PROGRAM : EM220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB 1 (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR 1)

KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : IR. TS. DR BALJIT SINGH BHATHAL SINGH

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI: 7
FLOW THROUGH VENTURI TUBE AND ORIFICE PLATE

Bil. NAMA PELAJAR NO PELAJAR

1 MUHAMMAD RAZIQ NURHAIQAL B ROSMAN 2020372811
2 NUR ALIA PUTERI BINTI KAMARUZZAMAN 2020110437
3 NUR EZLYIN AMANINA MOHAMAD JAIS 2020988421
4 NUR FARZANA BINTI MOHD NAZAM 2020985647
5 NUR MAISARAH BINTI KHAIRUL AZAHAN 2020984893

GROUP: EMD2MIA-G2
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 29th DECEMBER 2020
1.0 TITLE
Flow Through Venturi Tube and Orifice Plate.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
I. The main aim of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of discharge of a
Venturi Tube and an orifice plate.
II. The second aim of this experiment is to study between the difference between the
Venturi Tube and orifice meter.
III. This experiment is also done to study the effects of different tubes used during a
fluid flow.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, it mainly involves the uses of a Venturi tube and an orifice plate. A
Venture tube is an instrument that is utilized to consider the flow of fluid when it passes
through the converging segment of the tube. There will be an increment within the velocity
and a decrease within the pressure of the fluid when the range that is accessible for the fluid
flow decreases. This effect is called the venture effect, named after the physicist who first
studied and introduced about this theory. Next, an orifice plate is an instrument that is
mainly utilized for the distinctive applications. The applications include to measure the
flow rate, to limit the flow and to decrease the pressure of the fluid flow. The calculation
involves the orifice plate calculation method, and it will be either the mass flow rate or the
volumetric flow rate that will be utilized in the calculation. It will apply the Bernoulli’s
principle which shows the relationship between the velocity and pressure of fluid flow. If
one of it increases, the other one will decrease and vice versa.

3.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The principle of continuity states that the decrease within the area of the fluid
flow will increase the velocity of the fluid flow. With the increment in velocity of fluid, the
pressure of fluid will start to decrease to preserve the mechanical energy according to the
law of energy conservation. The flow rate occurs from the velocity of the fluid within the
area where the fluid is flowing. In the venture tube, the area of the tube decreases steadily
due to the increase of velocity to ensure the consistency of the flow rate. Next, in the orifice

1
plate there is a sudden decrease within the area of the flow caused by the restriction from
the orifice plate. This will cause an increase in velocity and decrease in the pressure.

Figure 1: Venturi Tube

Figure 2: Orifice Plate

According to the Bernoulli’s Equation with no loss assumption,

2
 This equation highlights the Bernoulli’s principle where if the speed or velocity (v) of
a fluid is larger than the given area of a streamline flow, the pressure (P) must be smaller in
that certain area, which means that it complies with the Bernoulli’s principle. An increment in
velocity must be followed by a decrease in the pressure for the sum to always add up and be
the same as the constant number.

Theoretical discharge,

The theoretical discharge can be calculated by using all the data obtained from the tubes that
were used such as the inlet and throat area and the difference of manometer level between the
inlet and throat of Venturi tube.

Actual discharge,

The actual discharge can also be calculated using the data obtained.

3
4.0 PROCEDURES

Venturi and orifice meter specifications

1. Venturi tube
- Inlet diameter, d1 = 28.4 mm
- Throat diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm
2. Orifice plate
- Inlet diameter, d1 = 18.5 mm
- Throat diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm

Part A: Flow through a Venturi Tube

1. The inlet and throat diameter of the Venturi tube are recorded.
2. The Venturi tube is fixed into section 6 as shown in Figure 1.
3. All valves are closed except for those that will let the water flows form the tank to
section Venturi tube and returned to the tank. The direction of flow in the pipe is
verified.
4. The manometer hoses are connected to the pressure tapping points of the Venturi tube.
5. The pump is switched on. Air bubbles are removed from the apparatus by trying.
6. The valve on the left side of the Venturi tube is adjusted to a certain position.
7. The value of h1 and h2 are measured and recorded.
8. The actual volume flow rate (Qactual) is measured and recorded.
9. Steps 6 to 8 for 5 values of Qactual are repeated.

