI Che Study Package 2 SET 1 Chapter 8

Chapter 8
Redox Reactions
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. What is the maximum and minimum oxidation state shown by Cr metal?
Sol. Minimum oxidation states for Cr metal is zero.
Maximum oxidation state = Number of valence electron
= +6
Ether
2. K2Cr2O7(aq) + 4H2O2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  K2SO4(aq) + 2CrO5(ether) + 5H2O(l)
Is this a redox reaction? Comment.
+1 +6 +1 +6 –1
Sol. K2Cr2O7 + 4H2O–1
2 + H2 SO4 K2SO4 + 2CrO5 + 5H2O–2
It is not a redox reaction because there is no change in oxidation numbers of any element.
3. Iron reacts with dilute H2SO4 to evolve H2 gas but Ag does not. Why?
Sol. Fe has lower electrode potential than that of hydrogen, therefore, Fe is a better reducing agent than H2 and
hence reduces H+ ions to produce H2 gas.
Fe + 2H+  Fe+2 + H2
In comparison E°red (Ag+/Ag) is greater than hydrogen hence it cannot reduce H+ ions.
4. Give an example of a compound in which the oxidation number is fractional.
8
Sol. Fe3O4 the oxidation number of Fe in the compound is  .
3
Let the oxidation number of Fe is x,
Now,
3x + (–2 + 4) = 0
3x = 8
8
x
3
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64 Redox Reactions Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
5. Identify the oxidants and reductants in the following reactions.

I2(aq) + 2S2O3–2(aq)  2I–(aq) + S4O6–2(aq)
Reduction
0 +4 +2.5
Sol. I2 + 2S2O3–2 2I– + S4O–2
6
Oxidising Reducing
agent agent
Oxidation
6. What is the oxidation state of sodium in sodium amalgam (Na-Hg)?
Sol. Sodium amalgam is simply a homogeneous mixture of the two metals and no chemical reaction has taken
place. Both the metals are in elemental state and their oxidation states are zero.
7. Calculate the average oxidation number of ‘C’ in CH3COOH compound.
Sol. CH3COOH or C2H4O2
2x + 4 – 2 × 2 = 0
2x = 0
x=0
Here oxidation number of ‘C’ in CH3COOH compound is zero.
8. Write down the respective half equations for the given reaction
4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O

–3 +2
Sol. NH3 NO Oxidation half reaction.
0
O2 H2O–2 Reduction half reaction.
9. Define cathode and anode.
Sol. Cathode : The electrode where reduction takes place is called cathode.
Anode : The electrode where oxidation takes place is called anode.
10. What is meant by electrochemical series?
Sol..If the elements are arranged in increasing order of their reducing strengths to form a series that is known as
electrochemical series.
Short Answer Type Questions :
11. Give important functions of salt bridge.
Sol. (i) A salt bridge completes the inner cell circuit.
(ii) A salt bridge prevents the transfer of electrolyte from one half cell to the other.
(iii) A salt bridge maintains the electrical neutrality of the electrolytes in the two half cells.
12. Explain the following redox reactions with one example in each case
(i) Combination reaction
(ii) Decomposition reaction
Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Redox Reactions 65
Sol. (i) Combination reaction : A reaction in which two atoms or molecules combine together to form a third
molecule is called a combination reaction. For example,
0 0 +4
C + O2 CO–2
2
(ii) Decomposition reaction : A reaction in which a molecule breaks down to form two or more components
is called a decomposition reaction. For example,
+1 +5 –2 +1 –1 0
KClO 3 2KCl + 3O2
13. How can you say that the formation of sodium chloride from gaseous sodium and gaseous chlorine is a redox
reaction?
Sol. Na(g)  Na+(g) + e–] × 2 Oxidation

Cl2(g) + 2e–  2Cl–(g) Reduction
2Na(g) + Cl2(g)  2Na+Cl–(s)
14. Identify the redox reaction

(i) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)   2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
(ii) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Reduction
+3 +2 0 +4
Sol. (i) Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
Oxidation
Hence, it is a redox reaction.

+2 +4 +2 +4
(ii) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
There is no change in oxidation state of Ca, C and O. So, it is not a redox reaction.
15. What is the range of oxidation state for nitrogen? Give example in each case.
Sol. Maximum oxidation number = +5

Minimum oxidation number = –3
Oxidation state range is –3 to +5. For example,

–3 NH3
–2 N2H4
–1 NH2OH
0 N2
+1 N2O
+2 NO
+3 N2O3
+4 N2O4
+5 HNO3
16. Draw the structure of H2SO5, CrO5 and NO3– and also mention the oxidation state of each atom.
Sol. H2SO5
O–2
+1 –2 –1 –1 +1
H O S+6 O O H
O–2
CrO5
O–2
–1
O O–1
+6
Cr
–1
O O–1
NO3–
+5
O–2
–
O N
O–2
17. Why nitric acid acts as an oxidising agent only but nitrous acid can act as an oxidising as well as reducing
agent?
Sol. In nitric acid, N is in maximum oxidation state (+5), therefore, it can only decrease by accepting electrons.
Hence, HNO3 acts only as an oxidising agent.
Nitrous acid (HNO2) : Oxidation number of N is = +3

