Infinitive without TO
Inglês
Gerund
As the subject of a sentence
e.g., Smoking is a fatal habit.
After verbs like admit, avoid, deny, hate, love,
enjoy, mind, imagine, start, finish, suggest,
keep (on), carry on, give up, etc.
e.g., I love watching TV after dinner.
I admit having a shopping disorder.
I gave up playing football a long time ago.
After I can’t followed by a verb
e.g., I can’t stand listening to this song anymore.
I can’t resist eating a cheesy sandwich
After prepositions
e.g., We use money for buying things.
Check your bank account before going shopping.
We should talk about saving more money.
After expressions like is (not) worth; there’s no
point; is no good
e.g., There’s no point arguing about this.
This house is worth buying.
Infinitive with TO
These verbs are followed by to infinitive:
Ask, beg, expect, mean (=intend), want, would
like, would love, would hate and would prefer.
Verb + to Verb + object + to
We expected to be on We expected Jim to be on
time. time.
I would like to go I would like you to go
now. now.
VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE
These verbs have the structure verb + object + to:
Enable, force, get (=persuade, arrange for),
invite, persuade, remind, teach, tell, order,
warn.
They invited me to go to the concert.
Remind me to pay the phone bill.
We use the infinitive without too after:
 Modal verbs (can, could, may, might,
should…)
You should listen to the song attentively to grasp
its meaning.
 Certain verbs, such as let, make, hear and
see.
I saw him open the box and the I heard him laugh
to himself.
 Verbal idioms would rather and had better
I’d rather swim in the pool than go down to the
beach.
Richard has just arrived. You’d better see what he
wants.
Conditional Sentences
TYPE 0
If + Present Simple + Present Simple
Ex. If I get home late, my parents get angry.
Facts, strong habits, instructions, advice.
TYPE 1
If + Present Simple + Future simple (modal verbs)
+ infinitive
Ex. If I study hard, I will / can be a good student.
Possible or probable situations (in the present
or future).
TYPE 2
If + Past Simple + Conditional (modal verbs – past)
+ infinitive
Ex. If I studied, I could be a good student.
Imaginary or hypothetical situations.
TYPE 3
If + Past Perfect + Conditional Perfect
(would/could/might have) + Past Participle
Ex. If I had studied, I would have been a good
student.
Impossible situations of the past.
UNLESS
Instead of if not, we can use unless.
“if” + negative action = “unless” + positive action
If + negative verb + affirmative verb
If I don’t study hard, I will get bad marks.
Unless + affirmative verb + affirmative verb
Unless I study hard, I will get bad marks.
Concessive Clauses
Despite/In spite of its popularity, heavy metal is
often considered a negative influence on
behaviour.
-We use concessive clauses to show opposite
ideas or unexpected situations.
BUT
They still get on well together but they often argue
about politics.
EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH / THOUGH
(informal) + clause
Even though/Although/Though Tom listens to
hard rock, he seems to be a calm teen.
They often argue about music although/though
they are good friends.
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE
+ noun (seem verbo) or -ing form (sem nome)
We fell asleep in spite of/despite the noise.
In spite of/Despite having a headache, I decided
to go to the concert.
NEVERTHELESS / HOWEVER / NONETHELESS
/ EVEN SO
+ cause (sempre separado por vírgulas)
She said she didn’t want to go to the concert. Even
so/However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless, she
may change her mind.
NOTES
→ We can use though at the end of a sentence,
but not although;
→ We can use in spite of the fact that + clause
in the same way as although.
e.g., We went to the concert in spite of the fact
that it was raining.
Purpose Clauses
TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO
+ infinitive (usado sempre com o mesmo sujeito)
Jodie is saving Money. She wants to have plastic
surgery.
Jodie is saving money to/in order to/so as to
have plastic surgery.
SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT
+ subject + modal verb (can/will)
I will give Jodie some money. I want her to buy
new clothes.
I will give Jodie some money so that/in order that