Part B: Flow through an Orifice Plate

1. The same steps as in Part A for orifice plate are executed.

4
 5.0 APPARATUS

Figure 1: Venturi tube and orifice plate

1. Venturi tube
2. Orifice plate

6.0 RESULTS
FLOW THROUGH VENTURI TUBE AND ORIFICE PLATE: EXPERIMENTAL DATA

PART A: Flow through a Venturi Tube

Data:
Inlet inside diameter, d1 = 28.4 mm = 0.0284 m
Inlet cross-sectional area, A1 = 633.5 mm2 = 6.334 x 10-4 m2
Throat inside diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm = 0.014 m
Throat cross-sectional area, A2 = 154.0 mm2 = 1.540 x 10-4 m2
Area ratio, A1 / A2 = 4.11
Gravitational acceleration, g= 9.8 m/s2

(a) (b) (a)/(b) (c) (d) eq 1

Measurement Volume Time Qactual h1 h2 h1 - h2 Qtheoretical
measured observed
No. (litres) (s) (litres/s) (m3/s) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m) (m3/s)
1 6 52.6 0.114 1.14 x 10-4 640 588 52 0.052 1.60 x 10-4
2 6 22.38 0.268 2.68 x 10-4 730 511 219 0.219 3.29 x 10-4
3 6 14.88 0.403 4.03 x 10-4 820 433 387 0.387 4.37 x 10-4
4 6 12.16 0.493 4.93 x 10-4 910 358 552 0.552 5.22 x 10-4
5 6 10.94 0.548 5.48 x 10-4 1000 282 718 0.718 5.96 x 10-4

5
 PART B: Flow through an Orifice Plate
Data:
Inlet inside diameter, d1 = 18.5 mm = 0.0185 m
Inlet cross-sectional area, A1 = 268.8 mm2 = 2.68 x 10-4 m2
Throat inside diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm = 0.014 m
Throat cross-sectional area, A2 = 154.0 mm2 = 1.54 x 10-4 m2
Area ratio, A1 / A2 = 1.75
Gravitational acceleration, g= 9.8 m/s2

(a) (b) (a)/(b) (c) (d) eq 1

Measurement Volume Time Qactual h1 h2 h1 - h2 Qtheoretical
measured observed
No. (litres) (s) (litres/s) (m3/s) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m) (m3/s)
1 6 52.6 0.114 1.14 x 10-4 640 588 52 0.052 1.88 x 10-4
2 6 22.38 0.268 2.68 x 10-4 730 511 219 0.219 3.86 x 10-4
3 6 14.88 0.403 4.03 x 10-4 820 433 387 0.387 5.14 x 10-4
4 6 12.16 0.493 4.93 x 10-4 910 358 552 0.552 6.14 x 10-4
5 6 10.94 0.548 5.48 x 10-4 1000 282 718 0.718 7.00 x 10-4

6
6.2 GRAPHS AND TABLES

Part A: Flow through a venturi tube

No. Qactual Qtheoretical Percentage error

(m3/s) (m3/s) %
1 1.14 x 10-4 1.60 x 10-4 28.8
2 2.68 x 10-4 3.29 x 10-4 18.5
3 4.03 x 10-4 4.37 x 10-4 7.7
4 4.93 x 10-4 5.22 x 10-4 5.6
5 5.48 x 10-4 5.96 x 10-4 8.1