Maximum oxidation state of N = +5
Minimum oxidation state of N = –3

Thus, the oxidation number of N can either increase by losing electrons or can decrease its O.S. by accepting
electrons. Therefore, HNO2 acts both as an oxidising as well as a reducing agent.
18. What is the oxidation number of the underlined element in each of the following species?
(i) KI 3
(ii) CH3CH2OH
(iii) NaHSO4
(iv) KAl(SO4)2 12H2O
Sol. (i) KI3

+1 + 3x = 0
1
x
3
(ii) CH3CH2OH or C2H6O

2x + 1 × 6 – 2 = 0
2x = –4
x = –2
(iii) NaHSO4
+1 + 1 + x – 2 × 4 = 0
x = +6
(iv) KAl(SO4)2 12H2O
+1 + 3 + 2x – 2 × 8 + 12 × 0 = 0
2x – 12 = 0
x = +6
19. Find out the oxidation number of Cl in HCl, HClO, HClO3, ClO4–, Cl2, ClO2.
Sol. HCl :
+1 +x = 0
x = –1
HClO :
+1 + x – 2 = 0
x = +1
HClO3 :
+1 + x – 2 × 3 = 0
x = +5
ClO4– :
x – 2 × 4 = –1
x – 8 = –1
x = +7
Cl2 :
x=0
ClO2 :
x–2×2=0
x = +4
20. Write half equations for each of the following redox reaction :
(i) Zn(s) + PbCl2(aq)  Pb(s) + ZnCl2(aq)
(ii) 2Fe+3(aq) + 2I–(aq)  I2(aq) + 2Fe+2(aq)
Reduction
+2 0 +2
Sol. (i) Zn + PbCl2 Pb + ZnCl2
Oxidation
0 +2
Zn ZnCl2; Oxidation half
+2 0
PbCl2 Pb; Reduction half
Oxidation
0
(ii) 2Fe+3 + 2I– I2 + 2Fe+2
Reduction
2Fe+3 2Fe+2; Reduction half

2I– I2; Oxidation half
21. Consider the following reactions and write the anodic and cathodic reactions for the galvanic cell.
(i) 2Fe+3(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)  2Fe+2(aq) + Cl2(g)
(ii) 2Cr(s) + 3Cu+2  3Cu(s) + 2Cr+3
Sol. (i) At cathode
2e– + 2Fe+3 2Fe+2
At anode
2Cl– Cl2 + 2e–
(ii) At cathode
[2e– + Cu+2 Cu(s)] × 3
At anode
[Cr(s) Cr+3 + 3e–] × 2
22. Balance the following ionic reaction with the help of oxidation number method.

OH
MnO4  I   MnO2  IO3
O.N. increases by 6 units
+7 +4 +5
Sol. MnO–4 + I– MnO2 + IO–3
O.N. decreases by 3 units
Balancing charge
2MnO4– + I– 2MnO2 + IO3– + H2O
Balancing ‘H’ and ‘O’
2MnO4– + I– + H2O 2MnO2 + IO3– + 2OH–
23. Find out the oxidation number of sulphur in
(i) S2O3–2 (ii) S2O4–2 (iii) S2O8–2
Sol. (i) S2O3–2
2x – 2 × 3 = –2
2x = 4
 x = +2
(ii) S2O4–2
2x – 2 × 4 = –2
2x = 6
x = +3
(iii) S2O8–2
2x – 2 × 8 = –2
2x = 14
x = +7, but it is not possible
O–2 O–2
–1 –1
–
O S+6 O O S+6 O–
O–2 O–2
Here two ‘O’ atoms are in peroxide linkage. So, oxidation state of ‘S’ atom is +6.
24. Balance the following equation in basic medium by half reaction method.
AsO3–3 + MnO4–  AsO4–3 + Mn2O3
Sol. AsO–3 –
3 + MnO4 AsO–3
4 + Mn2 O3
Balancing charge
+3 +7 +5 +3
AsO–3 –
3 + MnO4 AsO–3
4 + Mn2O3
+3 +5
AsO–3
3 AsO–3
4 + 2e
–

+3
AsO–3
3 + 2OH
–
AsO–3 –
4 + 2e + H2O ...(i)] × 4
Balancing charge and ‘O’

+7 +3
2MnO–4 + 8e– Mn2O3 + 5H2O
2MnO4– + 8e– + 5H2O Mn2O3 + 10OH– ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii),

4AsO3–3 + 2MnO4– + H2O 4AsO4–3 + Mn2O3 + 2OH–
25. How many grams of K2Cr2O7 are required to oxidise 15.2 g of FeSO4 in acidic medium?
Sol. K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3
Cr2O7–2 + Fe+2 Fe+3 + Cr+3

