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Partition Coefficients and Their Uses
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses
relation coefficient, and s is the standard deviation from re- coefficient for the benzoic acid monomer and the dimerization
gression. Many such linear relationships between solutes constant for the acid in benzene.la Since benzoic acid exists
partitioned in different solvent systems have been uncovered largely as the dimer in benzene at the concentration em-
(section IV). A summary of this work should provide a better ployed, the monomer concentration in benzene is propor-
understanding of the octanol-water model system and further tional to the square root of its total concentration in that
the application of such linear free energy relationships to solvent. Of coulse, Nernst was also aware that, at low con-
“partitioning-like’’ processes in more complex biological centrations, the concentration of benzoic acid in the aqueous
systems. phase would have to be corrected for ionization.
Another aspect of this review is to summarize the present This association and dissociation of solutes in different
understanding of the recently discoveredlo additive-constitu- phases remains the most vexing problem in studying partition
tive character of the partition coefficient. This property prom- coefficients. For a true partition coefficient, one must con-
ises to be of value in studying the conformation of molecules sider the same species in each phase. A precise definition of
in solution. this in the strictest sense is impossible. Since water molecules
and solvent molecules will form bonds of varying degrees of
B. HISTORICAL firmness with different solutes, any system more complex than
rare gases in hydrocarbons and water becomes impossible
The distribution of a solute between two phases in which it is
to define sharply at the molecular level. Very little attention
soluble has been an important subject for experimentation
has been given to the fact that solutes other than carboxylic
and study for many years. In one form or another this tech-
acids may carry one or more water molecules bound to them
nique has been used since earliest times to isolate natural
into the nonaqueous phase. This is quite possible in solvents
products such as the essences of flowers.
such as sec-butyl alcohol which on a molar basis contains
The first systematic study of distribution between two
more molecules of water in the butanol phase than butanol!
immiscible liquids which led to a theory with predictive
During the early years of the twentieth century a great
capabilities was carried out by Berthelot and Jungfleisch.l1
number of careful partition experiments were reported in the
These investigators accurately measured the amounts present
literature, most of which were carried out with the objective of
at equilibrium of both IZ and Brz when distributed between
determining the ionization constant in an aqueous medium
CSZand water. They also measured the amounts of various
of moderately ionized acids and bases. As a point of historical
organic acids, HzS04,HC1, and NH3 when distributed between
fact, the method did not live up to its early promise, partly
ethyl ether and water. From these early investigations came
because of unexpected association in the organic solvents
the first appreciation of the basic fact that the ratio of the
chosen and partly because of solvent changes which will be
concentrations of solute distributed between two immiscible
discussed in detail in a following section.
solvents was a constant and did not depend on the relative
After reliable ionization constants became available through
volumes of solutions used.
other means, partitioning measurements were used to cal-
It was concluded from these early observations that there
culate the association constants of organic acids in the non-
was a small variation in partition coefficient with temperature,
aqueous phase as a function of the temperature. This yielded
with the more volatile solvent being favored by a temperature values of A H , AS, and AG for the association reaction.14-18
decrease. It was also evident that some systems, notably
However, any calculation of self-association constants from
succinic acid partitioned between ether and water, did not obey
partition data alone can be misleading when hydrate formation
their simple “rule” even in dilute solution, but they intuitively
occurs. 19,20
felt the rule would be justified nonetheless. Asearly as 1909, Herzzlpublished formulas which related the
In 1891, Nernst made the next significant contribution to
partition coefficient (P)to the number of extractions necessary
the subject. l 2 He stressed the fact that the partition coefficient to remove a given weight of solute from solution. His for-
would be constant only if a single molecular species were
mula, with symbols changed to conform to present usage, is
being considered as partitioned between the two phases.
as follows.
Considered in this light, partitioning could be treated by If W ml of solution contains x o g of solute, repeat-
classical thermodynamics as an equilibrium process where the
edly extracted with L ml of a solvent, and X I g of solute re-
tendency of any single molecular species of solute to leave
mains after the first extraction, then ( x o - x t ) / L = concentra-
one solvent and enter another would be a measure of its
tion of solute in extracting phase and xl/W = concentration
activity in that solvent and would be related in the usual
remaining in original solution.
fashion to the other commonly measured activity functions
such as partial pressure, osmotic pressure, and chemical po-
(13) Occasionally, K values obtained in this fashion have been re-
tential. As the primary example of a more exact expression ported as “partition coefficients.” In this report all such values have
of the “Partition Law,” it was shown that benzoic acid dis- been corrected to true P values whenever the different terminology was
apparent.
tributed itself between benzene and water so that (14) M. Davies, P. Jones, D. Patnaik, and E. Moelwyn-Hughes, J .
Chem. Soc., 1249 (1951).
-v’G/C, = K (2) ( 1 5 ) J. Banewicz, C. Reed, and M. Levitch, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,79,
2693 (1957).
where C, is the concentration of benzoic acid in benzene (16) M. Davies and D. Griffiths, Z . Phys. Chem. (Frankfurt am Main),
(chiefly in dimeric form), C, is the concentration of benzoic 2, 353 (1954).
(17) M. DaviesandD. Griffiths,J. Chem.Soc., 132(1955).
acid in water, and K is a constant combining the partition (18) E. Schrier, M. Pottle, and H . Scheraga, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,86,
3444 (1964).
(19) E. N. Lassetre, Chem. Rev., 20,259 (1937).
(10) T.Fujita, J. Iwasa, and C. Hansch, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 86, 5175 (20) R. Van Duyne, S.Taylor, S. Christian, and H . Affsprung, J . Phys.
(1964). Chem., 71,3427 (1967).
(1 1) Berthelot and Jungfleisch, Ann. Chim. Phys., 4,26 (1872). (21) W. Herz, “Der Verteilungssatz,” Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart, 1909,
(12) W. Nernst,Z.Phys. Chem., 8, llO(1891). P 5.
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 527
p = -
W
x1
xo -
__-
L/PW
x1 The symbols and nomenclature associated with partitioning
processes have varied considerably. Before the turn of the
century, the term “distribution ratio” was often used. Grad-
x1 = xg-
ually, partition coefficient has become more widely used since
PW+L Chemical Abstracts has indexed under this heading rather than
distribution ratio. We shall use partition coefficient when refer-
If x2 is the amount of solute remaining after the second ex- ring to data which have been corrected for ionization, dimeri-
traction with an equal volume, L , of extractant, then zation, etc., so that one is presumably referring to the distribu-
tion of a single species between two phases. It is appreciated
X? = XI- = xo ___ (3) that there is considerable uncertainty about the nature of
P W
pw f L [ P K LIZ
“hydrate formation,” and attempts to correct partition coeffi-
For the general case where n extractions are made, eq 3 takes cients for the relative degree of specijic association with water
the general form molecules or solvent molecules are very few. The expression
Xn = x+] PW “partition ratio” should be reserved to refer to uncorrected
(4) distributions of solute between two phases. Various symbols
PW+L such as K , K D ,K p , D,and P have been used to represent the
During the 1940’s the mechanical technique of multiple ex- partition coefficient. We have chosen to use P partly because it
traction was vastly improved, and countercurrent distribution has become more widely used in recent years than other sym-
became an established tool for both the separation and charac- bols and because discussions with P very often involve many
terization of complex mixtures. 2 2 It is beyond the scope of this other equilibrium constants. P stands out from the variety of
review to deal with the great wealth of literature on this sub- K values and is more easily followed in discussions, especially
ject. The interested reader may consult the reviews for since this symbol is used sparingly in the literature pertaining
detail~.~*#~~ to physical organic chemistry.
Partition coefficients can be obtained from countercurrent
distribution studies and many such values appear in Table I E . Theoretical
XVII. The equation used for such studies is
A. HENRY’S LAW
T,,, = (5) The most general approach to distribution phenomena is to
treat the Partition law as a n extension of Henry’s law. For a
where Tn,prepresents the fraction of the total material in the r gas in equilibrium with its solution in some solvent
tube distributed through n tubes.24 For distributions in-
in/p = K (7)
volving more than 20 transfers and when P is near unity, the
following simpler relationship applies where m = mass of gas dissolved per unit volume and p =
pressure at constant temperature. Since the concentration of
molecules in the gaseous phase is proportional to pressure, p
= “(63) can be replaced by C1and the mass/unit volume of gas in solu-
where N = position of peak, n = number of transfers, and P = tion designated by C2.Equation 7 can then be restated as
partition coefficient.
During the two decades bracketing the turn of the century, C2/Ci = K (8)
while the partition coefficient was being studied by physical In the most general terms, then, the concentrations of any
chemists as an end in itself, pharmacologists became quite in- singular molecular species in two phases which are in equilib-
terested in the partition coefficient through the work of rium with one another will bear a constant ratio to each other
Meyer25 and OvertonZewho showed that the relative narcotic as long as the activity coefficients remain relatively constant.
activities of drugs often paralleled their oil/water partition The “catch” to the above simple definition is that it assumes no
coefficients. However, the correlation of so-called nonspecific significant solute-solute interactions as well as no strong spe-
narcotic activity with partition coefficients did not lead to any cific solute-solvent interactions.
really useful generalizations in understanding the mechanism Many large interesting organic compounds deviate con-
of drug action in the broad sense. Consequently, the interest siderably from ideal behavior in water and various solvents so
of both groups in partition coefficients declined greatly. In that one is not always even reasonably sure of the exact nature
fact, even the exciting technique of countercurrent distribu- of the molecular species undergoing partitioning.
tion did little to stimulate serious studies of partition coeffi-
cientsper se. It is only the recent use of partition coefficients as B. NONJDEAL BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTES
extrathermodynamic reference parameters for “hydrophobic
bonding” in biochemical and pharmacological systems which In many instances solute molecules can exist in different forms
generated renewed interest in their measurement.*jQ in the two phases. This problem can be illustrated with the
relatively simple and well-studied case of ammonia.
(22) L. C. Craig and D. Craig in “Technique of Organic Chemistry,” NHs(vapor)
Vol. 111, Part I, A . Weissberger, Ed., Interscience, New York, N. Y.,
1950, p 171. aqueous
(23) L. C. Craig, Bull. N . Y . Acad. Med., 39,686 (1963).
(24) B. Williamson and L. Craig, J . B i d . Chem., 168,687 (1947). ‘jt(NH3)r NH3 NHa+ OH-
(25) H. Meyer, Arch. Exptl. Parhol. Pharmakol., 42, 110 (1899).
(26) E. Overton, “Studien uber die Narkose,” Fischer, Jena, Germany, In this example, Henry’s law is not obeyed, and there is wide
1901. variation of m/p (or Cz/Cl)with concentration. Calingaert and
528 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
(27) G. Calingaert and F. Huggins. Jr., J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 45, 915
(1923). (31) Reference 28, p 1081.
(28) E. A. Moelwyn-Hughes, “Physical Chemistry,” 2nd ed, Pergamon (32) Reference 28, p 1082.
Press, New York, N. Y., 1961, p 1085. (33) V. Rothmund and K. Drucker, 2.Phys. Chem., 46,827 (1903).
(29) H . Smith and T. White, J . Phys. Chem., 33,1953 (1929). (34) J. Dippy, S. Hughes, and L. Laxton, J . Chem. Soc., 2995 (1956).
(30) In eq 10, Smith and White omitted 2 in the numerator. (35) K. Endo, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jap., 1,25 (1926).
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 529
firmly bonded hydrate, there is another set of equilibria to method discussed above. Sometimes K,,,,,was found to vary
worry about in the organic phase. In order to best explain with concentration at levels below 5 X M , and in these
variation of P with concentration in the system of benzoic acid cases the constant value at higher concentrations was chosen.
distributed between benzene and water, it was proposedz0that The variation at the lower concentrations may be more a func-
three hydrates are present in the benzene. By a rather complex tion of the analytical techniques employed in measurement
rather than a meaningful physical phenomenon, although this
H is by no means completely clear from the data. One must keep
iI
the arguments of Van Duyne, et uI.,~Oin mind when consider-
R-C
P ,H R-C
p--H-Q
H ing these constants. If hydrate formation is always involved
‘0-H---0, ‘OH---< with carboxylic acids in solvents such as benzene, then the
H H association constants of Table I1 will generally be too
low.
Not much in the way of useful generalizations can be made
from the data in Table 11. It is of interest that there is a general
trend of the degree of dimerization by solvents: toluene >
benzene > chloroform >> ether. The fact that benzene values
are lower than toluene is likely due to the greater solubility of
water in benzene. In fact, the solubility of water in the organic
curve-fitting technique using solubility data of water in ben- solvent as seen from Table VI11 is in inverse order to the de-
zene and benzoic acid in benzene, equilibrium constants for the gree of dimerization, water being most soluble in ether and
three types of hydrates were estimated. In Table I the associa- least soluble in toluene.