Table 1

Qactual (m3/s) against Qtheoretical

(m3/s)
0.0006

0.0005 y = 0.9711x - 3E-05

0.0004
QACTUAL

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
QTHEORETICAL

Graph 1

Slope obtained, Cd = 0.9711

7
Part B: Flow through an orifice plate

No. Qactual Qtheoretical Percentage error

(m3/s) (m3/s) %
1 1.14 x 10-4 1.88 x 10-4 39.4
2 2.68 x 10-4 3.86 x 10-4 30.6
3 4.03 x 10-4 5.14 x 10-4 21.6
4 4.93 x 10-4 6.14 x 10-4 19.2
5 5.48 x 10-4 7.00 x 10-4 21.7

Table 2

Qactual (m 3/s) against Qtheoretical

(m3/s)
0.0006

0.0005 y = 0.8703x - 6E-05

0.0004
QACTUAL

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008
QTHEORETICAL

Graph 2

Slope obtained, Cd = 0.8703

8
Coefficient of discharge of venturi tube (Part A)
No. Qactual Qtheoretical Coefficient of
(m3/s) (m3/s) discharge, Cd
1 1.14 x 10-4 1.60 x 10-4 0.7125
2 2.68 x 10-4 3.29 x 10-4 0.8140
3 4.03 x 10-4 4.37 x 10-4 0.9222
4 4.93 x 10-4 5.22 x 10-4 0.9444
5 5.48 x 10-4 5.96 x 10-4 0.9194
Table 3

Coefficient discharge of orifice plate (Part B)

No. Qactual Qtheoretical Coefficient of
(m3/s) (m3/s) discharge, Cd
1 1.14 x 10-4 1.88 x 10-4 0.6064
2 2.68 x 10-4 3.86 x 10-4 0.6943
3 4.03 x 10-4 5.14 x 10-4 0.7840
4 4.93 x 10-4 6.14 x 10-4 0.8030
5 5.48 x 10-4 7.00 x 10-4 0.7829
Table 4

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6.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION
1. Calculation for A1 = π r 2
(Part A)
0.0284 2
= π( )
2

= 6.334 x 10-4 m2

2. Calculation for volume flow rate, Qactual, (volume measured / time observed)
(Part A measurement no. 1)
6 litres
= 52.6 s

= 0.114 litres/s
= 1.14 x10 -4 m3/s

3. Calculation for theoretical discharge, Qtheoretical

(Part A measurement no. 1)

2g (h1−h2)
A1V1 = A1 √ A1 2
( ) −1
A2

2(9.8) (0.052)
= 6.334 x 10 -4 √ (4.11)2 − 1

1.0192
= 6.334 x 10-4 √ 15.90

= 6.334 x 10-4 (0.253)

= 1.60 x 10 -4 m3 / s

4. Calculation for percentage error

Qtheoretical − Qactual
= Qactual
1.60 x10−4− 1.14 x10 −4
= × 100
1.60 x10−4

= 28 %

5. Calculation for coefficient of discharge

Qactual = Cd Qtheoretical
1.14 ×10−4
Cd = 1.60 ×10−4

Cd = 0.7125
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7.0 DISCUSSION (INDIVIDUAL)

7.1 Muhammad Raziq NurHaiqal B Rosman (2020372811)

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate and determine the coefficient of

discharge of a venturi tube and orifice plate. Coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the mass
flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expand identical
working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressure.

The venturi meter consists of a venturi tube and a suitable differential pressure gauge.
The venturi tube has a converging portion, a throat, and a diverging portion. The function of
the converging portion is to increase the velocity of the fluid and lower its static pressure. A
pressure difference between inlet and throat is thus developed, where pressure difference is
correlated with the rate of discharge. The diverging cone serves to change the area of the stream
back to the entrance area and convert velocity head into pressure head.

Meanwhile, the orifice for use as a metering device in a pipeline consists of a concentric
square-edged circular hole in a thin plate, which is clamped between the flanges of the pipe.
Pressure connections for attaching separate pressure gauges are made at holes in the pipe walls
on both side of the orifice plate. The downstream pressure tap is placed at the minimum
pressure position, which is assumed to be at the vena contracts. The centre of the inlet pressure
tap is located between one-half and two pipe diameters from the upstream side of the
orifice plate, usually a distance of one pipe diameter is employed.