Balance the ionic reaction
+6
Cr2O7–2 + Fe +2 Fe+3 + Cr+3
O.N. increases
by 1 unit
+6
Cr2O–2
7 + Fe
+2
Fe+3 + 2Cr+3
O.N. decreases by 3 × 2 = 6 units
14H+ + Cr2O–2
7 + 6Fe
+2
6Fe+3 + 2Cr+3 + 7H2O
Now,
14H+ + K2Cr2O7– + 6FeSO4 6Fe+3 + 2Cr+3 + 7H2O
1 mole 6 mole 6 mole

39 × 2 + 2 + 52 + 16 × 7 (56 + 32 + 64) × 6 g
= 294 g = 152 × 6 g
152 × 6 g FeSO4 required 294 g K2Cr2O7
294 15.2
 15.2 g FeSO4 required = 
152  6 10
= 4.9 g
26. Define metal displacement reaction and non-metal displacement reaction. Give two example of each type.
Sol. Metal displacement reaction :

If a metal in the compound is displaced by some other metal in the element state is called metal displacement
reaction. For example
Cr2O3 + 2Al  2Cr + Al2O3
V2O5 + 5Ca  2V + 5CaO

Non-metal displacement reaction :
If a metal or a non-metal displaces another non-metal from its compound is called non-metal displacement
reaction. For example
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

Cl2 + 2KBr  2KCl + Br2
27. How sulphur shows disproportionation reaction? Give an example.
Oxidation
0
Sol. S8 S–2 + S2O2–
3
Reduction
S8 + OH–  S–2 + S2O32–
28. In passing chlorine gas through a concentrated solution of alkali, we get chloride and chlorate ions. Obtain a
balanced chemical equation for this reaction and also identify the type of reaction.
0 +5
–
Sol. Cl2 + OH Cl– + ClO–3 + H2O
Reduction
Oxidation
It is a disproportionation reaction.
Balancing charge
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl–
0 +5
12OH– + Cl2 2ClO–3 + 10e – + 6H2O
Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl–] × 5

Cl2 + 12OH– 2ClO3– + 10e– + 6H2O
6Cl2 + 12OH– 10Cl– + 2ClO3– + 6H2O

or
3Cl2 + 6OH– 5Cl– + ClO3– + 3H2O
29. Define oxidation in terms of classical concept with suitable example.
Sol. Oxidation
(i) Addition of oxygen
1
Zn + O  ZnO
2 2
(ii) Removal of hydrogen

H2S  S
(iii) Addition of electronegative element
Mg + Cl2  MgCl2
(iv) Removal of electronegative element
KI  I2
30. Identify the species undergoing oxidation and reduction.
(i) CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
(ii) 2H2S + O2  2S + 2H2O
(iii) CH2 = CH2 + H2  CH3 – CH3