Considering a single solvent, toluene, the dimerization con-
stant appears to increase with the size of the alkyl group, at
Table I least up through valeric acid. This effect seems to correlate
most closely with Taft’s steric parameter, E.. While eq 14 is
Hydration and Dimerization of Benzoic Acid in Benzene
Temo. c” Kn P log Pa,,,,= -0.470(=t0.32)Es + 1.989(*0.20) (14)
Van Duyne, et a1.20 n r S
Method A 25 589 0.95 8 0.824 0.223
Method B 25 298 1.31
Schilow and Lepin36 23.5 109 2.30 quite significant statistically (F1.e = 12.6), the correlation is
Smitha? 25 2605 1.63 not very high. It does suggest, however, that the steric effect of
Huq and Lodhi-38 25 244 1.56 the alkyl moiety of the acid is most important. Adding a term
Hendrixson39 10 ? 1.43 in pK, to eq 14 does not improve the correlation. One cannot
Hendrixson39 40 ? 2.10 place a great deal of confidence in eq 14 since there is consider-
An average of six different determinations. able overlap between the two parameters, pK, and Ea,for the
set of acids under consideration (rz = 0.834).Equation 14 does
suggest that the large alkyl groups might inhibit hydrate for-
tion constants and partition coefficients for benzoic acid in mation and in this way favor dimerization.
benzene are given, and the results assuming hydrate formation There is little trend to be seen in the scattered group of halo
are compared with results neglecting it. It is evident from Table fatty acids and substituted benzoic acids, but the statement 40
I that the calculations which take hydrate formation into ac- that the more highly chlorinated acids are more highly associ-
count affect the partition coefficient as well as the dimeriza- ated does not seem supported.
tion constant. However, if method Bzois accepted, it does not In the development of eq 12 and 13 it was assumed that
yield values far out of line from those determined by other association in the organic phase proceeded no further than the
investigators. dimer stage. For the case of acetic acid in the benzene-water
Although preferred by Van Duyne, et a f . ,method A is open system, it has been shownlBthat neither partition coefficient
to criticism for it assumes that the dimerization constant nor the dimerization constant values calculated from this type
(KZO in their paper) is the same in dry benzene as in “wet.” of expression would be markedly altered if some trimer or
Completely apart from any tendency to encourage hydrate tetramer were also formed. These authors calculated Kl--3 to be
formation, the addition of water to benzene could be expected 2.35 X but suggest that this might well be viewed as a
to increase the dielectric constant and by this means alone correction in the dimerization equilibrium constant and there-
should lower KD (association).19v40However, it must be ad- fore not have any real molecular significance.
mitted that there is evidence which supports a lesser or negligi- While there is little or no evidence for association beyond
ble role for a change from a “dry” to a wet organic solvent. l 4 the dimer state for low molecular weight carboxylic acids,
In Table I1 are listed a number of association constants for other types of solutes have a greater associative tendency. For
carboxylic acids in various solvents calculated according to the instance, a sudden increase in P*60 (apparent partition coeffi-
(36) N. Schilow and L. Lepin, Z . Phys. Chem., 101,353 (1922). (41) N. A. Kolossowsky and I. Megenine, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 51,
1000 (1932).
(37) H . W. Smith, J . Phys. Chem., 26,256 (1922). (42) W. Herz and H . Fischer, Chem. Ber., 38, 1138 (1905).
(38) A. K . M. S.H u q and S.A. K . Lodhi, ibid., 70, 1354 (1966). (43) N. A. Kolossowsky and S. F. Kulikov, 2.Phys. Chem., A169,459
(39) W. S.Hendrixson, 2.Anorg. Chem., 13,73 (1897). ( 1934).
(40) C. Brown and A . Mathieson, J. Phys. Chem., 58, 1057 (1954). (44) F. S.Brown and C. R. Bury, J . Chem. SOC.,123,2430 (1923).
530 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
Table I1
Association Constants of Acids
-Toluene- -Benzene- -CHCls-
Acid Kassoc Ref Kasmo Ref Kawoc Ref Kamoc Other sobent Ref
1. Formic 29 41 1210 45 26 45 0.6 Nitrobenzene 48
45
2. Acetic 42 42 28 42 60 45 43 cc1, 45
0 Ether 46
3. Propionic 133 29 94 29 31 29 78 Xylene 46
0.5 Ether 49
4. Butyric 182 29 97 29 52 29 2" Xylene 46
5. Isobutyric 300 29 182 29 64 29
6. Valeric 200 29 140 29 49 29
7. Isovaleric 225 29 138 29 80 29
8. Hexanoic 94 29 96 29 30 29 160 Xylene 46
0.1 Ether 49
9. Isohexanoic 68 29 50 29
10. Crotonic 450 29 271 29 136 29 419 Xylene 46
11. Chloroacetic 132" 43 96O 43 1.6 Nitrobenzene 43
4.5 42 2.2 42
12. Bromoacetic 0 29 0 29 53 46
13. Iodoacetic 60 29 37 29 16 29
14. @-Chloropropionic 100 29 55 29 35 29
15. a-Bromopropionic 30 29 16 29 9.5 29
16. @-Bromopropionic 65 29 61 29 25 29
17. P-Iodopropionic 133 29 95 29 64 29
18. a-Bromobutyric 47 29 22 29 22 29
19. Dichloroacetic 44 43 157 CCla 43
0 Ether 43
20. Trichloroacetic 0 43 0 43 0 Ether 46
0 Nitrobenzene 43
21. Picric 0 36 0.6 33 0 47
42
22. Benzoic 79 29 295 37 33 29 0 Ether 46
298 20 120 17 1440 Xylene 46
108 36
23. o-Toluic 21 29 1 29
24. p-Toluic 291 29 3.3 29
25. o-Methoxybenzoic 3.9 29 0 29
26. p-Methoxybenzoic 82 29 0.3 29
27. o-Chlorobenzoic 106 29 11 29 312 Xylene 46
28. m-Chlorobenzoic 25 29 0 29
29. pChlorobenzoic 0 29 0 29
30. o-Nitrobenzoic 0 29 1 29
31. m-Nitrobenzoic 78 29 61 29 133 XyIene 46
32. pNitrobenzoic 0 29 0 29
33. o-Bromobenzoic 30 29
34. m-Bromobenzoic 0 29
35. Salicylic 17 29 44 29 57 Xylene 46
36. Acetylsalicylic 143 29 75 29
37. Methylanthranilic 85 29
38. Phenylacetic 145 29 151 29 56 29
39. Anthranilic 770 29
a Doubtful value.
cient or partition ratio) of dibutyl phosphate in hexane (when For solutes showing negligible ionization (the work with the
Cor,= 0.05 M) can be explained in terms of the conversion of phosphate esters was done in 0.1 M HN03) in the aqueous
the dimer to a polymer chain. phase, it is easy to test if a higher polymer is formed in the or-
ganic phase. It has been pointed outas that if a trimer is
O-----H--O, formed
( RO '
PL) P(OR), a
\o++-o/ (45) A. Bekturov,J. Gen. Chem., 9,419 (1939).
(46) H. W. Smith,J.Phys. Chem., 25,204,605 (1921).
OR OR (47) W. Herz and M. Lewy, Z . Elektrochem., 46,818 (1905).
I I
--I)=P-OH-~-O=P-OII-
(48) N. A. Kolossowsky and A. Bekturov, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 2, 460
(1935).
I I (49) W. U.Behrens, Z . Anal. Chem., 69,97 (1926).
OR OR (50) D. Dyrssen and L. D. Hay, Acta Chem. Stand., 14, 1091 (1960).
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 531
Kassoc = Ctr/(C”J3 (15 ) acid in the benzene-water system, it was concluded16that the
dimer association constant in water is only one-fifth this large
where C,, = concentration trimer in organic phase and (i.e., 0.033). Nevertheless, the effect becomes quite large with
C,,, = concentration monomer in organic phase. Hence dodecanoic acid, making the determination of a true monomer
C,,, = Cmo, + 3Ctr = Cmo, + 3KassocCmm3 (16) partition coefficient almost impossible.s6Thus the present data
have not completely eliminated the possibility of head-to-head
where Cap, = total concentration solute in organic phase dimerization of fatty acids in the aqueous phase, but the pre-
(regardless of form), and C,, = concentration in water phase ponderance of new evidence l a favors the “chain entwinement”
(no polymerization). Assuming trimer cannot exist in the viewpoint.
aqueous phase, the true partition coefficient for monomer is Distribution studies have also been made with other types of
P = CmonjCv solutes which are known to form micelles at relatively low
concentrations in water such as alkylpyridinium and pyrido-
Therefore nium chlorides and p-tert-octylphenoxypolyoxyethanolsur-
CSPP - PCw + 3Kassoc(PCw)3 factants. Over a range of solute concentrations below cmc,
constant P values have been observed. 5 7 , 5 8
P* = P f 3K,,,,,P3CW2 (17)
A plot of the apparent partition coefficient, P*, us. the water C. THERMODYNAMICS OF
concentration squared, C,v2,should give a straight line with the PARTITIONING SYSTEMS
intercept yielding the value P and the slope yielding the value Solvent systems which are almost completely immiscible (e.g.,
K,,,,,. alkanes-water) are fairly well behaved and lend themselves to
Many investigators have followed similar derivations, but more rigorous thermodynamic treatment of partitioning data
some have not limited the applications to relatively un-ionized than solvent systems which are partially soluble in each
solutes. For example, AlmquisV1 observed a straight line plot other. 17,59,6O The following development can be applied more
of CJC, us. C,” with picric acid in the chloroform-water sys- strictly to the former systems, but the departures from ideality
tem. Assuming the applicability of the general relationship exhibited by the more polar solvent systems are not so great as
C,/C, = n(KassooPnCn-l) P+ (18)
to render this approach valueless. They will be discussed later.
It should be noted here that the thermodynamic partition co-
he calculated that the true partition coefficient was 0.46 and efficient is a ratio of mole fractions (I” = X J X , ) , and it
the association constant was 8.6. However, if we use the mea- should not be confused with the more common expression of
sured ionization constant for picric acid, we get constant P which is a dimensionless ratio of concentrations.
values of P = 15.8 and K,.,,, = 0. As pointed out above, picric CratinS1 has presented a lucid discussion of some of the as-
acid is apparently not associated in benzene, and we would ex- pects of the thermodynamics of the partitioning process. The
pect it to be even less associated in chloroform. Furthermore, following discussion is drawn from his analysis which relies
the value of 15 for P fits in much better when compared to the heavily on extrathermodynamic assumptions.
octanol-water system by means of the regression equation A For each of the “i” components comprising an ideal solu-
in Table VIII. tion, the following equation is assumed to hold
Most investigators have assumed that the amount of di-
merization of aliphatic acids in the aqueous phase is insignifi- p , ( T , P , X ) = ple(T,P)3- RT In X , (19)
cant, an assumption which seems reasonable if only a head-to- where pee,' is the chemical potential of pure “i” in the solution
head dimer is possible. under specified conditions, and X , is its mole fraction. p,’ is not
0---HO, the actual chemical potential of pure “i” but the value it would
R--C /
have if the solution remained ideal up to X , = 1 . It can be
,C-R
‘OH-- -o/ shown6 that, for dilute solutions, the chemical potential based
on mole fractions is larger than that based on molar concentra-
However, with higher homologs other possibilities exist. tions by a factor of RT In reo,
where V,” is the molar volume
Micelle formation becomes quite significant even at low con- of solvent and therefore
centrations with long-chain fatty Even though one
works at concentrations below the critical micelle concentra- + RT In Vs”+ RT In C ,
p , ( T , P , X ) = ple(T,P) (20)
tion (cmc), the problem of association in the aqueous phase An interesting approach to the study of the intermolecular
cannot be eliminated. Entwinement of the long alkyl chains forces involved in partitioning is to assume that the free energy
occurs in very dilute ~ o l u t i o n sCareful
.~~ examination of cryo- of transfer of a molecule can be factored into the contributions
scopic data, Raman spectra, and vapor pressure measure- of its various parts; that is, P is an additive-constitutive prop-
ment~~~ have
, ~ been
~ , ~ interpreted
5 to yield aqueous phase di- erty of a molecule (see section V). CratinG1considered the ther-
merization constants for carboxylic acids which increase with modynamic implications of this concept. Assuming that the
chain length: formic, 0.04; acetic, 0.16; propionic, 0.23; total transfer free energy of a molecule ( p t ) is made up of a
butyric, 0.36. From a careful study of the distribution of acetic
(51) H . Almquist, J . Phys. Chem., 37,991 (1933). (56) C. Church and C. Hansch, unpublished results.
( 5 2 ) J. L. Kavanau, “Structure and Function in Biological Mem- (57) E. Crook, D. Fordyce, and G . Trebbi, J . Colloid Sci., 20, 191
branes,” Vol. I, Holden-Day, San Francisco, Calif., 1965, p 11. (1965).
(53) P. Mukerjee, I<. J. Mysels, and C. I. Dulin, J . Phys. Chem., 62, (58) H. L. Greenwald, E. I<. Kice, M. Kenly, and J. Kelly, Anal.
1390 (1958). Chem., 33,465 (1961).
(54) A. Katchalsky, H . Eisenberg, and S. Lifson, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., (59) R. Aveyard and R. Mitchell, Trans. Faraday SOC.,65,2645 (1969).
73, 5889 (1951). (60) R. Aveyard and R. Mitchell, ibid., 66,37 (1970).
( 5 5 ) D. Cartwright and C. Monk, J . Chem. SOC.,2500 (1955). (61) P. D. Cratin, 2nd. Eng. Chem., 60, 14 (1968).
532 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
Table III
Temperature Effect on Log P
Solvent-water Solutea Temp, "C A log PJdeg Ref
Octanol Hexanoic acid 4-22 1.7 x 10-3 56
Octanoic acid 4-22 0.0 56
n-Butylpyridinium bromide 4-22 -1.0 x 10-2 65
n-Tetradecylpyridinium bromide 4-22 -1.0 x 10-2 65
Ethyl ether Acetic acid 0-25 -1.2 x 10-3 66
Succinic acid 15-25 -0.9 X 10-2 62
Chloroform Acet yl-d-leucine 4-27 -0.9 X 10-2 67
Acet yl-d-leucine 24-37 -1.3 x 10-2 67
Methylamine 18-32 1.0 x 10-2 68
Ammonia 18-32 0.8 X 10-2 68
Oil
Olive Antipyrine 7-36.5 1.2 x 10-2 69
Cod-liver Antipyrine 7-36.5 1.5 x 10-2 69
Cottonseed Ethanol 3-30 1.1 x 10-2 70
Benzene o-Phenylenediamine 20-70 3.4 x 10-3 71
p-Phenylenediamine 20-70 4.4 x 10-3 71
p-Nitrosomethylaniline 6-25 2.1 x 10-3 72
Acetic acid 6-18.5 3.0 x 10-3 66
Xylene 2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 10-30 4.5 x 10-3 73
2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 30-50 7.0 x 10-3 73
Toluene 2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 10-30 7.5 x 10-3 73
2-Methyl-Sethylpyridine 30-50 -4.0 x 10-3 73
Ethylamine 18-32 1.7 X 68
Diethylamine 18-32 1.9 X 68
Triethylamine 18-32 1 . 9 x 10-2 68
1-Hexanol Malonic acid 20-60 -1.2 x 10-3 74
Succinic acid 20-60 - 0 . 5 x 10-3 74
Heptane p-Chloroaniline 15-35 5.5 x 10-3 75
Isooctane p-tert-Octylphenoxynonaethoxy-
ethanol (OPE-9) 25-60 2.8 X 10-2 58
Average = 9.0 X 10-3
= No correction made for ApKJdT for any of the acids.
fact that on heating aqueous solutions of such compounds The partition coefficient per -CHz- in an alkyl chain can then
as nicotine, sec-butyl alcohol, etc., separation into two phases be defined as
results at temperatures not far above room temperature.