The coefficient discharge flow has been observed and studied throughout this
experiment. Based on the experiment, Part A shows the experimental and theoretical data of
flow through venturi tube. In Graph 1, illustrates the flow rate of theoretical data and
experimental data. Referring to the graph, the data shows the same trend which it increases
linearly. The volume flow rate increases as time passes. The experimental data and theoretical
data are not far off with 28.8%,18.5%,7.7%,5.6%, and 8.1%. Coefficient discharge of venturi
tube, 𝑐𝑑, has a steady reading from 0.715 to 0.8140 and abrupt increment reading from the
third to the fifth with 0.922, 0.9444 and 0.9194.

On the other hand, Part B shows the experimental and theoretical data of flow through
orifice plate. In Graph 2, it depicts the flow rate of theoretical data and experimental data.
Referring to the graph, it is similar as it is in graph 2, where it increases linearly. The percentage
error for orifice plate, starts from 39.4%, 30.6%, 21.6, % 19.2%,21.7%. The coefficient
11
discharge of orifice plate, 𝑐𝑑 , has a steady reading from the first reading to the fifth with 0.6064,
0.6943, 0.7840, 0.8030, 0.7829.

7.2 Nur Alia Puteri binti Kamaruzzaman (2020110437)

In this experiment, two tubes were used to study the relationship between the velocity,
pressure, and area of fluid flow. From the experiment, a set of data were able to be obtained in
part A and part B. When doing part A, a Venturi tube was used in the experiment. A Venturi
tube has a large inlet area which then decreases along the tube and increases again at the outlet
of the tube. In part B, an orifice plate was used which shape was a lot different from the Venturi
tube. Each tube was connected to the measuring tank to obtain important data such as the
manometer level.

After the conducting the experiment, the results obtained were used to execute two
graphs each for part A and part B. The graphs showed the relationship between the Qactual and
Qtheoretical where the lines on both graphs showed a linear increment based on the results. Graph
1 which presents the result for part A showed a linear increment between the actual and
theoretical data. The coefficient discharge in this part has a value of 0.7125, 0.8140, 0.9222,
0.9444 and 0.9194. It has a percentage error within the range of 8.1% until 28.8%.

Next, graph 2 shows the linear increment between the Qactual and Qtheoretical for part B. In
this part, the coefficient discharge has the values of 0.6064, 0.6943, 0.7840, 0.8030 and 0.7829
with the percentage error within the range of 21.7% until 39.4%. It can be concluded that both
parts present the same trend where the line linearly increases. The graph obtained showed that
the actual and theoretical value does not differ much from one another. Both set of results that
were obtained can be said to be similar which means with minimal error percentage. The error
that occurred might have been caused by a parallax error done when taking the results from the
manometer level, or even the volume measured in the tank.

12
 7.3 Nur Ezlyin Amanina Mohamad Jais (2020988421)

In the result section of this report, the data obtained from this experiment can be found.
During a flow extension, pressure increases and velocity declines. When we look at the
Bernoulli equation, this is obvious. The law of Bernoulli illustrates that the pressure is low
through convergence when a fluid flows in a pipe, where there are different cross sections, and
the velocity is high through convergence.

When we make a comparison between Graph 1 and Graph 2, it shows that it has a
linearly proportional trendline. This is due to increment of flow rate. As the flow rate increases,
the amount of discharge also increases. Comparing the slope that we got from Part A and Part
B, the difference is not that obvious. In Part A, the slope obtained, Cd = 0.9711. Meanwhile in
Part B, the value of slope obtained, Cd = 0.8703. During the taking of the measurement, we
might have taken incorrect readings from the manometers as the pressure drop should be
expected to increase quadratically. This is because the equation by Bernoulli states that the
decrease in pressure is proportional to the velocity square.