(iv) 2HgO   2Hg + O2
Reduction
–4 0 +4 –2
Sol. (i) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Oxidation
Reduction
0 0
(ii) 2H2S–2 + O2 2S + 2H2O–2
Oxidation
Oxidation
–2 0 –3 +1
(iii) CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 – CH3
Reduction
Oxidation
+2 –2 0 0
(iv) 2HgO 2Hg + O2
Reduction
Long Answer Type Questions :
31. Explain the term
(i) Oxidation
(ii) Reduction
(iii) Oxidising agent
(iv) Reducing agent in terms of electronic concept
Give two examples in each case.
Sol. Let us consider a redox reaction :
Reduction
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
Oxidation
According to chemical bonding, here NaCl is an ionic compound. Hence, the above reaction we can write as
–
Gain of 2e
+ –
2Na + Cl2 2Na + 2Cl
–
Loss of 2e
Here the above processes can be considered in two separate steps, one involving the loss of electrons and
the other, the gain of electrons.
2Na  2Na+ (loss of e–)
Cl2  2Cl– (gain of e–)
Each of the above steps is called a half reaction. Sum of the half reactions gives the overall redox reaction.
From the above reaction it is clear that “Half reactions that involve loss of electrons are called oxidation
reactions”.
Similarly, “the half reactions that involve gain of electrons are called reduction reactions”.
For example :
Reduction
+ –2
4Na + O2 2Na2O
(Reducing (Oxidising
agent) agent)
Oxidation
According to electronic concept, “oxidising agent is a substance which can accept one or more electrons”.
And “the reducing agent is a substance which can give one or more electrons”.
32. Define oxidation number. Write the general rules of assigning oxidation numbers to various atoms in ions and
molecules.
Sol. “The oxidation number is defined as the charge which an atom of the element has in its ion or appears
to have when present in the combined state with other atoms. Oxidation numbers are also called
oxidation states”.
Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
The oxidation number of an atom in a molecule or ions can be calculated with the help of the following rules:
1. The oxidation number of an element in its elementary form is zero. For example, H2, O2, N2, Cl2, P4,
Na, Mg, Fe etc., have zero oxidation number.
2. In a single monoatomic ion, the oxidation number of the atom is the same as the charge on the ion. For
example, oxidation number of Na in Na+ ion is +1 while that of O in O–2 ion is –2.
3. In compounds with non-metals, the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 (e.g., HCl, H2S, H2O etc). But
in metal hydrides (metal atom is more electropositive) the oxidation number of hydrogen is –1 (e.g., LiH,
NaH, CaH2, MgH2 etc).
4. The oxidation number of oxygen is –2 in most of its compounds, except in peroxides like H2O2, BaO2
etc. where it is –1. Other interesting exceptions are found in the compounds : OF2 (oxygen difluoride)
and O2F2 (dioxygen difluoride) where the oxidation number of oxygen are +2 and +1 respectively. This
is due to the fact that fluorine being the most electronegative element known has always an oxidation
number of –1.
5. In compounds of metals and non-metals, the metal atoms have positive oxidation number while the non-
metal atoms have negative oxidation number. For example, in MgCl2 the oxidation number of Mg is +2
while that of Cl is –1.
6. In compounds involving the combination of two non-metallic atoms, the atom with higher electronegativity
is assigned negative oxidation number while the other atom is given positive oxidation number.
For example, in HCl oxidation number of Cl is –1 while that of hydrogen is +1. Similarly, in NH3, the
oxidation number of N is –3 while that of H is +1. However, in NCl3, the oxidation number of N is +3
and that of Cl is –1. Since, chlorine is more electronegative in this case.
7. In neutral compounds, the sum of the oxidation number of all the atoms in the ion is equal to zero.
8. In complex ions or polyatomic ions, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in the ion is equal
to the charge on the ion.
For example, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all the four oxygen atoms and one sulphur atom in
the sulphate ion SO4–2 ion is –2.
33. Explain the term
(i) Oxidation potential
(ii) Reduction potential
(iii) Oxidising agent in terms of electrode potential
(iv) Reducing agent in terms of electrode potential
Give suitable examples.
Sol. Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Oxidation Number
Based upon the concept of oxidation number “oxidation is a chemical change in which there is an increase
in oxidation number”.
On the other hand, reduction is a chemical change in which there is a decrease in the oxidation number. For
example :
The reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
0 +1 –1 +2 –1 0
Zn + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 + H2
Here, the oxidation number of zinc (Zn) increases from 0 to +2 indicating that zinc metal is undergoing oxidation
and on the other hand, oxidation number of H decreases from +1 to 0 that indicates hydrogen ion is undergoing
reduction.
Reduction
0 +1 –2 0
Zn + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 + H2
Oxidation
Similarly, oxidising and reducing agents can be defined as follow :
Oxidising agent is a substance which increases the oxidation number of other substance in a chemical
reaction or the oxidation number of oxidising agent decreases.
Reducing agent is a substance which decreases the oxidation number of other substances in a chemical
reaction or the oxidation number of reducing agent increases.
For example :
+4 0 0 +3
3MnO2 + 4Al 3Mn + 2Al2O3
Here, MNO2 is reduced and Al is oxidised. Thus, Al acts as a reducing agent and MnO2 acts as an oxidising
agent.
34. Balance the equation by ion electron method
(i) P4 + OH–  PH3 + H2PO2–
(ii) I2 + NO3–  IO3– + NO2 (acidic medium)
Sol. (i) P4 + OH– PH3 + H2PO2–
Reduction half
0 –3
P4 + 12e– 4PH3
Oxidation half
0 +1
P4 4H 2PO–2 + 4e–
0
P4 + 12H2O + 12e– 4PH3 + 12OH–
0
P4 + 8H2O + 8OH– 4H2PO2– + 4e– + 8H2O] × 3
0
P4 + 12H2O + 12e– 4PH3 + 12OH–
0
3P4 + 24H2O + 24OH– 12H2PO2– + 12e– + 24H2O
4P4 + 12H2O + 12OH– 4PH3 + 12H2PO2–
or
P4 + 3H2O + 3OH– PH3 + 3H2PO2–
(ii) I2 + NO3– IO3– + NO2
Oxidation half
0 +5
I2 2IO–3
Reduction half
+5 +4
NO–3 NO 2
0 +5
6H2O + I2 2IO–3 + 10e– + 12H+
+5 +4
2H+ + NO–3 + e– NO2 + H2O] × 10
I2 + 6H2O 2IO3– + 10e– + 12H+
10NO3– + 20H+ + 10e– 10NO2 + 10H2O
I2 + 10NO3– + 8H+ 2IO3– + 10NO2 + 4H2O
35. Explain the redox titration by using
(i) Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
(ii) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
Sol. (i) Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) :
It is a versatile and strong oxidising agent used in estimation of many reducing agents such as Fe+2 ions,
oxalates ions etc. In these titrations, no indicator is used because KMnO4 is itself intensely coloured.
So, KMnO4 acts as a self indicator and when it is titrated against a reducing agent its colour disappears.
As soon as the reducing agent has been used up, the additional single drop of potassium permanganate
gives a tinge of pink colour to the solution. For example, pink colour appears as MnO4– concentration
as low as 10–6 mol L–1. This ensures a minimal ‘overshoot’ in the colour beyond the equivalence point
i.e., the point where the reductant and oxidant are equal in terms of their stoichiometry.
The reaction for titration of MnO4– against Fe+2 ions is
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e–  Mn+2 + 4H2O
[Fe+2  Fe+3 + e–] × 5
MnO4– + 5Fe+2 + 8H+  Mn+2 + 5Fe+3 + 4H2O
(ii) Acidified Potassium Dichromate :
K2Cr2O7 is also used as an oxidising agent in redox titrations. It is relatively weak oxidising agent as
compared to KMnO4. However, unlike KMnO4, it does not act as a self indicator because no dramatic
auto-colour change occurs in these titrations. In these titrations, indicators such as diphenylamine,
potassium ferricyanide K3[Fe(CN)6] are commonly used. For example, K2Cr2O7 oxidises the indicator just
after the equivalence point to give intense blue colour indicating the end point. The chemical equation
showing Cr2O7–2 as an oxidising agent is
Cr2O7–2 + 14H+ + 6e–  2Cr+3 + 7H2O
36. Explain the iodometric titration with the help of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution.
Sol. Iodine (I2) :
It also acts as a mild oxidising agent in solution according to the reaction.
I2 + 2e–  2I–
Iodine can be used for titrating strong reducing agents like sodium thiosulphate according to the reaction.
I2(aq) + S2O3–2(aq)  2I–(aq) + S4O6–2(aq)
These titration in which iodine is directly titrated against a reducing agent are called iodimetric titrations.
These is another method in which iodine is liberated from potassium iodide by some oxidising agent and
liberated iodine is titrated against standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
These titrations in which liberated iodine from an oxidising agent is titrated against a standard solution of sodium
thiosulphate are called iodometric titration. For example :
Cu+2 ion concentration is estimated by oxidising I– ions (from KI) to liberate I2, which is titrated against
Na2S2O3.
2Cu+2(aq) + 4I–(aq)  Cu2I2(s) + I2(aq)
2Na2S2O3 + I2  2NaI + Na2S4O6
In these iodometric titrations, end point can be detected by adding freshly prepared starch solution. It reacts
with iodine to form intensely blue-coloured complex. Appearance or disappearance of iodine can be identified
very sharply by this method.
37. Draw the Daniell cell with Cu and Zn redox couple.