3. The formation of micelles from detergent molecules in
water is accompanied by very small heat changes; that is
to say, the dissociation of micelles into individual molecules
does not depend on a large positive value of AH. Hence it is
where a and p refer to the organic and aqueous phases, re-
assumed that this association-dissociation reaction is con-
spectively. This is assuming that the motions of internal ro-
trolled largely by a large negative AS.
tation are separable from all other motions and that the in-
The origin of the large negative unitary entropy change
ternal rotation contribution has been assumed representable
and the small negative enthalpy change involved in par-
as the product of n equivalent factors. At room temperature, if
titioning between aqueous and nonaqueous phases was first
kT is much smaller than the spacing between ( e o ) and (e1) or
clearly appreciated by Frank and Evans. They reached the
conclusion that when organic compounds are placed in water,
the water molecules arrange themselves around the apolar
$,/ICp varies little with n and (BO) eo-
between E O and el, then P E ( $ ~ / ~ g ) 3 n ( e - ( ‘ o ) - f )0 /* k TIf
form-fitting sweateF of water molecules from the apolar at room temperature using vapor-phase chromatography for
part of the solute results in a large entropy change in the analysis. Unpublished data: C. Church, F. Helmer, and C. Hansch.
randomization of the water molecules. An alternative point
of view is that of Aranow and Witten.7QThey reason that in
the aqueous phase the apolar chain of a solute molecule is throws some light on the problem.
rigidly held in a favored rotational configuration by the In comparing compounds 1 and 2, for example, one must
structured layer of water molecules surrounding it. In the keep in mind the fact that the electron-withdrawing groups,
organic solvent its rotational oscillations are relatively un- when placed near elements containing lone pair electrons,
restricted. They write the canonical single particle partition usually raise the partition coefficient by an increment greater
function, 2, for a molecule having n carbon-to-carbon bonds than simple additivity.’” However, uI for CF3 is 0.41 and
in the apolar environment as uI for C2Fsis 0.41B1so that this effect is ruled out. Two of
the three values are considerably higher than the value of
0.5/CFz predicted by the Aranow-Witten hypothesis, and
therefore the partitioning data favor the Frank-Evans
Because of the threefold increase in the number of energy hypothesis.
levels, the corresponding partition function in the water Hydrogen bonding is the next factor to consider in studying
phase is the energy requirements for phase transfer. This factor is of
paramount importance in determining the character of both
the solute and the organic solvent phase. Compounds such as
highly unlikely that such complete “dehydration” would Figure 1. Variation of apparent partition coefficient with pH:
occur in, say, butanol which is 9 M with respect to water (left) J. Colaizzi and P. Klink, J. Pharm. Sci.,58, 1184 (1969);
content at saturation. Even in octanol, which is 2.3 M with (right) W. Scholtan, Arzneim-Forsch., 18, 505 (1968).
respect to water at saturation, it is likely that most highly
polar functions would be more or less solvated by water and/
or the hydroxyl function of the alcohol. arginine, and L-histidyl-L-histidine, as well as P=t of the
Certain solvents such as alcohols and amines can act as strong acids HOEtS03H, CH3S03H,HC1, HBr, HN08, and
both donors and acceptors in hydrogen bonding. This in- HC104. A log-log plot of the P values gave a series of straight
creases their versatility as solvents. For this reason Meyer and lines with a slope of 1 for ammonia and alanine, 2 for L-
Hemmis2 suggested using oleyl alcohol-water partition arginine, and 3 for L-histidyl-L-histidine.
coefficients as a reference system for evaluating partitioning Solutes which are ionized and completely dissociated in the
of drugs in biological systems. Earlier workers had used aqueous phase present additional complications to the treat-
esters (olive oil, cotton seed oil, etc.) to represent lipophilic ment of partitioning as strictly an equilbrium process, such as
biophases. Since many NH and OH groups are present in given in section 11. The identity of the solute species in both
enzymes and membranes, it is not surprising that alcohol- phases is rarely assured. If electrical conductivity resulted
water systems give better correlations and thus have become solely from the current-carrying capability of single ions,
more widely used as extrathermodynamic reference systems. then salts in organic solvents with relatively high dielectric
Other intermolecular forces which must be considered in constants (e.g., nitrobenzene, 36.1 ; or nitromethane, 39.4)
the partitioning process are dispersion forces arising out of could be considered to be over 90% dissociated into single
electron correlation. It seems that these would play a minor ions at M.85*86 But as the dielectric constant decreases,
role in setting equilibrium positions of solutes. Dispersion the mutual energy of configurations where there are three
forces involved in complex formation in solution will largely
ions in contact (A-CS-A-) becomes comparable to kT.87
cancel out since, when a solute molecule leaves one phase and
At this point they are thermally stable and capable of carrying
enters a new phase, it exchanges one set of London inter-
current, and therefore conductance is not proof per se of
actions for an0ther.8~
complete dissociation.
The energy required to transfer from the aqueous phase to
Even relatively hydrophilic ion pairs can be accommodated
the organic phase any solute which contains two or more
in a lipophilic solvent such as cyclohexane if this solvent
formal charges is obviously going to depend heavily on the
contains a small amount of a dipolar solvating agent. In
dielectric constant of the particular organic phase in question.
the instance where the cation is the large lipophilic member
Most of the water-immiscible organic solvents have dielectric
of the pair, the most effective solvating agents appear to be
constants much lower than that of water, and thus charged
those with acidic protons, e.g., chloroform, alcohols, and
solutes must contain rather large hydrocarbon residues to
phenols.88 In the reverse situation where the small cationic
have positive log P values. This combination makes them
charge is unshielded, solvating species with nucleophilic
very surface active and usually results in difficulties of mea-
sites (e.g., ethers, ketones, amides, and phosphate esters)
surement.
are most effective.
Amphoteric molecules such as amino acids, tetracycline,
In considering the partitioning of carboxylic acids and
or the sulfa drugs are most lipophilic when they contain an
amines, it is convenient to work with the A log P resulting
equal number of positive and negative charges. Typical de-
from the addition or removal of a proton to create an ion.
pendence of log P upon pH is shown in Figure l.
(This is analogous to the definition of x values taken up on
For bases which can accept one or more hydrogen ions,
p 542.) By this convention, A log P = (log P,,,) - (log
An +, the partition coefficient, PA^ +,is related to the parti-
Pneutral)and will always have a negative sign for the more
tion coefficient of an associated strong acid, Pa-, by the
polar ion is obviously more hydrophilic.
expression
For aliphatic acids, A log P is about -4.06; for salicylic,
PA,,+ = k[Pa+I” (31) it is -3.09; for p-phenylbenzoic, it is -4.04. For a simple
aliphatic amine (dodecyl), the A log P of protonation is - 3.28.
This relationship for the 2-butanol-water system has been
verifieds4 by measuring PA%- of ammonia, alanine, L-
(85) H.Falkenhagen, “Electrolyte,” S. Herzel, Leipzig, 1932.
(86) J. C. Philip and H . B. Oakley, J . Chem. Soc., 125,1189 (1924).
(82) K.H.Meyer and H . Hemmi, Biochem. Z.,277,39 (1935). (87) R. Fuoss and F. Accascina, “Electrolytic Conductance,” Inter-
(83) R. S . Mulliken and W. B. Person, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 91, 3409 science, New York, N. Y., 1959,p 222.
(1969). (88) T. Higuchi, A. Michaelis, T. Tan, and A. Hurwitz, Anal. Chem.,
(84) F.Carpenter, W.McGregor, and J. Close, ibid., 81,849(1959). 39, 974 (1967).
536 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
that anion solvation by protic solvents decrease strongly in is added to convert about 20% to the free base. The automatic
the order F- > C1- > Br- > I- > picrate-, while in aprotic titrator is then operated as a pH-Stat, and, when the immiscible
solvents the order is reversed. Even though for this study solvent is added and stirred, it removes only free base from
methanol was used as the standard protic solvent (rather than the aqueous phase. From the ratio of NaOH added prior to
water) and a ratio of solubilities rather than a partition co- the addition of organic solvent, the partition ratio can be cal-
efficient measured solvent affinity, these data are quite culated.
relevant to this review. They predict the large range and cor- Some solutes with surfactant properties cause troublesome
rect order of P values for the above anions in the nitrobenzene- emulsions to form between two immiscible solvents. Usually
water system and predict a very small range in any alcohol- these can be dispersed by centrifugation or long standing
water system (nonprotic us. protic solvents). The solvation or a combination of both. If this fails, diffusion techniques
values for cationsloowould predict a smaller protic us. aprotic can be used, although they are distressingly time consuming.
difference, but the methanol us. dimethylformamide values This method5*has yielded results consistent with other pro-
place them in the expected order : Na+ < Kf < Cs+ < Et4N+< cedures. It has also been shownS7how a partition coefficient
BuW. can be calculated from the difference between surface and
interfacial tensions, but the accuracy is probably not better
111. Experimental Methods than an order of magnitude.
It has been mentioned that Craig countercurrent distribu-
By far the most extensive and useful partition coefficient
tion procedures often yield valuable partition coefficient data.
data were obtained by simply shaking a solute with two im-
However, for purposes of characterizing or separating a par-
miscible solvents and then analyzing the solute concentration
ticular substance, it is desirablelo6to work with a partition
in one or both phases. However, mention should be made of
coefficient near 1. This is often accomplished through the
some other fundamentally different techniques.
use of mixed solvents. Also, when a clean separation of solute
Occasionally the ratio of solubilities in two separate sol-
compounds is desired, concentrated buffers are used106 to
vents has been measured and reported as a partition co-
give maximum shift of P with pH. As a result, many of the
efficient.lOl This is truly a value of P only at saturation and is
partition coefficients calculated from Craig procedures have
apt to be quite different from the value obtained under the
little comparative value because the solvent is unique or
conditions of low solute concentration and with the two
because the aqueous phase is at high ionic strength.
phases mutually saturated. As seen from Table VIII,
A perusal of the literature reveals that many different
the amount of water soluble in many solvents can be quite
techniques have been employed for the simple problem
high and this modifies their solvent character considerably.
of mixing and separating the two phases in order to obtain
Rather high concentrations of organic solutes are necessary
an equilibrium distribution of the solute. Many workers
to saturate many solvents. Not only does this make for
have used periods of shaking as long as an hour or more.
greater solute-solute interactions, but such high concen-
Such a lengthy procedure is unnecessary. It has been
trations actually change the character of the organic phase
foundlD7that simple repeated inversion of a tube with
so that one is no longer dealing with, say, butanol as the
the two phases establishes equilibrium in 1-2 min. With
organic phase but with some mixed solvent. However, if the
almost all of the many substances studied by these authors,
information desired relates to miscible ~ 0 1 v e n t s , 9 ~then
~~0~
equilibrium was reached with 50 inversions. Experience in our
there is little choice in the matter. An extensive study has
laboratory has shown that about 100 inversions in roughly
been made of the solubility ratios of amino acids in a series
5 min produce consistent results. Very vigorous shaking
of alcohols, and this should be consulted for experimental
should be avoided since this tends to produce troublesome
details. l o 2l,o 3
emulsions. The clarity of the two phases is not a dependable
Another of limited application is that of
criterion of the absence of an emulsion, and therefore a
placing a volatile solute such as ethanol in a closed system with
centrifugation step is recommended for precise determinations.
two other solvents which need not be immiscible. If the con-
This cannot be overemphasized. For convenience, partitioning
centration of solute is determined in both solutions and if the
can be carried out in 250-ml centrifuge bottles fitted with
relation between solute activity and concentration is known
glass stoppers. In this way centrifugation can be accomplished
in one of the solutions, the dependence of activity on con-
without transfer of material. Avoiding cork or rubber stoppers
centration in the other can be inferred. This method, which
eliminates the possibility that impurities might be introduced
resembles solvent isopiestic procedures, can be used at low
solute concentrations. by these materials or that some substances might be ex-
tracted by such stoppers. Since it is desirable to work at low
A rapid method which employs automatic titration for the
concentrations in each phase (0.01 M or less), small amounts
determination of partition coefficients of organic bases be-
of impurities can cause serious error.
tween immiscible solvents has been described. To an aqueous
In measuring about 800 partition coefficients between water
solution of the base hydrochloride, sufficient standard NaOH
and octanol we have usually analyzed the solute in only one
phase and obtained the concentration in the other by dif-
ference. However, if there is the possibility that absorption
(100) R . Alexander, E. C. F. KO,A. J. Parker, and T. J. Broxton, to glass may occur, both phases must be analyzed. Such ab-
J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 90,5049 (1968).
(101) B. Wroth and E. Reid, ibid., 38,2316 (1916). sorption has been found to occur with ionic solutes.lo8Ab-
(102) E. Cohn and J. Edsal, “Proteins, Amino Acids and Peptides,”
Reinhold, New York, N. Y., 1943, p 200.
(103) T. McMeekin, E. Cohn, and J. Weare, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 58, (106) L. Craig, G . Hogeboom, F. Carpenter, and V. DuVigneaud, J .
2173 (1936). Bid. Chem., 168, 665 (1947).
(104) S. D. Christian, H. E. Affsprung, J. R. Johnson, and J. D. Worley, (107) Reference 22, p 159.
J . Chem. Educ., 40, 419 (1963). (108) J. Fogh, P. 0. H. Rasmussen, and K. Skadhauge, Anal. Chem.,
(105) A. Brandstrom, Acta Chem. Scand., 17,1218 (1963). 26,392 (1954).