For both the venturi and orifice meters, the discharge coefficient increases as the flow
rate increases but also declining at the last reading. The discharge coefficient for the venturi is
0.7125, 0.8140, 0.9222, 0.9444 and 0.9194. On the other hand, the discharge coefficient for the
orifice plate is 0.6064, 0.6943, 0.7840, 0.8030 and 0.7829. As you can see from the values of
the discharge coefficient, up from the first until the fourth reading, it shows an increment in the
values. But, in the last reading we noticed the value is decreasing.

7.4 Nur Farzana Bt Mohd Nazam (2020985647)

The experiment of flow through venturi tube and orifice plate was done to achieve an
objective of determination the coefficient of discharge in both venturi tube and orifice plate.
The venturi is a flow of fluid when it passes through the converging section. Depended by
Bernoulli’s equation, pressure of the following fluid will be decrease as the velocity increase
and when the area available to flowing fluid decrease. This effect is called the venture effect.
For orifice plate, it uses the Bernoulli’s principle as well which shows the relationship between
velocity and pressure of flowing fluid. When one increase then the second one decrease same
as venturi tube.

Based on the graph 1 and 2 of Qactual against Qtheoretical, the curve shows that a linear
relation occurs between Qactual and Qtheoretical. As we know, the calculation of Qtheoretical involves
13
height difference and area ratio value. Then from here we can say that for both meters, it was
noted from plots that the difference in area ratio is directly related of the rate of discharge. The
slope obtained in graph 1 and 2 are 0.9711 and 0.8703, respectively. For table 3 and 4, the
coefficient of discharge, Cd for venturi meter shows a greater value than the fluid that flow
through orifice plate. That indicates that the head losses occurred in the orifice are larger than
in the Venturi.

The improvement that can be done in this experiment is by repeating the experiment for 3
times and get the average results so that the accurate results will be obtained. Even though the
value of Qactual is not similarly same with Qtheoretical, but the value is not far from each other and
can be accepted.

7.5 Nur Maisarah Binti Khairul Azahan (2020984893)

Based on the experiment, it can be said that as the pressure increases, the velocity will
decrease during a flow expansion. This can be proved from the Bernoulli's
equation. Bernoulli’s theorem state that when a fluid flow in a pipe, where there are different
cross sections, the pressure is low through the convergence while the velocity is high.

From the graph 1, it illustrates the comparison between the Qactual and Qtheoretical for flow
through a venturi tube. The graph shows that actual volume flow rate, Qactual is directly
proportional to theoretical volume flow rate, Qtheoretical. The slope of the graph which indicates
to the value of coefficient of discharge, Cd is 0.9711. The highest percentage error is 28.8%
while the lowest percentage error is 7.7% for the value of the flow discharge through venturi
tube.

For flow through the orifice plate, the comparison between the Qactual and Qtheoretical has
been made through the graph 2. The graph displays the relationship between the Qactual and
Qtheoretical is directly proportional. The value of coefficient of discharge, Cd is obtained from the
graph which is 0.8703. From both graphs, it can be said that the value of coefficient of
discharge, Cd for venturi tube is slightly higher than orifice plate. This is because the value or
amount of head losses of the orifice meter were bigger than the venturi meter.

There are several things that could be done to improve the quality of the experiment.
Firstly, the experiment could be repeated several times and calculate the average value for
accurate result. Next, the level of eyes must be perpendicular to the scale reading of the
manometer to avoid the parallax error.
14
8.0 IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT/SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

The coefficient discharge of a venturi tube and orifice plate is determined and studied.
Coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge through a venturi or orifice to the
theoretical discharge.

Venturi tubes, are short pipes with a constricted inner surface, used to measure fluid
flows and as a pump. This instrument has a narrow throat in the middle. In which, the fluid
passes through the tube speeds up as it enters the throat, and the pressure drops. It is also known
as the venturi principle, in which increasing in fluid speed results in decreasing in internal
pressure. The venturi tube is also an application of Bernoulli’ equation.