Sol. Current flow
Electron flow Switch
Anode Cathode
Salt
bridge
Oxidation Reduction
Zn  Zn2+ + 2e– Cu + 2e–  Cu
2+
38. What is electrochemical series? Write two applications of it.
Sol. If the oxidising agents arranged in decreasing order of their strength is called the activity or electrochemical
series.
Es/V
–
Reaction (Oxidised form + ne  Reduced form)
–
F2(g) + 2e–  2F 2.87
3+ – 2+
Co + e  Co 1.81
+
H2O2 + 2H + 2e–  2H2O 1.78
– + – 2+
MnO4 + 8H + 5e  Mn + 4H2O 1.51
3+
Au + 3e–  Au(s) 1.40
– –
Cl2(g) + 2e  2Cl 1.36
2– + – 3+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e  2Cr + 7H2O 1.33
+ –
O2(g) + 4H + 4e  2H2O 1.23
+ – 2+
MnO2(s) + 4H + 2e  Mn + 2H2O 1.23
– –
Br2 + 2e  2Br 1.09
3– + –
NO + 4H + 3e  NO(g) + 2H2O 0.97
2+ – 2+
2Hg + 2e  Hg2 0.92
+ –
Ag + e  Ag(s) 0.80
Increasing strength of oxidising agent
Increasing strength of reducing agent