538 Chemical Reviews, 1971,Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hantch, and D. Elklns
sorption may also be a serious problem when working with system with the largest number of measured values containing
very low concentrations of labeled compounds (<10-6 M ) . the widest selection of functional groups. Furthermore, a
It is quite helpful to estimate the partition coefficient in ad- large portion of these measurements have been made in one
vance of the determination (see section V). This allows one laboratory, and therefore should be more self-consistent.
to make a more judicious estimate of the volumes of solvents It is clearly evident from Smith’s data46that, when the
to employ. With very lipophilic molecules, for example, it is nonpolar phases of the partitioning systems differ widely,
evident that relatively small volumes of nonpolar solvent and especially when the solute sets contain molecules which
must be used or there will be insufficient material left in the cannot hydrogen bond along with those which can, eq 32
aqueous phase for analysis. For example, if a solute is does not give a good correlation. For example, in comparing
thought to have a P value of 200, and 20 mg was partitioned benzene-water with octanol-water, 52 assorted solutes give
between equal 100-ml volumes, the aqueous phase would end a regression equation with a poor correlation coefficient (0.81)
up with only 0.1 mg. If the analytical procedure has an in- and high standard deviation (0.55).
herent error of 0.05 mg/100 ml, the P value could vary between It might seem feasible to place all solutes in the order of a
133 and 400. If, however, 200 ml of water and 5 ml of non- ratio of P values from two standard systems and group them,
polar solvent were used, the water layer would contain 3.5 if possible, on this basis. This can be useful when the objec-
mg or 1.75 mg/100 ml and the same analytical accuracy tive, for example, is limited to a comparison of Lewis acid
would limit the range of P values from 194 to 206. With strengths by using the ratio of P values between a saturated
good analytical procedures and proper volume choices of sol- and unsaturated solvent system, hexane us. p-xylene. 1 1 1 San-
vent, log P values in the range -5 to $5 can be measured. used a similar ratio from the CHC13 and diethyl ether
As pointed out in section II.C, many partitioning systems systems to reach some general conclusions about the relative
show temperature dependence of about 0.01 log unit/deg in percentage of tautomeric forms of various solutes, but this
the room-temperature range. Obviously, temperature con- simplified system failed when applied to certain specific cases.
trol is essential for highest accuracy and is most important For example, it erroneously predicted a sizable concentra-
for the more miscible systems. For most applications, espe- tion of imino form in a solution of benzenesulfonamide.113
cially as an extrathermodynamic parameter for biological Infrared spectroscopy data114s l6 appear to directly contra-
structure-activity relationships, variations due to tempera- dict this conclusion.
ture are hardly comparable to those inherent in the other It appeared that the simplest way to make such a separa-
measurements, and therefore we do not consider it a serious tion of solute types was to take the values from a single equa-
shortcoming that most of the values in Table XVII are simply tion and separate all the “minus deviants” into one category
“at room temperature” without an estimation of what that and the “plus deviants” into another. After one has done this
might be. for several solvent systems, one finds that the strong hydrogen
bond donors are the “minus deviants” and the hydrogen
I V . Linear Free-Energy Relationships bond acceptors are the “plus deviants.” The ether-water
among Systems system is exceptional, for while it also segregates the donors
from acceptors, the deviations are reversed.
Since partition coefficients are equilibrium constants, it
Some work has been done to establish a scale of values
should not be surprising that one finds extrathermody-
for H donors116 and H acceptors,117but these cover only a
namic109relationships between values in different solvent sys-
small fraction of the solutes appearing in Table XVII. A rea-
tems. Such an assumption was implicit in the work of Meyer25
sonable alternative was to place some of the more common
and Overton26 who used oil-water partition coefficients to
functional groups into “general solute classes” which would
correlate the narcotic action of drugs. Smith46also showed
be compatible with the “plus deviant” and “minus deviant”
the possibility of such relationships, but Collanders was the
catagories as indicated by regression analysis. These classes
first to express the relationship in precise terms.
also had to be compatible with the well-known rules based
log P2 = a log P1 +b on the electronegativity and size of the two atoms bound by
the hydrogen atom;118 see Table VII.
Working with only his own partitioning data, Collander It is to be expected that some changes in molecular struc-
examined only the linear relationship between similar sol- ture outside of the functional group will have important effects
vent systems. In particular, he showed that eq 32 held between on H bonding, sufficient at times to change the assigned sol-
the systems isobutyl alcohol-water, isopentyl alcohol- ute class. Examples of this situation which have been allowed
water, octanol-water, and oleyl alcohol-water. Hansch,”O for are seen in no. 5 and 13, but others can be expected also.
using Smith’s data, later extended the comparison of rela- Whenever a solute molecule contained two or more non-
tively nonpolar systems using CHC13-water for PI and the interacting functional groups, each of which would require
following systems for Pz: CC14,xylene, benzene, and isoamyl classification as “A” and “B”, we have placed it in the class
acetate.
The most useful relationships for the study of solute-sol-
(111) R. Orye, R. Weimer, and J. Prausnitz, Science, 148,74 (1965).
vent interactions are obtained by defining a reference system (112) K. Sandell, Nuturwissenschuften, 53,330 (1966).
and making it the independent variable, PI, in a set of equa- (113) K. Sandell, Monutsh. Chem., 92, 1066 (1961).
tions of the form of eq 32. Most of the reasons behind our (1 14) J. Adams and R. G. Shepherd, J . Org. Chem.,31,2684 (1966).
\ - I
choice of octanol-water as the reference system have already (115) N. Bacon, A. J. Boulton, R. T. Brownlee, A. R. Katritzky, and
_R. D. Toasom.
_ ~ J . Chem. Soc.. 5230 (1965).
been given, but another practical one is the fact that it is the & .
Table VI1 slope value first. We can see that it is a measure of the solvent
General Solute Classes system’s sensitivity to changes in lipophilicity of solutes. Bu-
tanol-water. as expected, has the lowest slope value and the
Group “A” least sensitivity. When this pair is saturated with one another,
H donors
’ 3. Barbiturates
they are about as much alike as two separate phases can be,
4. Alcohols Since log P measures the difference in transfer energy between
5. Amides (negatively substituted, but not the two, changes in solute character will register as only small
di-N-substituted) differenceswhen compared to octanol.
c ‘ 6. Sulfonamides Increasing the hydrocarbon chain length in the solvent
7. Nitriles alcohol increases the dissimilarity of the alcohol-water
8. Imides phases, and there is an increased sensitivity to solute changes.
, 9.a Amides Apparently, a maximum sensitivity is reached at octanol for
Group “B” the slope in the oleyl alcohol equation is also 1.0.
H acceptors There is some basis for the postulate that the partitioning
process, outside of hydrogen bonding, is the same for solutes
in each system, and therefore if hydrogen bonding were ac-
counted for separately, the slopes of all the equations in Ta-
ble VI11 would be near 1.0. Some of the results reported by
Higuchi and his coworkers’ l6 can be interpreted in this man-
ner. They have used the cyclohexane-water system where the
organic phase has a minimum of hydrogen-bonding ability,
and to it have added a small amount of tributyl phosphate
a Classes 9 and 10 must be reversed when considering the ether (TBP) or isopropoxymethyl phosphoryl fluoride (sarin) as
and oil solvent systems. b E.g., o-nitrophenol. “Neutral” in CHCh H-bond acceptors. By partitioning a set of substituted phenols
and CC14.
between the two phases they have calculated an equilibrium
constant for the solute-TBP complex. Table IX contains
their data and log Poctanol values for the phenols, and from
which gave the best fit with that particular equation. It was it eq 33 and 34 have been formulated. The correlation be-
felt that the best fit of the data would serve to categorize the
dominant solvation forces in such cases. For example, p- log Pootsnol = 0.50 log Poyolohexane + 2.43 (33)
methoxybenzoic acid is both an acid (class 1) and an ether n r S
(class 14). Regression equation “A” gave the best fit in the 9 0.791 0.391
solvent systems : benzene, toluene, and xylene (see Table
VIII). This suggests that the H-donor ability of the carboxyl log Pootan01 = 1-00 log Pcyolohexane f 1.20 log KHn
n r S
+ 2.35 (34)
group dominates in placing p-methoxybenzoic acid in the
9 0.979 0.140
most poorly accommodated category when these solvents
are compared to octanol. In the CHCls--water system, how- tween partition coefficients in octanol and cyclohexane
ever, p-methoxybenzoic acid is not so poorly accommodated is poor, as shown by eq 33. However, when correction is
(again in relation to the standard reference system), and ac- made for the hydrogen-bonding ability of the phenols by
tually the “N” equation fits it as well as the “A” (Table VIII). adding a term in log K H ~a, good correlation is obtained
This suggests that the weak H-donor capability of the sol- (eq 34). Moreover, the coefficient with log Poyolohexane is
vent, CHC18, increases the accommodation of this solute by 1.00, indicating that in a rough sense the desolvation pro-
interacting with the ethereal oxygen. cesses are the same for each system.
Once a practical basis for sorting solutes was available, we It is reasonable to propose that decreasing the lipophilic
could study the set of equations (of the form of eq 32) relating character of the nonaqueous phase decreases the energy re-
the solvent systems to see if the slope and intercept values quired to transfer a hydrocarbon solute (or a specific seg-
could give some indication of the solute-solvent forces at ment of a solute, such as a methylene group) from the non-
work. In doing so, it was convenient to establish some sort aqueous to the aqueous phase, and this would result in a de-
of preliminary order to the solvent systems. Although the crease in the slope values in Table VI11 in going from octanol
dipole moment, the dielectric constant, the solubility param- to butanol. It would be logical to predict, therefore, that any
eter,119-122and the molar attraction constant have each alteration of the aqueous phase in these partitioning systems
been useful in establishing a scale for solvents in certain ap- to make it more like the nonaqueous would also reduce the
plications, none seemed to put partitioning solvent systems transfer energy and lower the slope.
into a sensible order. A simple scheme which did work was There are not a great deal of data in the literature which
to order them according to the amount of water they con- are suitable for testing this hypothesis, but the investigations
tained at saturation. In Table VI11 they appear in this order. of FeltkamplZ5certainly support it. He measured the distri-
In using the slopes and intercepts of the equations of Table bution of various barbiturates between diethyl ether and a
VI11 to study solute-solvent interactions as compared to the 50:50 mixture of dimethylformamide and water. Since DMF
standard solute-octanol interaction, we can consider the itself is not very well accommodated by ether (log Pether-water
(119) J. H. Hildebrand and R . L. Scott, “The Solubility of Nonelectro-
lytes,” 3rd ed, Reinhold, New York, N. Y.,1950. (123) P values for ail of the solutes used to develop the equations are
(120) L. J. Mullins, Chem. Rea., 54, 289 (1954). listed in J. Org. Chem., 36, 1539 (1971), microfilm edition.
(121) S . Khalil and A . Martin, J . Pharm. Sci., 56, 1225 (1967). (124) D. Burton, K . Clark, and G. Gray, J. Chem. SOC.,1315 (1964).
(122) J. A . Ostrenga, ibid., 58, 1281 (1969). (125) H. Feltkamp, Arzneim.-Forsch., 15,238 (1965).
540 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
Table VIIl
Solvent Regression Equations1e8
LogP.oiv = a LogPootsnoi b +
-H20 coneti at saturation-
Solvent
(VS. HoO) I08M
-- a5
H-donor solutes
ba
Equation “A”----
n r S
- r--
a
H-acceptor solutes
b
Equation “B”-------,
n r P
Cyclohexane 2.5 0.675 - 1.842 26 0.761 0.503 1.063 - 0.734 30 0.957 0.360
(k0.24) (k0.48) (k0.12) (10.25)
Heptane 3.3 1.056 - 2.851 10 0.764 0.916 1.848 - 2.223 11 0.954 0.534
(k0.73) (11.46) (k0.44) (k0.93)
CCIP 10.0 1.168 - 2.163 24 0.974 0.282 1.207 - 0.219 11 0.959 0.347
(k0.12) (k0.15) (k0.27) ( i 0 . 3 7 )
xylene 18.8 0.942 - 1.694 19 0.963 0.225 1.027 - 0.595 21 0.986 0.230
( i o . 13) (k0.21) (f0.08) (k0.16)
Toluene 25.6 1.135 - 1.777 22 0.980 0.194 1.398 - 0.922 14 0.971 0.274
(k0. 11) ( 1 0 . 16) (f0.22) (k0.37)
Benzene 26.0 1.015 - 1.402 33 0.962 0.234 1.223 - 0.573 19 0.958 0.291
( 1 0 . 11) (k0.14) (kO.19) (f0.20)
CHC13C 68.4 1.126 - 1.343 28 0.967 0.308 1.276 +0.171 21 0.976 0.251
(k0.12) (f0.21) (k0.14) (k0.17)
Oilsd 72.5 1.099 - 1.310 65 0.981 0.271 1.119 - 0.325 14 0.988 0.233
(k0.06) (k0.09) (k0.11) ( 1 0 . 19)
Nitrobenzene 180 1.176 - 1.072 9 0.977 0.217
(10.23) (10.20)
Isopentyl acetate 456 1.027 + 0.072 22 0.986 0.209
( i 0 . 0 8 ) (10.13)
Ether 690 1.130 - 0.170 71 0.988 0.186 1.142 - 1.070 32 0.957 0.326
(k0.04) (k0.05) (10.13) (10.12)
“Sole” Equation
Oleyl alcohol 712 0.999 - 0.575 37 0.985 0.225
(k0.06) ( 1 0 . 11)
Methyl isobutyl 950 1.094 +
0.050 17 0.993 0.184
ketone (i0.07) (fO.ll)
Ethyl acetate 1620 0.932 +
0.052 9 0.969 0.202
(h0.21) (k0.18)
Octanol 2300 +
1.000 o.oO0
Cyclohexanone 4490 1.035 +
0.896 10 0.972 0.340
(f0.20) ( f 0 . 30)
Primary pentanols 50006 0.808 +
0.271 19 0.987 0.161
(3~0.07) (kO.09)
see- and tert- 5320, 0.892 +
0.288 11 0.996 0.091
pentanols (10.06) ( i 0 . 0 6 )
2-Butanone 5460 0.493 +
0.315 9 0.987 0.093
(k0.07) (k0.07)
Cyclohexanol 6510 0.745 +
0.866 12 0.985 0.100
(iO.09) (k0.14)
Primary butanols 9440. 0.697 +
0.381 57 0.993 0.123
(k0.02) (10.03)
a The values in parentheses are the 9 5 z confidence intervals. The “N” equation is log PCCU = 0.862 (f0.60) log Pootanol - 0.626
- 0.617 (10.12) ( n = 32, r = 0.974,
(rt0.70) (n = 6, r = 0.809, s = 0.462). c The “ N ’ equation is log PcBCll = 1.10 ( i O . 0 9 ) log Pootsnoi
s = 0.254). d Most liquid glyceryl triesters fit this equation; olive, cottonseed, and peanut oils were the most frequently used. E n-Amyl alco-
hol = 5.03 M in water; isoamyl alcohol = 4.50 M in water. f Water content measured for 2-pentanol only. 0 Water content measured for
1-butanol only.