The orifice plate is a metal disc with a concentric hole in it, which is inserted into the
pipe carrying the flowing fluid. Orifice plates are simple, cheap, and available in a wide range
of sizes. In consequence, they account for almost 50% of the instruments used in industry for
measuring volume flow rate.

There are some ways to improve the flaws in this experiment. This analysis of this
design factors influencing the coefficient discharge of both venturi meter and orifice plate.
there are few recommendations that can be applied to get better data and results; thus, the
experiment can be run properly and systematically. To get the accurate data, the experiment
must be repeated at least two times and determined the average.

Venturi tube:

• One of the main advantages of using a Venturi meter is the long, useful life expectancy
of the meter body where other types of flow meters have a comparatively short life
expectancy. However, there are some ways to improve the flaw in this experiment
influencing the flow of coefficient discharge. Inlet diameter and outlet diameter were
full-line size, making the overall meter length quite long to achieve that requirement.
Throat length was equal to the throat diameter — another element of the large amount
of space the meter consumed.

• Annular high- and low-pressure rings were incorporated into the meter under the theory
that an average pressure reading would produce a more accurate cross-sectional
pressure indication than a single pressure reading. Accuracy of +/-1.0 to +/-2.0 percent
of actual rate of flow down to approximately 125,000 pipe Reynolds number (Rd).

15
• Head loss ranging from eight to 14 percent of differential, depending on the beta ratio
of the meter. Cast iron body, including the internal construction of the high- and low-
pressure annular channel.

• Bronze high- and low-pressure annular rings with multiple piezometers (four, six or
eight), which introduced the high and low pressure into the annular chamber and a
single tap connection out of the annular chambers to the location of the differential
pressure transmitter.

• Until the analogue differential pressure transmitter was introduced, the secondary
instrumentation consisted of a mercury well-type transmitter requiring a minimum
differential signal of 2.0 inches to 2.5 inches to properly function.

Orifice plate:

• Pipeline requirements: The national standard has strict technical requirements for the
length of the measuring pipe, straight pipe, roundness, and internal surface roughness.
When the minimum length of the burette does not meet the standard requirements, it
will cause deviations in the flow measurement results. Its size is related to the aperture
ratio β and Reynolds number. Therefore, a rectifier must be installed on the straight
pipe in front of the orifice plate to ensure measurement accuracy.

• Installation requirements: The inlet end face of the orifice must be perpendicular to the
axis of the pipe, and the deviation cannot exceed 1 degree. When installing the orifice
plate, it is necessary to pay attention to the direction of the pipeline, and it is strictly
prohibited to install it reversely. It must meet the requirements of the standard for
different axial tolerances. The gasket shall not be installed into the straight pipe section
or the inner space of the pressure-receiving device and shall not block the pressure-
taking port and cause the change of the pressure-taking position. The new station must
be installed in the throttling device after the pipeline has been purged and run for a few
days to prevent the orifices from being damaged or contaminated by liquid and solid
impurities in the gas.

• To correctly select and use the differential pressure transmitter: the differential pressure
measurement range is too large, the flow is small, and the differential pressure gauge
works below 30%, which will greatly reduce the accuracy of flow measurement. When
the flow is reduced, it must be replaced in time. Differential pressure gauge range spring
16
 or orifice specifications, otherwise differential pressure error will increase
exponentially.

9.0 MAKE AVAILABLE RELEVANT INFORMATION RELATED TO

THERMOFLUID TECHNOLOGIES CORRESPONDING TO LABORATORY
WORKS CARRIED OUT

9.1 EXPLANATION OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS

In plumbing industry, venturi meter is used in wastewater collection system for pipelines.
This is because the design of the structure allows for solids to pass through it instead of
accumulating in front of it. Less build up in the pipes make it possible to calculate the pressure
of the wastewater more precisely and hence its velocity. In automobile carburettor, venturi
meter is used to determine the airflow in a car engine and to make sure that a right quantity of
fuel is fed to the gas combustion engine when necessary while driving. Then, venturi effect is
also used in spray cans. This is because, it can change the liquid in the can into large spray field
and thus it makes easier to do the painting.