3+ – 2+
Fe + e  Fe 0.77
+ –
O2(g) + 2H + 2e  H2O2 0.68
– –
I2(s) + 2e  2I 0.54
+ –
Cu + e  Cu(s) 0.52
2+
Cu + 2e–  Cu(s) 0.34
– –
AgCl(s) + e  Ag(s) + Cl 0.22
–
AgBr(s) + e–  Ag(s) + Br 0.10
+ –
2H + 2e  H2(g) 0.00
2+
Pb + 2e–  Pb(s) –0.13
2+ –
Sn + 2e  Sn(s) –0.14
2+ –
Ni + 2e  Ni(s) –0.25
2+ –
Fe + 2e  Fe(s) –0.44
3+ –
Cr + 3e  Cr(s) –0.74
2+ –
Zn + 2e  Zn(s –0.76
– –
2H2O + 2e  H2(g) + 2OH –0.83
3+ –
Al + 3e  Al(s) –1.66
2+ –
Mg + 2e  Mg(s) –2.36
+ –
Na + e  Na(s) –2.71
2+ –
Ca + 2e  Ca(s) –2.87
+ –
K +e  K(s) –2.93
+ –
Li + e  Li(s) –3.05
39. What happens when we place a strip of metallic zinc (Zn) in an aqueous solution of copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2)
for about one hour. Explain the observation.
Sol. Place a strip of metallic zinc (Zn) in an aqueous solution of copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) for about one hour.
Zn rod
2+
Intensity of Finally Cu Cu deposited
blue colour ions are over Zn rod
Copper nitrate decreases deposited
solution as Cu
Initial stage Intermediate Final stage
stage
The following changes are observed :
(i) Zinc rod gradually starts dissolving.
(ii) Reddish brown copper metal starts depositing on the zinc rod.
(iii) The blue colour of Cu(NO3)2 solution starts fading and ultimately becomes colourless. The formation of
Zn+2 ions, among the products can be easily detected when the colour of the solution due to Cu+2 ions
starts fading. If hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is passed through the solution containing Zn+2 ions, formation
of white ZnS can be seen.
(iv) The reaction is exothermic and the solution becomes hot.
(v) The solution remains electrically neutral.
The reaction between metallic zinc and the aqueous solution of Cu(NO3)2 is
Zn(s) + Cu+2(aq)  Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s)
In this reaction, zinc loses electrons to form Zn+2 ions. Therefore, zinc gets oxidised. Evidently, now if Zn is
oxidised, releasing electrons something must be reduced, accepting the electrons lost by zinc. Copper ion
is reduced by gaining electrons from the zinc.
Now, above reaction may be written as :
Reduction
2+ +2
Zn(s) + Cu (aq) Zn (aq) + Cu(s)
–
Gain of 2e (reduction)
Let us now investigate the state of equilibrium of above reaction. For this purpose, place a rod of Cu in a
ZnSO4 (zinc sulphate) solution. No visible reaction is noticed and all attempts to detect the presence of Cu+2
ions in solution by passing H2S gas fail since no black precipitate of CuS is formed. We therefore, conclude
that the state of equilibrium or reaction greatly favours the products over the reactants.
40. Give three reactions each, which shows the oxidising action of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7.
Sol. K2Cr2O7 + 4 H2SO4 + 3 H2O  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7 H2O + 3S
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3 SO2  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 7 H2SO4 + 6 KI  4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 +3 I2 + 7 H2O
2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4 + 10 FeSO4  2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 8 H2O
2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 3 H2SO4  2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O + K2SO4
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 5 NaNO2  2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5 NaNO3 + 3 H2O
41. How oxidation number concept is useful in naming of those compound which have more than one oxidation
state?
Sol. The compounds of metals which show more than one oxidation states are distinguished from one another by
placing a roman numeral indicating the oxidation state of the metal within parenthesis after the symbol or name
of the metal.
For example :
FeCl2 – Iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 – Iron(III) chloride
Hg2Cl2 – Mercury(I) chloride
HgCl2 – Mercury(II) chloride
SnO2 – Tin(IV) oxide etc.
Stock system of nomenclature is not used for non-metals.
42. How can we calculate the variable oxidation state of an element in periodic table?
Sol. Metals invariably have positive oxidation state while non-metals may have positive or negative oxidation states.
Transition metals usually display several oxidation states. The highest positive oxidation states for
s-block = group number

p-block = group number-10
(except noble
gases)
In other words, the highest positive oxidation state increases across a period in the periodic table.
Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Compound NaCl MgSO4 AlF3 SiCl4 PF5, P2O5 SF6, SO3 HClO4, Cl2O7
Oxidation state +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
43. How can we conclude, the given compound acts as an oxidising agent, reducing agent and oxidising as well
as reducing agent in any chemical reaction?
Sol. 1. An element in its highest possible oxidation state in a compound behave as an oxidising agent.
Example :
Mn in KMnO4
N in HNO3
Cl in HClO4
2. An element in its lowest possible oxidation state in a compound behaves as an reducing agent.
Example :
S in Na2S
Sn in SnCl2
3. An element in its intermediate oxidation state in a compound behaves both as an oxidising agent and
reducing agent.
Example :
O in H2O2
N in HNO2
S in SO2
44. Explain
(i) Combination reaction
(ii) Decomposition reaction
Sol. The redox reactions may be classified into the following types :
1. Combination Reaction
The chemical reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance are called
combination reactions.
A combination reaction may be expressed as
A + B  AB
For this reaction to be a redox reaction, either one or both A and B must be in the elemental form. All
combustion reactions in which elemental oxygen is used and all other reactions which involve elements
other than oxygen are redox reaction.
For example :
0 0 +4 –2
C + O2 CO2
0 0 +2 –3
3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
0 0 +2 –2
Fe + S FeS
etc.
2. Decomposition Reaction
The chemical reactions in which a compound breaks up into two or more simple substances are called
decomposition reactions. The decomposition reactions are the opposite of combination reactions.
For a decomposition reaction to be a redox reaction, at least one of the components formed after the
break-down of the compound must be in the elemental state. Some common examples of redox
decomposition reactions are
+1 –2 0 0