= -1.62),2 it should not greatly change the solvent even though these poorly predicted solutes lowered the value
properties of the water-saturated ether phase, but it must of r to 0.86. It is apparent that this drastic reduction in the
greatly reduce the protic nature of the aqueous phase. The protic character of the aqueous phase has reduced the sen-
following equation was derived using this rather limited set sitivity of the ether-water system to changes in lipophilicity
of solutes. of solutes by a factor of 2.8 (i.e., 1.13/0.4). Diethylformamide,
log Pethei/H20-DMF = -0.321 +
0.400 log Pootanol
by disrupting the water envelope around a nonpolar solute,
in all probability reduces the entropy factor in phase transfer.
n r S
The intercept value for each of the regression equations in
6 0.988 0.058
Table VI11 can be used as a measure of the lipophilicity of the
The equation with two additional values for hexobarbital solvent in a slightly different fashion. It is apparent that the
and phenobarbital was essentially the same (slope = 0.405) intercept value in the equation for a given solvent system
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971,Vol. 71, No. 6 541
Table X
Partitioning of Organic Compounds between Proteins and Aqueous Phases
Type of compound Macromolecule" Kt U b n r S Ref T , "C
1. Miscellaneous BSA(1:l) 1/C 0.75 2.30 42 0.960 0.159 9 4
2. Miscellaneous BSA (3 :1) 1/C 0.59 , 2.03 16 0.900 0.133 9 4
3. Barbiturates BSA (1:l) 1/C 0.58 2.40 4 0.961 0.137 9 RT
4. Barbiturates BSA B/F 0.51 -1.22 17 0.896 0.181 126 RT
5. RCOO- BSA K 0.59" -6.51 5 0.966 0.213 9 23
6. Miscellaneous BSA(1:l) 1/C 0.67 2.48 25 0.945 0.242 129 37
7. Penicillins Human serum B/F 0.490 -0.63 79 0.924 0.134 127 -22
8. Thyroxine analogs Albumin K 0.46O 2.59 8 0.950 0.237 126 37
9. Miscellaneous Hemoglobin 1/C 0.71 1.51 17 0.950 0.160 9 4
10. ROH Ribonuclease K 0.50 -1.56 4 0.999 0.012 9 62
11. Acetamides Nylon K 0.69 -7.16 7 0.961 0.203 128 26.5
12. Acetanilides Rayon K 0.84 -7.24 7 0.967 0.227 128 26.5
13. Barbiturates Liverd B/F 0.52 -1.14 5 0.973 0.124 126 RT
14. Barbiturates Heartd B/F 0.62 -1.48 5 0.950 0.207 126 RT
15. Barbiturates Kidneyd B/F 0.53 -1.42 5 0.962 0.152 126 RT
16. Barbiturates Lungd B/F 0.56 -1.50 5 0.956 0.173 126 RT
17. Barbiturates Braind B/F 0.52 -1.44 5 0.973 0.125 126 RT
18. Barbiturates Muscled B/F 0.48 -1.45 5 0.970 0.121 126 RT
a BSA = bovine serum albumin. * C = molar concentration; B/F = ratio bound to free; for definition of K,see original article. ?r values
used instead of log P. d Homogenized.
(as they are in passing into butanol) but that the "sweater" x is the logarithm of the partition coefficient of the function
of outer molecules is not completely stripped from the solute. X.For example, A C could
~ be obtained as follows.
There are instances in which the slope relating binding to
log Pootanolis 1. For example, the correlation of log 1/Kmwith ACI = log Pchlorobenzene - log Pbenzene
log P for chymotrypsin substrateslal and inhibitors is essen-
tially 1 for substituents thought to be binding in the pz area. B. SUBSTITUENT FREE ENERGIES AND
K, is the Michaelis constant and is an approximate binding INTERACTION TERMS
constant. Chymotrypsin is known to contain a deep cleft
which may constitute the p2 area and, in this instance, com- It has been found that x values are relatively constant from
plete desolvation of the substituent may occur. one system to another as long as there are no special steric or
electronic interactions of the substituents not contained in the
V . Additive-Constitutive Properties reference system. For example, it has been found that A C H ~
for groups attached to various benzene derivatives has a value
It was apparent to MeyerZ5and Overton,2eas well as the other in the octanol-water system of 0.50 =k 0.04 for 15 different
early workers in the field, that in a homologous series the examples. The weak interaction of the methyl group with
partition coefficient increased by a factor of from 2 to 4 per functions as active as a nitro group is exceptional. Most other
CH2. Cohn and Edsallo2verified that this kind of additivity x values are not so constant with respect to electronic envi-
held for the solubility ratios of amino acids in ethanol and ronment. For example, in 15 examples of xNo2in aromatic
water. They also extended it to include values for the groups systems, A had a mean value and standard deviation of 0.01
-CH2CONH-, OH, SH, and CsH6, and for dipolar ionization. f 0.32.
Collander4 determined that AP/CH2 fell in the range of 2 to 4 The function A is best viewed in extrathermodynamic
for the ether-water system and 1.8 to 3.0 for the butanol-water terms. The symbols H-N-H and X-N-H can be used to
system. He also reported a range of values for A P when the represent a solute nuclei (N), the first one unsubstituted and
following substitutions were made: OH for H, NH2 for H, the other containing the substituent X. The parameter A
CO2H for CHI, C02H for CONH2, and halogens for H. In view can then be defined by a comparison of two equilibria
of these long-standing observations, it is surprising that no
really systematic effort was made to study the additive H KI L
character of the partition coefficient until the early 60's. H-N-H H-N-H KI = (H-N-H)L/(H-N-H)H
H ~z L
A. DEFINITION OF x X-N-H e X-N-H Kt = (X-N-H)L/(X-N-H)H
Additivity was first established for a wide variety of groups in a The superscripts H and L denote the hydrophilic (H2O) and
study of the substituent constant, x , definedloin an analogous lipophilic (solvent) phases and refer to the phase in which the
fashion to the Hammett u constant molecule is located.
The free energy change resulting from the introduction of X on extended indefinitely and that, for the present, one is limited
the first of the above equilibria would be to the use of model systems wor!.ing outside of classical ther-
modynamics.
2.3RTlog K?lKl = Gx-N-HL + GH-N-HH - It has been shown10 that the difference in A constants from
Gx-N-HH - GH-N-EL (39) two different systems is highly dependent on electronic inter-
actions. This is illustrated by eq 48-51 in which the Hammett
If we assume that the free energy of an individual molecule in function,logu,is the measure of electronic interaction. A good
eq 38 can be represented as the sum of its parts and their correlation is obtained with phenols in eq 48. The positive
interaction, we may write coefficient with u indicates that an electron-withdrawing sub-
Gx-N-HL = GxL + CNL + GHL + stituent, X, will be relatively better accommodated by octanol
when it is moved from benzene to phenol. Surprisingly enough,
GXNL + GHNL+ GXHL (40) a poorer correlation is obtained using u-. The reason for this
In eq 40, the terms on the right represent the free energies of may be that the linear relationship between Air and u does not
the substituents X or H and their interactions with the basic cover a very wide range of u values. For example, placing
structure N (GXNL) or each other (GXHL). Formulating the two nitro groups on phenol yields a negative AT rather than a
other molecules in this fashion and substituting into eq 39 positive Air obtained for mononitro functions in eq 48.
yields
1. Inductive Efect
2.3RT log K ~ I K =
I GxL + GXNL+
Gx& + GaH + GHNH+ G H ~ -H GxH - Relatively little systematic effort has been expended studying
systems in which the inductive effect of one substituent on
GXNH- GXHH - GHL - GHNL - GHHL (41) another can be cleanly dissected away from other effects.
Making substitutions of the type GXL - GXH = AGx, eq 41 It is clear in the benzyl alcohols correlated by eq 49 that
is converted to electron-withdrawing substituents increase log P values rela-
tive to benzene. For example
2.3RT log KyjKI = AGx + AGXN+
AGXH- AGH - AGHK- AGHH (42)
If the interaction terms can be neglected, then
T = 2.3RT log K ~ I K =
I AGx - AGH (43)
In this example it seems unlikely that the primary effect on ir
When two functions are involved, the following equilibria
is the action of CHzOH on NOz; it seems more reasonable to
must be considered.
assume that the electron-withdrawing action of NOz on the
H K3 L region near the OH function is responsible for Air of 0.39.
H-N-Y eH-N-Y (44) The inductive effect of the nitro group which is insulated from
K3 = (HLN-Y)~/(H-N-Y)~ the OH by the CHz unit is apparently making the lone-pair
K4 electrons of the OH function less available for hydrogen bond-
X-N-Y e X-N-Y (45) ing lowering the affinity of this function for the water phase.
Ka = (X-N-Y)L/(X-N-Y)H
This same effect is quite apparent with anilines and phenols
Equation 46 can then be derived from eq 44 and 45. bearing electron-withdrawing functions. While the inductive
ir = 2.3RT log K4/K3 = AGx + AGXN+ withdrawal of electrons from the region of a function con-
taining lone-pair electrons often raises its ir value, this is not
AGXY - ACHY - AGH - AGBN (46) always so. i r c l from the benzene system is 0.71, while ir&C1
in the nitrobenzene system is only 0.54, and ir3.c1 is 0.61.
Subtracting eq 43 from 46 yields
That the inductive effect is quite small with alkyl groups is
AT = AGXY + AGHH- AGHY- AGXH (47) illustrated by eq 52 and 53.
n r S
For Air to equal or approach 0, the four interaction terms TCH~ = log PEtNOZ - log P M ~ N
=O~
must be equal to or approach 0. (There is of course the un- 0.18 - (-0.33) = 0.51 (52)
likely case where they might cancel each other so that AT
= 0.) As the number of changes in the systems under com- rcHz - log P E t N O 2
= log PPrNO2 = 0.65 - 0.18 = 0.47 (53)
parison becomes larger, so do the interaction terms, and hence
the possibility that ir from very different systems will remain 2. Resonance Eflect
constant becomes less likely. It is apparent from this analy-
sis that the approach of Cratinsl (see section 1I.C) cannot be The effect of electron delocalization on ir values is well illus-
544 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
trated by the difference between aliphatic and aromatic T that T-CH-CH- is the same in one of the conjugated double
values shown in Table XI. The effect of moving functions from bonds in naphthalene as in an isolated double bond in 5-
hexen-2-one.
An acetylenic group has a somewhat lower ir value.
Table XI
T-CICH = log - log P c ~ H= ~1.98 - 1.50
Pi-pentyne = 0.48
Comparison of Aromatic and Aliphatic T Values
Aromatic K Aliphatic ?r
T-CECH = log P C ~ H ~-Clog H = 2.53 - 2.13
~ CPcsao = 0.40
Log PC6HaX - Log P R X - AT
Conjugation of ir-electron systems does not appear to result
Function log PCtiH6 log PRH Tar - Tal
in big changes in T values even when a heteroatom is included
-1.23 -1.19 -0.04 in the system. Table XI1 illustrates the amount of variance in
1.12 1.00 0.12
0.61 0.45 0.16
-0.55 -0.71 0.16
-1.49 -1.71 0.22
Table XI1
-0.01 -0.27 0.26 Constancy of T for -CH=CHCH=CH-
0.86 0.60 0.26
"-CH-CHCH-CH-
-0.57 -0.84 0.27
0.14 -0.17 0.31 Log P i n d o l e - log Ppyrrole = 2.14 - 0.75 = 1.39
0.71 0.39 0.32 Log Pquinoline - log P p y r i d i n e = 2.03 - 0.65 = 1.38
-0.28 -0.67 0.39 log Pisoquinoiine - log P p y r i d i n e = 2.08 - 0.65 = 1.43
-0.02 -0.47 0.45 Log Paoridine - log Pquinoline = 3.40 - 2.03 = 1 . 37
2.08 1.61 0.47 LOgPdibenzofuran - 1ogPbenzofuran 4.12 - 2.67 = 1.45
0.18 -0.30 0.48 LOgPbeneothiophene - I o g P t h i o p h e n e = 3.12 - 1.81 = 1.31
-0.67 -1.16 0.49 L O g P n s p h t h a l e n e - 1 0 g P b e n r e n e = 3.45 - 2.13 = 1.32
-0.28 -0.85 0.57 '/I log Pbeneene = '/1(2.13) = 1.42
Log Po-nspbthol - b g P p h e n o l = 2.84 - 1.46 = 1 .38
Log Po-naphthoxyaoetio aoid - log Pphenoxyaoetio m i d =
aliphatic to aromatic positions is a complex one. The amino
2.54 - 1.21 = ~
1.33
AV = 1.38 j= 0.036
group stands out by showing the smallest change, this despite
the fact that a large amount of evidence leaves no doubt
about the delocalization of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons.
The higher T value which should result from this effect is T-CH-CHCH-CH- in a variety of different aromatic systems.
apparently offset by better hydrogen bonding of the two The mean value and standard deviation for the 10 systems is
hydrogen atoms which increases affinity for the water phase. 1.38 i 0.036.
When the hydrogen atoms are removed, as in the N(CH&
function, we see the expected Air value, that is, one somewhat 3. Steric Effect
higher than ATOCH~. With the more electronegative oxygen
Steric effects can be quite varied in nature. The shielding of
atom this effect is not observed. The largest Air is for NOn,
lone-pair electrons by inert alkyl groups produces a significant
and it appeared possible that the acidity of the a-hydrogen
increase in T values.
atoms might be playing a role in conferring unusual hydro-
philic character to the aliphatic nitro solutes. However, T N O ~ TCHs = log P2-methylphenoxyaoetio aoid - log P P O A =
was found to be essentially unchanged for the tert-nitro de- 2.10 - 1.26 = 0.84
rivative, 2-methyl-2-nitropropane.
