Learning objectives:

1. Need for classification of

elements

2. Evolution of Periodic
Table
Why classification of elements was
needed?????
It’s easy to understand things if
they are organised
 Attempts for classification of
ELEMENTS

1. Döbereiner’s Triads

2. Newlands law of Octaves

3. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

4. The Modern Periodic Table

 Dobereiner’s Triads

When elements are arranged in

a group of three in increasing
order of their atomic masses
the atomic mass of the second
element is the average of other
two
Dobereiner’s Triads
Drawbacks of Dobereiner’s triads

❖ Applicable only for some

elements
❖ It does not hold good for very
low & very high mass elements
 Newlands law of Octaves

if the elements are arranged

according to increasing atomic
weight, those with similar
physical and chemical
properties occur after each
interval of seven elements
Newlands law of Octaves
 Merits of Newlands law of
Octaves

1. Provided basis for the

classification of elements on the
basis of having similar
properties into groups

1. Periodicity as a property was

recognised for the first time

1. Logically based on atomic

weight
Demerits of Newlands law of
Octaves

1. Several elements into the the

same slot
2. Elements with dissimilar
properties are also grouped
together
3. New elements yet to be
discovered couldn’t fit in this
table
4. Holds true only upto Ca
5. Discovery of noble gases
 Demerits of Newlands law of
Octaves

Applicable only upto Calcium

 Mendeleev’s Periodic
table

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law

“The properties of elements are

periodic function of their atomic
masses”
Mendeleev’s Periodic
table
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic
table

1. Left some blank spaces for

elements yet to be discovered
2. Corrected the atomic mass of
some of the elements like Au & Pt
Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic
table

1. Position of Hydrogen
2. Increase in atomic mass is not
regular
3. No explanation for the cause of
periodicity
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Modern periodic Table

Henry Moseley
 Modern periodic Table

Modern periodic law

The properties of elements are

periodic function of their Atomic
Number
 Modern periodic Table

Niels Bohr & Bury

 Modern periodic Table

Long form of periodic

table
Features of Modern periodic
table

● Moseley proposed
That atomic number is the unique
and fundamental property of any
element
 Arrangement of Elements

● Horizontal rows : Periods - 7

● Vertical columns : Groups -18
 Arrangement of Elements

● Elements are placed in periods

based on number of shells in
their atoms
How to find period of an
elements
 How to find period of an
elements

The Number of shells in the electronic

configuration of the given element
determine its period
 Significance of period in
periodic table

● It is a row of chemical elements.

● Have the same number of electron

shells.
 Significance of period in
periodic table

Each next element in a period has one

more proton and is less metallic than
its predecessor.
 Groups

Each vertical column is called a group.

 Significance of Group in
periodic table

The elements in each group have the

same number of electrons in the outer
orbital.
 Significance of Group in
periodic table

Those outer electrons are also called

valence electrons.
 How to find Group of an
elements

The number of valence electrons in the

atom determines the group number of
that atom
Sodium and Lithium
Key points about modern
periodic table
● Shortest period 1st two
elements
● Second & third 8
elements
● First group :Alkali
metals
● Second group :Alkaline
earth metals
● Group 3-12 :transition
elements
● Group 13: Boron Family
● Group 14: Carbon Family
● Group 15: Nitrogen
Family(Pnictogens)
● Group 16 :Oxygen
Family(Chalcogens)
● Group 17 : halogens
● Group 18 :Noble gases
zero group
First group :Alkali metals
 Second group :Alkaline earth
metals
Group 3-12 :transition elements
Group 13: Boron Family
Group 14: Carbon Family
Group 15: Nitrogen
Family(Pnictogens)
Group 16 :Oxygen
Family(Chalcogens)
Group 17 : Halogens
Group 18 :Noble gases zero
group
Merits & Demerits
 Merits of Modern Periodic
Table

● Classification is based on the

atomic number which is a more
fundamental property of an
element

● The reason for placing isotopes at

one place is justified as the
classification is on the basis of
atomic number
 Merits of Modern Periodic
Table

● It explains the periodicity of the

properties of the elements and
relate them to their electronic
configuration

● The lanthanides and actinides are

placed separately at the bottom of
the periodic table
 Demerits Modern Periodic
Table

● The position of hydrogen is still not

fixed

● The Lanthanides and Actinides

have not been placed in the main
body of the table
In today’s session:

1. Evolution of Periodic Table

2. Modern Periodic table

3. Features of Modern Periodic

table
Next session:

1. Periodicity & Cause of

periodicity

2. Periodic properties &

Trends
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