2H2O 2H2 + O2
+1 –1 0 0

2NaH 2Na + H2
+1 +5 –2 –1 0

2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O2
It may be noted that all decomposition reactions are not redox reactions. For example, decomposition
of CaCO3(s) is not a redox reaction because it does not involve change in oxidation number of elements.
+2 +4 –2 +2 –2 +4 –2
CaCO 3(s) CaO + CO 2
45. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined element in the following species.
(i) SO2 (ii) NH3
(iii) HIO3 (iv) H3PO4
(v) CO2 (vi) CO3–2
(vii) CrO4–2 (viii) MnO4–
(ix) H3O+ (x) SO4–2
Sol. (i) SO2
x–2×2=0
x = +4
(ii) NH3
x+1×3=0
x = –3
(iii) HIO3
+1 + x – 2 × 3 = 0
x = +5
(iv) H3PO4
+1 × 3 + x – 2 × 4 = 0
x = +5
(v) CO2
x–2×2=0
x = +4
(vi) CO3–2
x – 2 × 3 = –2
x = +4
(vii) CrO4–2
x – 2 × 4 = –2
x = +6
(viii) MnO4–
x – 2 × 4 = –1
x = +7
(ix) H3O+
+1 × 3 + x = +1
x = –2
(x) SO4–2
x – 2 × 4 = –2
x = +6
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. Prove that the following reaction is a redox reaction.
3CuO + 2NH3  3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
Reduction
+2 –3 0 0
Sol. 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
Oxidation
2. Define a disproportionation reaction.

Sol. If an element undergoes oxidation as well as reduction in a single reaction it is called a disproportionation
reaction.
Oxidation
–1 –2 0
2H 2O 2 2H 2O + O 2
Reduction
3. Identify the oxidising and reducing agent in the following.

2Cu+2 + 4I–  2CuI + I2
Oxidation
+1 –1 0
Sol. 2Cu+2 + 4I– 2CuI + I2
O.A. R.A.
Reduction
Here Cu+2 is oxidant and I– is reductant.

4. Give an example of a compound in which the oxidation number of an element have fractional value.
Sol. Fe3O4
8
Here O.N. of Fe is 
3
3x – 8 = 0
8
 x
3
5. The reduction potentials of following reactions are

Cl2 + 2e– = 2Cl–; E° = 1.36 V
F2 + 2e– = 2F–; E° = 2.87 V
Which is a better oxidising agent?
Sol. Higher the reduction potential, better is the oxidant.
Hence, F2 is better oxidising agent.
Short Answer Type Questions :
6. Define oxidation, reduction, oxidising agent and reducing agent in terms of oxidation number. Give one example
in each case.
Sol. Oxidation increases in oxidation number
Fe+2  Fe+3
Reduction decreases in oxidation number
7
MnO4 
 Mn2
Oxidising agent which accept electron.
Reducing agent which looses electron.
7
MnO4  Fe2 
 Fe3  Mn2
Oxidising Reducing
agent Agent
7. Draw the structures of S2O3–2 and S4O6–2 ions with its oxidation state.
O–2
Sol. S2O–2
3
–
O S+6 O–
S–2
O–2 O–2
0 0
–
O S+5 S S S+5 O–
O–2 O–2
8. Write formulae for the following compounds :
(i) Mercury (II) chloride
(ii) Tin (IV) oxide
(iii) Iron (III) sulphate
(iv) Chromium(III) oxide
Sol. (i) HgCl2
(ii) SnO2
(iii) Fe2(SO4)3
(iv) Cr2O3
9. Split the following redox reactions in the oxidation and reduction half reactions :
(i) 2K + Cl2  2KCl
(ii) 2Al + 3Cu+2  2Al+3 + 3Cu
Sol. (i) 2K + Cl2  2KCl
2K  2K+ + 2e– Oxidation half
2e– + Cl2  2Cl– Reduction half
(ii) 2Al + 3Cu+2  2Al+3 + 3Cu
Al  Al+3 + 3e– Oxidation half
2e– + Cu+2  Cu Reduction half
Long Answer Type Questions :
10. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined element
(i) MnO2
(ii) HClO
(iii) HPO4–2
(iv) Na2Cr2O7
(v) HCO3–
(vi) C6H12O6
Sol. (i) MnO2
x–2×2=0
x = +4
(ii) HClO
+1 + x – 2 = 0
x = +1
(iii) HPO4–2
+1 + x – 2 × 4 = –2
x = +5
(iv) Na2Cr2O7
+1 × 2 + 2x – 2 × 7 = 0
x = +6
(v) HCO3–
+1 + x – 2 × 3 = –1
x = +4
(vi) C6H12O6
6x + 12 × 1 + – 2 × 6 = 0
6x = 0
11. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction of potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7) with sodium sulphite,
(Na2SO3) in acidic medium to give chromium (III) ion and sulphate ion.
H
Sol. K2Cr2O7 + Na2SO3 
 Cr+3 + SO4–2
Cr2O7–2 + SO3–2  Cr+3 + SO4–2
6
14H  Cr2O72  6e  2Cr 3  7H2O
4 6
H2O  SO32 
 SO42  2e   2H ]  3
Cr2O7–2 + 14H+ + 6e–  2Cr+3 + 7H2O
3H2O + 3SO3–2  3SO4–2 + 6e– + 6H+
Cr2O7–2 + 3SO3–2 + 8H+  2Cr+3 + 3SO4–2 + 4H2O