With the exception of NH2, transferring any function from TCHs = log P3-methylphenoxyaoetic acid - log P P O A =
an aliphatic to an aromatic position results in an increase in 1.78 - 1.26 = 0.52
lipophilicity. Actually, AT for NHz is so small that it can be
considered to be 0. Shielding a hydroxyl function by inert groups such as 2,6-
Replacing a single bond with a double bond results in a substituted phenols reduces hydrogen bonding and results in a
constant AT of about -0.3. This can be illustrated as fol- positive AT. This is most pronounced in the case of a nonpolar
lows by comparing T - C H ~ C H ~ - (= 1.OO)with T-CH-CH- derived solvent system such as cyclohexane. 132,133
from five systems (Chart I). If, indeed, log P or T is primarily Crowding of functions may also reduce hydrophobic bond-
ing with the opposite effect on AT. For example, pentachloro-
phenol has a measured log P of 5.01, while its calculated value
would be
0.73 log P = phenol + ~X,-CI + ~T,-CI + X=-CI =
0.71
0.69 1.46 + 1.38 + 2.08 + 0.93 = 5.85
Assuming electronic effects of each C1 atom to be contained
in the corresponding i r c ~value, A a s t e r i o = 5.01 - 5.85 =
Av = 0.73
0.84. Presumably, this would be the result of fewer water
AT = -0.27
determined (in apolar functions) by the removal of an en- (132) C. Golumbic, M . Orchin, and S. Weller, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,
71, 2624 (1949).
velope of structured water molecules, then it is not surprising (133) J. Fritz and C. Hedrick, Anal. Chem., 37, 1015 (1965).
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 545
molecules clustered around each chlorine atom in the penta- Another instance in which chain branching results in hydro-
chloro derivative than in the monochloro derivatives. philic shielding and increases log P (contrary to an expected
1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene is an interesting example of how negative AT as explained in the following section) has been
the steric effect can operate to inhibit resonance and thus reported135 in the study of a series of dialkylphosphorodi-
decrease A. thiotic acids. Branching apparently also increases the acid
dissociation constant, an effect which would not be expected
log P c ~ H ~ ( =
o clog
HP +
~ )c ~~ H ~~H O C H=~2.13 - 0.06 = 2.07 from electronic forces alone.
The measured value is 1.53, indicating greater than expected Steric shielding of a tertiary nitrogen apparently
affinity for the water phase. If we assumed that only the central explains the difference in the partition coefficients be-
OCH3is perturbed and that it is twisted out of the plane of the tween the all0 (planar and hindered access to N) and
ring so that resonance between the oxygen lone pair electrons epiallo (N exposed at “bend”) isomers of corynantheidine-
and the A electrons of the benzene ring is prevented, then the type alkaloids. In the heptane-water system, the A A for the
central OCHI might be expected to have the A value of an allo-epiallo transition is f1.07 in one instance and +0.76 in
aliphatic function. This can be tested as follows. another. However, it is not clear from the proposed structural
formulas why there should be a much lower AT comparing
AOCHa = log Pl,2,3-trimethaxybensene - the normal (planar) with the pseudo (nonplanar) in two other
examples [Aa(speciogynine - mitrociliatine) = SO.11;
log P1,3-dimethoxybenzene = 1.53 - 2.09 = -0.56
Aa(dihydroc0rynanthine - hirsutine) = +0.11].
The A value for the “twisted -0CH3” (-0.56) is much Some care must be exercised in deciding whether a difference
closer to that of an aliphatic OCHI (-0.47) than it is to an in observed partition coefficients between stereoisomers is
ordinary aromatic -0CH3 (-0.02). truly the result of the balance of hydrophilic-lipophilic forces.
Sometimes the steric effects of alkyl functions on the solu- For example, P values have been measured13’ in benzene-
bility characteristics of an adjacent carbonyl function can be water for the exo (P = 2.37) and endo (P = 4.23) epimers of
quantitatively correlated with the Taft E, parameter. The an analog of meperidine. However, the aqueous phase was
partition coefficients of a series of 2-alkyltriazinones are listed buffered at 7.4 and, since the exo form is more basic (pK, =
in Table XI11 along with E, values. The calculated log P values 8.35 us. 8.19), there is a lower percentage in the un-ionized
form. The corrected P values are exo = 29 and endo = 30.
The observed lower biological activity of the exo epimer
Table XIII stems from its pK,.
Steric Effect in Triazinones
4. Branching
0
A normal aliphatic chain usually has a higher A value than a
branched chain. For example, 7r3-pr = 1.45 and ~ 3 - i - p = ~
1.33 in the phenoxyacetic acid system. When branching occurs
at the functional group, the effect appears to be slightly
Log P
greater; e.g., tert-BuOH = 0.37,2-BuOH = 0.61, and 1-BuOH
Calcd Obsd pred Obsd - = 0.88. Similarly, log P ~ - P ~=N0.03H ~ while log Ppr~a2 =
No. R logpa E, logP by eq 54 pred 0.31. In contrast to this, however, there seems to be no differ-
~~~
1. CH3 -0.16 0.00 -0.16 -0.14 -0.02 ence between log P for isopropylbenzene and propylbenzene.
2. C2H5 0.34 -0.07 0.46 0.41 0.05 Also, there appears to be no lowering of log P in tert-butyl-
3. n-C3H7 0.84 -0.36 0.93 1.04 -0.11 benzene. The observed value of 4.11 is what would be ex-
4. i-C3H, 0.64 -0.47 1.01 0.88 0.13 pected for the n-butyl derivative if calculated from the value
5. i-CaHg 1.14 -0.93 1.39 1.57 -0.18 of 3.68 for propylbenzene. Accepting the fact that some dis-
6. ferf-C4Hg 0.94 -1.54 1.70 1.60 0.10 crepanices remain to be resolved, we have, for the purpose of
7. i-C5Ho 1.65 -0.35 1.85 1.85 0.00 calculating log P values, tentatively used the value of -0.20
8. C-C&1 1.81 -0.79 2.14 2.19 -0.05 for branching.
9. n-C~H13 2.35 -0.40 2.68 2.59 0.08
The methyl derivative used as the “parent” compound and 5 . Conformational Efects
Talk from either the phenoxyacetic acid or benzene systems used to
calculate the “normal” log P values of the remaining compounds. Another problem which must be taken into account in the
additive-constitutive character of log P is the conformation
of organic compounds in solution. It might be expected that
are those expected from the addition of T a l k y 1 to unsubstituted when aliphatic chains become long enough, they would tend
triazinone. It is apparent that the observed values of Draber, to coil up in solution with the formation of molecular oil
Buchel, e f aI.,134are higher. Equation 54 rationalizes this droplets. With simple molecules such as monofunctional
difference in terms of E,. straight-chain aliphatic compounds, clear-cut evidence seems
to be lacking for such “balling-up” of chains. In fact, it ap-
log P o b s d = 1.026 log Pealed - 0.392Ee f 0.024 (54)
n r S
9 0.993 0.018
(135) R. Zucal, J. Dean, and T. Handley, Anal. Chem., 35,988 (1963).
(136) A. Beckett and D. Dwuma-Badu, J . Pharm. Pharmacol., 21, 162s
(1969).
(134) W. Draber, K. Buchel, K. Dickore, A. Trebst, and E. Pistorius, (137) P. Portoghese, A . Mikhail, and H. Kupferberg, J . Med. Chem.,
Progr. Phoiosyn. Res., 3, 1789 (1969). 1 1 , 219 (1968).
546 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
pears that it will be quite difficult to disentangle this phenom- Table XIV
enon from that of premicellular interactions. Effect upon H of Folding of Alkyl Chains
If “balling-up” of an aliphatic chain occurred, one would
expect the number of water molecules held in the flickering
Function TI” TZb Ti - Hz
cluster around such a ball to be much less than the number OH -1.80 -1.16 0.64
held around the extended chain. This would mean a lower F -0.73 -0.17 0.56
desolvation energy on phase transfer and, hence, a lesser c1 -0.13 0.39 0.52
increment in partition coefficient-possibly an abrupt dis- Br 0.04 0.60 0.56
continuity in A log P as one ascends a homologous series.
I 0.22 1.oo 0.78
COOH -1.26 -0.67 0.59
A clear example of such changes in partition coefficient as COOCH3 -0.91 -0.27 0.64
one ascends a homologous series is lacking. In the RCOOH COCH, -1.26 -0.71 0.55
series, normal behavior occurs up to decanoic acid. NHz -1.85 -1.19 0.66
CN -1.47 -0.84 0.63
-ClogOPCH~COOH)
av T/CHZ = l/S(log P C ~ H ~ ~ OH = 0.53
OCHa -0.98 -0.47 0.51
However, AT between decanoic and dodecanoic acid is much CONHz -2.28 -1.71 0.57
smaller than the 1.0 unit expected in terms of simple additvity. AV = 0.60& 0.05
The log P values for dodecanoic acid were determined using Log P c ~ H ~ ( c H- ~log
) ~ xP c ~ H ~ ( c H Log H . - log PR.
~ ) ~ PRX
IC-labeled material. Great difficulty was experienced in ob- R is a normal alkyl group of four carbon atoms or less.
taining reproducible results, and considerable uncertainty
surrounds the value of 4.20 for dodecanoic acid. Whether this
unexpectedly low value is due to a folding up of the aliphatic turn out to have a greater affinity for the aqueous phase than
chain or a premicellular tail-to-tail dimerization remains an one would expect from the corresponding aliphatic functions.
open question. Other solvent systems also produce a constant Most surprising was the fact that AT for the two systems was
increment in log P per -CHz- group for fatty acid homologs. 1 3 8 essentially constant regardless of the kind of function com-
This increment is about 0.6 in the heptane-water system for pared. It was suggested that this greater than expected aqueous
valeric through myristic acids. 139 solubility of phenylpropyl derivatives is due to folding of the
The alcohol homologous series also shows the expected side chain onto the phenyl ring. Such folding could be caused
increase in log P with the addition of each CHZunit. In this by the interaction of the dipole of the side chain with the T
series electrons of the ring. It would also be promoted by intra-
aV T/CHz = ‘/lI(lOg Pdodeoanol - log Pmethanol) = 0.52 molecular hydrophobic bonding. However, the dipolar inter-
action would appear to be critical in overcoming the small
there was some difficulty in obtaining constant log P values forces which tend to keep the chain extended since propyl-
over a wide concentration range for alcohols of greater chain benzene, lacking such a dipole, has the expected log P value.
length than CI?. This compact form of the phenylpropyl derivative means a
In summary, it would seem that “molecular oil droplet” smaller apolar surface for solvation and, hence, a lower en-
formation does not occur with simple aliphatic compounds tropy change in the desolvation process of partitioning. Since
before c14. If folding does not occur up to CM,it would the size or kind of polar function has little to do with A T , it
imply that there is an inherent stability in the aqueous phase seems likely that this function projects away from the ring
of the aliphatic chain caused, perhaps, a by a restriction of side-chain complex.
rotation around each C-C bond as Aranow and Witten pro-
posed?g
The situation is of course much different when more than
one reactive center is present per molecule. It appears that
folded conformations of many organic compounds in aqueous
solution can be detected through partitioning studies. This Nmr evidence has been gatheredI40 to show that similar
is well illustrated by a study of derivatives of the type GH6- folding occurs in compounds having the following structure.
CHZCHZCHZX. When X = H, log P was found to be 3.68
which is quite close to the calculated value: log Pbeneene +
~ T C H=~ 2.13 + 3(0.50) = 3.63. Other mixed aliphatic-aro-
matic compounds also give good agreement between calcu-
lated and observed values. However, in comparing T values
H. .CH,OH
Certainly folding must be considered whenever a calculated can be explained if it is postulated that folding will occur in
log P must be used. The following two examples indicate all cases, but if the alkyl chains, RI and Rz, are sufficiently
how the problem can be treated in a straightforward manner. long, they will be placed in such close proximity to the p-allyl
group that cancellation of some hydrophobic character due to
overlapping occurs.
Evidence that hydrophobic overlap can, indeed, lower the
partition coefficient can be seen in molecules that are con-
strained to take an overlapped position. An example would be
paracyclophane, whose log P would be expected to be close
to twice that of xylene, if the entire hydrophobic area were
diphenhydramine exposed.
Log P for diphenhydramine = 4.26 +
0.30 - 0.73 0.50 + CHI-CH,
- 0.95 = 3.38, which would be adequate for most purposes,
considering that the observed log P is 3.27.In the above ex-
ample, 4.26is 2(log Pc~H~). The value of 0.30is for a CH2 on
which branching occurs. The value of (-0.73) for the OCH2
moiety is obtained by subtracting 1.50 from 0.77,the value I I
for log PE~oE~.For the -N(CH& unit we have used the value of CHJ-CH,
-0.95 obtained for the solute, C6H6(CH&N(CH3)2. It is as- paracyclophane
sumed that folding of diphenylhydramine occurs in aqueous
solution, just as it did in the amine model system used in the The observed value as shown in Table XVII is even lower
calculations. than that of xylene itself, and thus it appears that only one-half
.CH the potential hydrophobic area is “exposed.”
CH,CH,CH,N/ Of course, we must assume that in all these determinations
1 - ‘CHI of P values care was taken to work below cmc. It is conceivable
that if a constant solute concentration were employed through-
out a homologous series, the cmc would be exceeded with the
higher members, giving falsely low log P values for them.
chlorpromazine While part of the effect noted in the phenoxyacetamide series
could have arisen from this cause, it is highly unlikely that
As another example log P for chlorpromazine can be calcu- all of it can be explained in this fashion, especially since the
+ +
lated as 4.15 0.70 0.60 = 5.45,which is in satisfactory biological response of the series so closely follows the mea-
agreement with the observed log P = 5.35. sured log P values.