she can buy new clothes.
Relative Clauses
We use relative clauses to give identifying
information or additional information about
something by joining sentences with relative
pronouns.
WHO
For people in defining and non-defining relative
clauses.
e.g., That’s the girl who started volunteering in the
hospital.
e.g., Her mother, who’s now at home was a patient
there.
WHICH
For things and animals in defining and non-
defining clauses.
e.g., The hospital which I visited is enormous!
e.g., The cardio-vascular department, which is
new, specializes in treating stoke patients.
THAT
For people, things and animals but only in
defining clauses. Object relative pronouns can be
omitted.
e.g., This is the vet that works in the animal shelter.
e.g., Look at the photos of the animals (that) he
has treated.
e.g., This is the abandoned dog (that) I adopted.
WHOSE
For possession by people, intelligent animals,
and organizations (in place of his, her, their, etc.)
in both types of clause.
e.g., AMI is a Portuguese humanitarian
organization whose aim is to fight poverty and
suffering anywhere in the world. It depends on
volunteers, whose work is essential.
There are two types of relative clauses: defining
relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use defining relative clauses to join
sentences and to make it clear exactly who or
what we are talking about.
e.g., That’s the man! That man stole my wallet!
That’s the man who stole my wallet!
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use non-defining relative clauses to give
extra information about a person or a thing.
e.g., The thief (the thief gave his name as “John
Doe”) was arrested.
The thief, who gave his name as “John Doe”
was arrested.
Used TO
USED TO + INFINITE
We use “used to” to talk about actions or states
that happened regularly in the past but no longer
happen.
e.g., I used to work on a desktop computer, but
now I use a laptop. (action)
e.g., Computers used to be very large, but now
they are much smaller. (state)
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
e.g., I didn’t use to have an iPod, but now I do.
(state)
e.g., “Did you use to type your schoolwork when
you were at primary school? (action)
Note: to talk about present habits we use the
present simple and an adverb of frequency
(usually, always, often, never, etc.)
e.g., I normally write my English essays on my
laptop
Be used to + noun/pronouns or -ing form
Use: if you are used to something, you are
accustomed to it – you don’t find it unusual.
e.g., It took me a while, but I’m finally used to
staying home alone all day.
Use: if you get used to something or you are
getting used to something, you are becoming
accustomed to it – it was strange, now it’s not so
strange.
e.g., I’ve bought a smartphone and I’m still getting
used to it.
Note: be/get used to can be used with past,
present, and future tenses.
e.g., You might find screen technology strange at
first, but you’ll soon get used to it.
The future
Will/shall/’ll + infinitive
Predictions
e.g., Technological changes will become more
and more important.
Decisions made at the time of speaking
e.g., Ok, then we’ll meet on Sunday afternoon.
Asking for urgent advice
e.g., I’ve lost my passport. What shall I do?
Requests, agreements, and refusals
e.g., Will you help me?
Yes, I will.
No, I won’t
Invitations and offers
e.g., Shall I carry your computer?
Yes, please.
Will/shall/’ll
Promises, threats, hopes, fears
e.g., I’ll bring you a surprise gift from holiday.
e.g., I´ll be really angry if you´re late again. I’ll
have to punish you.
Be going to + infinitive
Future events that are already decided
e.g., I’ve decided what to get Mary for her birthday.
I’m going to buy her the latest mobile phone.
Prediction with present evidence
e.g., Look at the time! We’re going to be late
again!

Present continuous
Definite plans and arrangements
e.g., Are you doing anything this evening, honey?
Yes, I’m meeting my boyfriend at 8 o’clock.
Present simple

Normal states, in subordinate time clauses,

timetables, programmed events.
e.g., If water is heated to 212 degrees Fahrenheit,
it boils.

Be about to + infinitive

Something that will happen very soon

e.g., Ladies and gentlemen, please sit down. The
show is about to start.