12. To which species the following species are oxidised by KMnO4/H2SO4?
(i) S2–
(ii) Fe2+
(iii) SO2
(iv) I–
(v) SO32–
(vi) NO2–
Sol. (i) S
(ii) Fe3+
(iii) SO42–
(iv) I2
(v) SO42–
(vi) NO3–
13. Suggest a scheme for the classification of the following redox reactions.
(i) 3Mg(s) + N2(g)  Mg3N2(s)
Heat
(ii) 2KClO3(s)   2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
(iii) 3Cl2(g) + 6OH–  ClO3–(aq) + 5Cl–(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Reduction
Oxidation
0 0 +2 –3
Sol. (i) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
Combination redox reaction.
+5 –2  –1 0
(ii) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
It is decomposition redox reaction.

Reduction
0 +5
(iii) 3Cl2 + 6OH– ClO–3 + 5Cl–
Oxidation
It is a disproportionation reaction.
14. Draw the diagram for the galvanic cell which represents the following chemical reaction.
Zn(s) + CuSO4  Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
(i) Write the reaction occurring at each electrode.

(ii) Name the salt to be taken in the salt bridge.
(iii) Which of the electrode is –vely charged?
Sol. Electron
V flow
Current
flow
e– SO2–
4 Salt bridge K
+ e–
– Containing +
K2SO4
Anode Cathode
Zinc rod Copper rod

Zn2+ SO2–
4
ZnSO4 CuSO4
Cu2+
solution solution
(i) At cathode
2e
Cu+2(aq)  Cu(s)
At anode
2e 
Zn(s)  Zn+2(aq)
At cathode
Cu2+(aq) + 2e–  Cu(s)
(ii) KNO3 or KCl or K2SO4
(iii) Zinc electrode (anode).


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CLS Aipmt 16 17 XI Che Study Package 2 SET 1 Chapter 8

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Chapter 8

5. Identify the oxidants and reductants in the following reactions.

6. What is the oxidation state of sodium in sodium amalgam (Na-Hg)?

7. Calculate the average oxidation number of ‘C’ in CH3COOH compound.

Sol. CH3COOH or C2H4O2

Here oxidation number of ‘C’ in CH3COOH compound is zero.

4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O

9. Define cathode and anode.

Anode : The electrode where oxidation takes place is called anode.

10. What is meant by electrochemical series?

Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Give important functions of salt bridge.

Sol. (i) A salt bridge completes the inner cell circuit.

(i) Combination reaction

(ii) Decomposition reaction

Sol. Na(g)  Na+(g) + e–] × 2 Oxidation

2Na(g) + Cl2(g)  2Na+Cl–(s)

14. Identify the redox reaction

(ii) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Hence, it is a redox reaction.

Sol. Maximum oxidation number = +5

Oxidation state range is –3 to +5. For example,

Nitrous acid (HNO2) : Oxidation number of N is = +3

Minimum oxidation state of N = –3

Sol. (i) KI3

(ii) CH3CH2OH or C2H6O

(ii) 2Fe+3(aq) + 2I–(aq)  I2(aq) + 2Fe+2(aq)

2Fe+3 2Fe+2; Reduction half

O.N. increases by 6 units

Balancing ‘H’ and ‘O’

Balancing charge and ‘O’

2MnO4– + 8e– + 5H2O Mn2O3 + 10OH– ...(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii),

Cr2O7–2 + Fe+2 Fe+3 + Cr+3

1 mole 6 mole 6 mole

Sol. Metal displacement reaction :

V2O5 + 5Ca  2V + 5CaO

2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

27. How sulphur shows disproportionation reaction? Give an example.

S8 + OH–  S–2 + S2O32–

Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl–] × 5

6Cl2 + 12OH– 10Cl– + 2ClO3– + 6H2O

(ii) Removal of hydrogen

Long Answer Type Questions :

31. Explain the term

(iii) Oxidising agent

(iv) Reducing agent in terms of electronic concept

Give two examples in each case.

Sol. Let us consider a redox reaction :

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

2Na  2Na+ (loss of e–)

Cl2  2Cl– (gain of e–)

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

33. Explain the term

(i) Oxidation potential

(ii) Reduction potential

(iii) Oxidising agent in terms of electrode potential

(iv) Reducing agent in terms of electrode potential