The value of 4.15 is log P for phenothiazine. To this is Although an actual conformational change which brings
added n ~ 1of 0.70 and 0.60 for ? T ( c H ~ ) ~ N ( c HFor
~ ) ~ .the side a polar group on a side chain in close proximity with the n
chain, n was calculated from a model in which the opportunity electron cloud on the ring seems the best way to explain
for folding was the same as for chlorpromazine. these negative An’s(observed - calculated), nevertheless, there
are some apparent weaknesses in this hypothesis. First of all,
~ ( C H Z ) ~ N ( C H=~ )log
Z PCGH~(CHZ)~N(CH~Z-
it seems entirely possible that the close approach of the polar
log P c ~ H
=~2.73 - 2.13 = 0.60 group and the ring, which causes the hydrophobic chain to
The oleyl alcohol-water partition coefficients of a series of fold on itself, might eliminate a corresponding amount of
phenoxyacetamide derivatives142appear to provide further polar bonding with water, and the loss in hydrophilic bonding
examples of folding over a benzene ring. In this case, the might cancel the loss in hydrophobic bonding. Furthermore,
deviations from additivity in n values appear to be maximized the folding must occur in the aqueous phase to cause the
when folding over the ring brings together hydrophobic por- unexpectedly low log P, but it is difficult to imagine any in-
tions of two para ring substituents. duced polar force or charge-transfer condition which would
The basic structure investigated can be depicted as be effective in a medium as polar as water. Finally, once the
initial ?r lowering is encountered in several homologous series,
no additional effect is seen as the chain length is increased,
CH,=CHCH, even though a larger hydrophobic area is presumed to be
coming into close contact. This is very apparent in a series of
OCH 3-substituted 2-hydro~ynaphthoquinones~~~ where the same
When R1 = RP = methyl, log P = 1.53; ethyl, 2.51; n-butyl, - A n is noted whether the polar group and ring are separated
1.80. by three methylene units or nine. Of course, in a chain longer
Folding of the phenoxyacetamide side chain over the ben- than three carbon atoms, the entropy gained through hydro-
zene ring might be expected to show a constant A n as was phobic overlap might be exactly cancelled by the energy needed
indicated in the examples in Table XIV. But after the ex- to overlap the hydrogen atoms as each C-C bond is rotated in
pected increase in log P in ascending the series from dimethyl the manner needed for folding the chain.
to diethyl, a sudden decrease in lipophilic character is noted It is to be expected that solutes which can readily form intra-
with the substituent chains of greater length. This observation molecular hydrogen bonds will adopt this favored con-
HA e H+ + A-
aq
log Po-hydroxybenzoic noid - log Pp-hydioxybenaoio acid = AT
2.21 1.58 0.63 0%
2HA (HA)n
-0-y HA + HIO e HA.H*O (+ (HA)z*HnO + HA’2HzO)
c/o has been discussed in section 1I.B.
Many of the partition coefficient values reported in
The AT for a six-membered H-bonded ring is positive, as
expected, because intramolecular H-bonding would reduce Table XVII for solutes which are metal ion complexing
the affinity for the aqueous phase. agents50,148,149
have been measured in order to determine the
An even further reduction in hydrophobicity is possible equilibrium constant for the reaction of the type
+ e M(HC)n(o) + nH+(w)
.-e
when two ortho groups are involved : Mn+(w) nHzC(o)
where M is the metal of valence n,H2Cis the neutral complex-
ing agent (e.g., dithiazone), and (w) and (0)refer to the water
and organic phases, respectively.
Another type of equilibrium studied by partitioning
log P (calcd) = log Pp-hydroxybenzoic w i d + A(OH para to CO3H)
methods is that between an aldehyde and amine in forming a
= 1.58 + (-0.30) 1.28
=
Schiff base. With ~ a l i c y l a l d e h y d e151~ a~ ~study
~ of the distribu-
tion as a function of pH must take into consideration a sec-
log P (obsd) = 2.20
ond equilibrium
AT = f0.92
An intramolecular H bond of the type (-N-H 0) in a a e -
six-membered ring is not expected to be as strong, and the AT
is found to be smaller.
log Panthianilic acid - log Pp-aminobenmic acid = AT
1.21 0.68 = +0.53
CH=NR CH=NK
V I . Uses of Partition Measurements
The shape of the curves depicting this relationship are seen in
A. COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION Figures 3 and 4. In each figure, section 1 of the curve repre-
The relationship between the partition coefficient of a par- sents the P value for free aldehyde, section 2 that of the Schiff
ticular solute and the number of transfers necessary to prop- base, and section 3 that of the phenoxide ion of the Schiff
erly characterize the distribution curve or to separate it from base. From separate evaluation of the dissociation constants of
closely allied impurities is adequately covered in the litera- the components of the Schiff base, the log of the formation
t ~ r e . ~ ~ It, is~a common
~ ~ , ~practice
~ ~ -to ~make~ ~a number constant, log Kf,is calculated to be 4.75 for the n-butyl-
of separate preliminary runs with both solute and suspected salicylidenimineand 4.57 for the methyl analog.
impurity in several solvent systems to attempt to optimize the
two solvents used for the final distribution. Following the C. RELATIONSHIP TO HLB AND
calculation procedures presented in section V and using the EMULSION SYSTEMS
values listed in Table XVII as “parent” molecules, it may be
The HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) system, which was
possible to obtain reliable estimates of partition coefficients has been a very
established on a purely empirical
of a great number of solutes for many systems in which mea-
potent tool in the hands of emulsion technologists, but it has
surements have not yet been made. This procedure might
been felt for some time that even more rapid strides could be
considerably shorten the time required to find optimal ex-
made in this field if this system could be directly related to
traction conditions. Furthermore, as more knowledge is
the partition coefficient which is in turn based firmly on
gained on the effect of different solvents upon solute con-
thermodynamics. Experimental difficulties have made such a
formation (section V.D), better advantage could be taken in
task very difficult,153 but Davies, who studied the kinetics of
enhancing selectivity by providing an environment with pre-
coalescence in emulsion systems, has proposed an
cisely the right balance of conformational averages. 2 3 This which relates the two in simple fashion
knowledge might also prove helpful in predicting the possi-
bility of metastable conformational forms which can cause an (HLB - 7) = 0.36 In 1/P
apparent shift in the partition ratio during fractionation.
From this relationship it appears possible to give extrathermo-
dynamic significance to each structural element in deter-
B. MEASUREMENT OF EQUILIBRIA
The use of partitioning measurements to determine the equi-
librium constants for the reactions (148) S.Balt and E. Vandalen, Anal. Chim. Acta, 30,434 (1964).
(149) B. Hok, Suensk Kem. Tidskr., 65,182 (1953).
(144) L. Craig, C. Golumbic, H. Mighton, and E. Titus, J . Biol. Chem., (150) R. Green and P. Alexander, Aust.J. Chem., 18,329 (1965).
161, 321 (1945). (151) R. Green and E. Measurier, ibid., 19,229 (1966).
(145) R. Priore and R. Kirdani, Anal. Biochem., 24,360 (1968). (152) W. Griffin, J . SOC.Cosmet. Chem., 1, 311 (1949).
(146) L. Craig,J. B i d . Chem., 155, 519 (1944). (153) W. Griffin, ibid., 5 , 249 (1954).
(147) B. Williamson and L. Craig, ibid., 168,687 (1947). (154) J. T. Davies, Proc.Int. Congr. Surface Actiu., 2nd. 1, 476 (1957).
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 549
A+B+C
kl ka
(1 5 5 ) P. Becher, "Emulsions, Theory and Practice," Reinhold, New (156) P. J. Niebergall, M. Patil, and E. Sugita, J . Pharm. Sci., 56,943
York, N. Y., 1966, p 233. (1967).
550 Chemical Reviews, 1971,Vol. 17, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
Table X V
Improved T Values”
Phenox yace tic Phenylacetic
Firmtion acids Function acids Function Benzoic acids
3-F 0.22 3-Me 0.54 4-C1 0.78
2-c1 0.76 3-CF3 1.21 3-OCHCOzH -0.76
2-Br 0.84 3-CN -0.23 Phenols
4-Rr 1.19 3-OCH3 0.09 3-CN 0.22
4-1 1.43 3-COzH -0.27 4-NHz -1.44
2-Me 0.84 3-SOzCHa -1.35 Anilines
4-Me 0.60 4-OH -0.86
2-Et 1.39 Nitrobenzenes
2-NOS -0.04 4-OCHzCOzH -0.31
a Differing by more than 0.05 from those listed in ref 10.
Evidence is rapidly accumulating which supports the pos- The solute name appears in the right-hand column of Table
tulate that simple, nonspecific bonding of solutes is capable not XVII, and the reference from which the data were obtained
only of markedly affecting enzyme action through allosteric appears in column 4. Column 6 lists the measured log P for
effects, but that it often produces biologically important modi- the solute in the solvent system which appears in column 3.
fications of membrane function by a similar mechanism. This value has been corrected for ionization, if any, and dimer-
For example, it has been shown that the action of alkanols in ization if measurements were reported over a sufficiently wide
the protection of red cells against hypotonic hemolysis is a concentration range. The values are footnoted (column 5 ) as
linear function of their hydrophobic character as measured required. Column 7 lists the calculated log P for that solute
by partitioning experimentsI6O and, furthermore, that the in the octanol-water system. The regression equations used
concentration which affords hemolytic protection is very for this calculation appear in Table VI11 together with the
nearly the same as that which causes anesthesia.161 The values for the standard deviation (s), the correlation coef-
partition coefficient of alcohols between red cell ghosts and ficient (r), and the number of data points (n) which were avail-
water has been measured, and it was found that in going able to establish the relationship. While the standard devia-
from water to membrane, the free energy of transfer per tions indicate that some of these “regression values” are not
methylene group was the same as that between water and sufficiently reliable for some purposes, nevertheless, they are
octanol, namely, - 690 cal/mol. useful in providing the only common scale of lipophilicity
The usefulness of a “bonding” parameter based on parti- since only 2 0 x of the values in the entire table are from a
tion values from a single reference system can be greatly single system.
extended if not every value required in every structure-ac- Space limitations and the absence of small letters and italics
tivity study need be measured. The principles of additivity for in computer printing precluded the use of the Chemical Ab-
the octanol-water system were covered in section V, and stracts system of nomenclature. For convenience in computer
examples of how values in Table XVII can be systematically alphabetizing, the following rules were followed.
applied in this fashion are given in the following section.
1. Aliphatic chains-branching: I = iso, S = secondary,
V I / . The Use of Table X V l l and T = tertiary, as usual. “Normal” isomers are as-
sumed if not specified; Le., BUTYRIC ACID = n-butanoic
The amount of partitioning data uncovered in the present
acid. N = nitrogen; e.g., N-methylaniline.
study was great enough to warrant its storage, manipulation,
2. Aliphatic chains-location from primary functional
and retrieval by computer. It will be noted that some of the log
group is designated by Greek letter: A = a, B = p,
Pootanalvalues listed in Table XVII differ slightly from those
G = y , D = 6, E = E, and W = W ; e.g., A-BROMOPRO-
published earlier from this laboratory. Generally, the differ-
PIONIC ACID.
ences resulted from the use of improved analytical techniques
3. Position on benzene rings
and the values in Table XVII should be considered more re-
liable. The significant changes in T constants from those con- (a) if only two functional groups or substituents: 0
tained in ref 10 appear in Table XV. = ortho, M = meta, and P = para, and the letter
In Table XVII the data have been sorted in their most useful precedes the name; e.g., 0-NITROPHENOL,
form; namely, the solutes are sorted first by empirical for- (b) if three or more substituents, numbering is from
mula, then alphabetically by name, and finally by solvent sys- primary functional group ; e.g., DIMETHYL-
system. PHENOL.
[OH] -I-[C,HjCH2COLH]
CH3CHOHCOzH
+
log Po,t = -1.11' + 0.50b + (-0.20)b = -0.81 [CH,OHl + [branch]
uu = 0.05' + 0.02b + 0.05b = 0.12 log Poct = -0.28' - (-1.16)b + 1.30' +
(2) Regression from ether-water (-0.66)c + -0.20b = 1.32
log Pact (av of 5 ) = -0.80 uu = 0.27' + 0.05b+ 0.02' + 0.02' + 0.02' = 0.38
uu = 0.19'
(2) As (1) but log P tropine regr. from i-BuOH-water
(3) (CH3)zC(OH)C0,H - methyl - branch = lactic
acid
= 0.21' - (-1.16)b
log P , - B ~ o H + 1.30' +
log Pact = -0.36' - 0.50b - (-0.20)b = -0.68
(-0.66)c + (-0.20)b = 1.81
uu = 0.05' + 0.02b + 0.02b = 0.09 uu = 0.15' + 0.05b + 0.02' + 0.02' + 0.02' = 0.26
The measured log Pact for atropine is 1.81 which is in agree-
The measured log Poctagrees quite well with that arrived at ment with route 2. The uncertainty of route 1 is not that much
by route 3. The values arrived at by routes 1 and 2 should not worse than (2), but the measured value for tropine in ether-
be totally disregarded, however, because the presence of an water appears very doubtful.
appreciable amount of polylactic acid impurity in the sample
measured by Collander could be responsible for an observed ( G ) p-N-Methylaminobenzoic acid, N,N-dimethylamino-
value which was 0.1 to 0.2 unit too high. ethyl ester
(D) Acetonylacetone: log Pmt not measured
c H ,~H-OCH,CH-
,NICH ,)?
log P uu
(1) Regression from ether-water -0.19 0 . 19' (1) CHaNH- + (CBH,&OOCH~-)+ (-CHzN(CHa)z)
(2) Log Poet(acetone)c X 2 -0.48 0.10
(3) 2-Butanone +
acetone - methyl = log P = (0.50b - 1.23*) + 2.12' + 0.27' = (1.66)
CHCOCHCHzCOCH3 uu = O.Olb + 0.02b + 0.02b + 0.05d = (0.10)
log Pact = 0.29'+ (-0.24)' - 0.50b = -0.45 log P ~ c o r r ) l=a a2.03
uu = 0.02' + 0.05' + 0.02b = 0.09
uu = 0.18
The choice clearly favors the range -0.45 to -0.48.