An orifice plate is a device used to determine the flow rate of gas or liquid, to reduce
pressure of fluid and to regulate the flow rate. Orifice plates ae cheap and available in broad
variety of sizes. Therefore, there are many applications that used orifice plates which are water
treatment plants, refineries, natural gas industries and petrochemical plants.

9.2 ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGHOUT THE

EXPERIMENT AND RELATE AVAILABLE INFORMATION TO THE LAB
CONDUCTED

Venturi tube is a tube with a narrow centre section and widened ends while orifice plate is
a thin plate that has a hole in it. Venturi tube and orifice plate is a device that used to measure
flow rate of fluid. Both are work based on the Bernoulli’s theorem. Bernoulli’s theorem states
that as the velocity if the fluid increase, the pressure of will decrease. Bernoulli equation is “an
approximate relationship between pressure, velocity and elevation and is applicable in regions
of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible”. For venturi tube,
there is a consequent decrease in pressure as the velocity of the fluid in the throat increases. In
orifice plate, through the reduced orifice area, the velocity of fluid will increase and develops
a differential pressure across the orifice device.
17
 10.0 CONCLUSIONS (INDIVIDUAL)

10.1 Muhammad Raziq NurHaiqal B Rosman (2020372811)

In conclusion, the objectives of this experiment are successfully studied and determined
throughout this experiment. Theoretically, state that flowrate is quantity of a gas or liquid
moving through a pipe which passes per unit time. Based on this experiment, the flowrate was
measured using both venturi meter and orifice meter. Predicated on the experiment, venturi
tube has a bigger coefficient discharge compared to orifice.

10.2 Nur Alia Puteri binti Kamaruzzaman (2020110437)

In conclusion, this experiment was successfully done, and all the objectives were
achieved as the experiment was completed. After doing calculations and computing a graph,
the Cd for part A has an average value of 0.9711. Meanwhile, for part B it has a C d of 0.8703.
This experiment may need some improvements to ensure that the results obtained can be more
precise, but overall, the end results can be accepted.

10.3 Nur Ezlyin Amanina Mohamad Jais (2020988421)

The pressure increases during a flow expansion since the volume is decreasing. In a
flow expansion that raises the pressure, there is a loss of velocity. There is a linear relationship
which can be seen between the two graphs in Graph 1 and Graph 2. As the gap in pressures
increased, we would have predicted an exponential rise in flow. This is because the equation
by Bernoulli states that the decrease in pressure is proportional to the velocity square. As for
the discharge coefficient of both meters, our results were as expected. The Cd is supposed to
be larger than that of the orifice for the venturi. This is because there is a gradual shift in the
pipe diameter of the venturi meter, while the orifice plate has a sudden and dramatic change in
the diameter where the fluid flows. It is not conceivable that the coefficient of discharge is
greater than 1.

10.4 Nur Farzana Bt Mohd Nazam (2020985647)

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment is successfully achieved where the

coefficient of discharge, Cd for venturi meter and orifice plate has been determined and the
results shows that the Cd of venturi meter has higher value than orifice plate.

18
 10.5 Nur Maisarah Binti Khairul Azahan (2020984893)

In conclusion, the objectives had successfully been full filled throughout the
experiment. From the experiment the value of coefficient of discharge for a venturi tube and
orifice plate are obtained which is 0.9711 and 0.8703, respectively.

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REFERENCES

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2. REPORT, V. (2020). VENTURI METER AND ORIFICE PLATE LAB REPORT.

Retrieved 24 December 2020, from https://www.green-
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3. Magno, J. (n.d.). Observation and Analysis of Results, Conclusion, Recommendation.

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