(2) Regression from oil-water
(E) Levulinic acid: log Pact not measured
log Pact = 2.01'
CHaCOCH3 + CH3COzH = uu = 0.29"
CH3COCHzCHzCOzH
log Pock = -0.24' + (-0.17)' = -0.41 (3) Log Poet(measured) = 1.95'
uu = 0.05' + 0.02' = 0.07 In these first examples, the amount of interaction between
the component parts used in the calculations was either small
2-Butanone + aliphatic -COzH or it could be taken into consideration (as in G ) .In the follow-
log Poet = 0.29' + (-0.65)b = -0.36 ing example this is not the case, and it can be seen that it is
possible to use the proposed method of calculation to support
uu = 0.02' + 0.03b = 0.05 an erroneous measured value.
logP uu
Regression from ether-water -0.40 0.19' (163) T N H ~ = -1.23 uses benzene as the "parent." Correcting for
electronic effects (ref 10) using u (-COCHa) = 0.39, we correct w by
(av 3) 0.37 and add to the uu by 0.08.
554 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
Table XVII. SORTED B Y EMPIRICAL FORMULAt THEN NAME, THEN SOLVENT NUMBER, THEN REFERENCE.
MEASURED WLOGP OCT" FOLLOWED BY "-*: OTHERS CALC FROM S P E C I F I E D E 9 I N TABLE V I 1 1
701
702
-
N BUT ANOL
OCTANOL
253
65
36 -1.16
-1.66
-2.12
-1.66
C4H4N203
C4H4N204
BARBITURIC ACIO
I 3-CARBOXYMETHYLSYONONE
703 OCTANOL 227 -0.71 -0.71 = C4H4N601 8-AZACUANINE (NCS 7 4 9 l ( P K A = 6.431
704 DIETHYL E T H E R 212 0.19 0.28 A C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
7c5 DIETHYL ETHER 207 0.10 0.20 A C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
706 DIETHYL ETWER 46 0.07 0.18 A C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
7c7 I-BUTANOL 4 0.76 0.56 C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
7C0 ETHYL ACETATE 194 0.23 0.23 C4H404 FUMARIC ACID
7c9 CYCLOHEXANONE 194 0.54 C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
7 10 2-BUTANONE 194 0.53 0.41 C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
711 ME-I-8UT.KETONE 194 0.08 0.07 C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
7 12 ME- I-BUT.KETONE 195 0.22 0.20 C4H404 FUMARIC ACID
7 13 S-PENTANOL S 195 0.60 0.38 C4H404 FUMARIC A C I D
7 14 DIETHYL ETkER 212 -0.82 -0.61 A C4H404 MALEIC ACID
715 DIETHYL E T P E R 207 -1.04 -0.79 A C4H404 MALElC ACID
716 DIETHYL ETHER 46 -0.50 -0.32 A C4H404 MALEIC ACID
7 17 I-BUTANOL 4 0.11 -0.35 C4H404 MALEIC ACID
7 18 ME-I-8UT.KETONE 195 -0.66 -0.66 C4H404 MALEIC ACID
7 19 OLEYL ALCOHOL 5 -0.89 -0.32 C4H404 MALEIC ACID
7 20 S-PENTANOLS 195 -0.32 -0.67 C4H404 MALEIC ACID
721 OCTANOL 255 1.81 1.81 = C4H4S1 THIOPHENE
722 DIETHYL ETHER 212 0.46 0.52 A C4H5BR104 BROMOSUCCINIC ACID
723 DIETHYL ETHER 46 0.84 0.86 A C4H5BR104 BROMOSUCCINIC ACID
724 I-BUTANOL 4 0.75 0.55 C4H5ER104 BROMOSUCCINIC ACID
725 XYLENE 46 -1.44 0.22 A C4H5ER104 BROMOSUCCINIC ACIO
726 OCTANOL 218 1.18 1.18 = C4H5F302 ACETIC ACID, TRIFLUORO-ETHYL ESTER
727 OCTANOL 186 0.75 0.75 = C4H5N1 PYRROL E
728 OIETHYL ETkER 3 -1.51 -1.21 A C4H5NlD2 SUCC I N I M I DE
7 29 DIETHYL ETHER 113 -1.42 -1.13 A C4H5N102 SUCCIN I M I D E
7 30 CHCL3 113 -1.27 -0.58 C4H5NlOZ SUCC I N l M I D E
731 OILS 2 -2.31 -0.91 A C4H5N102 SUCC I N I M I D E
732 OILS 173 2.02 2.11 8 C4H5N1S1 ISOTHIOCYANATEIALLYL
733 OCTANOL 218 -0.22 -0.22 = C4H5N3 PYRIMIDINEIZ-AMINO
73 4 N-BUTANOL 253 36 -0.68 -1.46 C4H5N301 CYTOS I N €
735 OCTANE 256 -1.47 C4H5N302 2-METHVL-5-NITROIMIOAZOLE
736 OCTANE 2 56 -1.60 C4H5N302 4-METHYL-5-41TR01MIOAZOLE
7 37 N-BUTANOL 253 36 -1.54 -2.65 C4H5N303 URWIL
738 OCTANOL 134 0.38 0.38 = C4HbN40151 3~METHYLTHIO-4-AMINO-lrZ14-TRlhLINE-5-ONE
739 OCTANOL 217 07 -0.25 -0.25 C4HbN403S2 2-ACETYLAMINO-1~3~4-THIAOIAZOLE-5-SULFO\AMIOE
7 40 CHCL3 217 07 -2.39 C4H6 N403 S2 ~-ACETYLAMINO-II 3 9 4-THIAOIAZOLE-5-SULFOhAMIOE
7 41 OCTANOL 218 -0.26 -0.26 = C4HbN40352 1~3r4-THIADIALOLE-2-SULFONAMIDEr5-ACETAMIOO
742 OILS 240 2.51 2.76 8 C4HbN4012 ERYTHRI TOL TETRAN ITRATE
743 OILS 257 12 1.66 1.81 B C4H601 O I V I N Y L ETHER
744 OILS 258 0.40 0.77 8 C4H601 D I V I h Y L ETHER
745 OILS 259 1.61 1.77 8 C4H601 O I V I N Y L ETHER
746 OCTANOL 260 0.60 0.60 = C4H601S1 G-THIO8UTYROLACTONE
747 OCTANOL 261 0.72 0.72 = C4H602 CROTONIC A C I D
748 DIETHYL E T k E R 192 0.72 0.74 A C4H602 CROTONIC A C I D
749 DIETHYL ETHER 46 0.55 0.61 A C4HbDZ CROTONIC ACID
7 50 CHCL3 29 -0.50 0.76 A C4H602 CROTONIC ACIO
751 CHCL3 46 -0.56 0.71 A C4H602 CROTONIC A C I D
752 BENZENE 29 -0.91 0.48 A C4H602 CROTONIC A C I D
753 XYLENE 46 -1.05 0.64 A C4Hb02 CROTON I C AC I D
754 TOLUENE 29 -1.05 0.64 A C4H602 CROTONIC A C I D
755 OCTANOL 5 -0.59 -0.59 = C4H604 SUCCINIC ACID
756 01 ETHYL ETI-ER 212 -0.87 -0.64 A C4Hb04 SJCCIhIC ACID
757 DIETHYL ETkER 3 -0.82 -0.60 A C4H604 SJCCIhIC ACID
758 DIETHYL ETHER 192 -0.89 -0.66 A C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
759 01 ETHYL ETkER 194 -0.90 -0.67 A C4Hb04 SUCCINIC A C I D
7 60 DIETHYL ETHER 46 -0.65 -0.45 A C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
761 DIETHYL ETHER 62 -0.83 -0.61 A C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
762 D I ETHYL ETPER 213 -0.84 -0.62 A C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
763 D I ETHYL ETHER 36 -0.86 -0.63 A C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
764 CHCL3 46 -1.92 -0.53 A C4H604 SUCCINIC ACIO
765 N-BUTANOL 194 0.00 -0.51 C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
766 I-BUTANOL 4 -0.02 -0.53 C4Hb04 SUCCINIC A C I D
7 67 PRIM. PENTANDLS 182 -0.15 -0.59 C4H604 SUCCINIC ACIO
768 PRIM. PENTANOLS 48 -0.19 -0.54 C4Hb04 SUCCINIC A C I D
7 69 ETHYL ACETATE 194 -0.63 -0.77 C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
7 70 CYCLOHEXANONE 194 0.04 -0.80 C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
771 HEXANOL 74 -0.34 C4H604 SJCCINIC ACIO
772 2-EUTANONE 194 0.00 -0.68 C4H604 SJCCINIC ACID
173 ME-I-BUT.KETONE 194 -0.73 -2.14 C4H604 SUCCINIC A C I D
714 ME-I-6UT.K ETONE 195 -0.69 -0.69 C4H604 Sr)CCINIC A C I D
715 S-PENTANDLS 195 -0.23 -0.57 C4H604 SUCCINIC ACIO
776 DIETHYL ETHER 3 -1.52 -1.22 A C4HbO5 OIGLYCOLIC A C I D
777 DIETHYL ETHER 207 -1.54 -1.24 A C4H605 D I U Y C O L I C ACID
7 78 I-BUTANOL 4 -0.31 -0.94 C4H605 OIGLYCOLIC A C I D
779 ME- I-6UT.K ETONE 195 -1.27 -1.18 C4H605 OIGLYCOLIC ACIO
7 80 S-PENTANOL S 195 -0.62 -1.02 C4H605 DIGLYCOLIC A C I D
781 OCTANOL 5 -1.26 -1.26 C4Hb05 MALIC A C I D
702 D I ETHYL ETHER 207 -1.88 -1.53 A C4Hb05 MALIC ACID
783 DIETHYL ETHER 213 -1.85 -1.49 A C4H605 MALIC ACID
784 I-BUTANOL 4 -0.63 -1.39 C4H605 MALIC ACID
785 OLEYL ALCOHOL 5 -1.74 -1.16 C4Hb05 MALIC A C I D
786 S-PENTANOLS 195 -0.97 -1.42 C4H605 MALIC ACID
787 ME-I-BUT-K ETDNE 195 -1.36 -1.27 C4H605 0-L-MAL I C A C I D
788 DIETHYL ETHER 192 -2.43 -2.02 A C4HbD6 TARTARIC A C I D
7 89 DIETHYL ETHER 46 12 -1.01 -0.76 A C4H606 TARTARIC K t 0
790 D I ETHYL ETHER 2 13 -2.42 -2.01 A C4H606 TARTARIC A C I D
791 DIETHYL ETCER 36 -2.34 -1.93 A C4H606 TARTARIC I C 1 0
792 I -BUTANOL + -0.78 -1.60 C4H606 TARTARIC A C I D
793 PRIM. PENTANOLS 46 -1.21 -1.84 C4Hb06 TARTARIC A C I D
794 S-PENTANOL S 195 -1.10 -1.56 C4H606 TARTARIC A C I D
795 ME-I-BUT.KETONE 195 -1.58 -1.47 C4H606 D-TARTARIC A C I D
796 OILS 173 1.12 1.35 E C4H70R 102 BROMDACETIC ACID. ETHYL ESTER
797 OCT ANOL 5 1.42 1.42 = C4H7BR102 A-EROMO8UTYRIC A C I D
790 CHCL3 29 0.08 1.29 A C4H7BR102 A-8ROMOBUTYRIC AC I D
799 OILS 209 0.14 1.12 A C4H7BR102 A-BROMOBUTYRIC A C I D
800 BENZENE 29 -0.08 1.31 A C4H78R102 A-BROMOBUTYRIC A C I D
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 563
173
5
3 50
-0.66
0.77
0.83
1.00
0.58
0.59
0.77
0.83
0.99
0.93
-
A
=
A
8
C4H1001
C4H1001
C4HlOOl
C4H1001
C4HlOOl
1-BUTANOL
ETHYL ETHER
ETHYL ETHER
ETHYL ETHER
ETHYL ETHER
990 OILS 82 0.38 0.78 8 C4H1001 ETHYL ETHER
991 258 0.36 0.74 8 C4H1001 ETHYL ETHER
992 2 59 0.60 0.93 B C4HlOOl ETHYL ETHER
993 -1.38 -1.10 A C4H1002 1. 3-BUTANEOIOL
994 -2.37 -0.93 A C4H1002 1 9 3-BUTANEOIOL
995 -1.72 -1.38 A C4H1002 1, CBUTANEDIOL
996 OILS -2.68 -1.22 A C+H1002 1.4-BUTANEOIOL
997 OCTANOL -0.92 -0.92 = C4H1002 21 3-BUTANEOIOL
998
999
1000
0 1 ETHYL ETI(ER
OILS
~CTANOL
2
5
-1.54
-2.47
-0.54
-1.25
-i.03
-0.54 -
A
A
C4HlOOZ
C4H1002
C4H1002
2, 3-BUTANEDIOL
21 3-WTANEOIOL
ETKUXYETHANOL
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 565
--
1494 BENZENE 313 2.20 2.07 B C6H6BRlNl W- BRfflOANIL INE
1495 OCTANOL 312 2.29 2.29 C6H6BRlNl 0-BROMOANIL I N E
1496 OCTANOL 312 2.26 2.26 CbH6BRlNl P-BROHOANIL I N €
1497 BENZENE 313 2.06 1.98 B C6H6BRlNl P-BROHOANIL I N €
1498 BENZENE 72 2.12 2.09 B CbHbBRlN1 P-BROMOANILINE
1499 OCTANOL 217 07 1.36 1.36 = C6H69RlN102Sl P- BROMOBENLENESUL FONAH IOE
1500 CHCL3 217 07 0.39 0.92 N CIHIBRlNlOZSl P-BROMO8ENLENESULFONAHIOE
570 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
2 55
-1.17
1.23
1.38
-2.15
1.23
1.38
-
=
C6H12N4
C6H1201
C6H1201
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
CVCLOHEXANOL
2-HEX ANONE
1896 OCTANOL 218 1.88 1.88 CbH1202 hEXANOIC ACID
1897 OCTANOL 218 1.92 1.92 = CbH1202 HEXANOIC A G i Q
1898 DIETHYL ETHER 190 1.88 1.76 A CbH1202 HEXANOIC ACID
1899 OIETHYL ETHER 3 1.97 1.84 A C6H1202 HEXANOIC ACID
1900 OIETHVL ETHER 49 1.95 1.84 A C6H1202 HEXANOIC ACID
574 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
-
2180
2181 OC T AND L 186 2.26 2.26 = C7H603 0-HYDROXY 8ENZO I C A C I O I SALICYLIC AC I O /
2182 OCTANOL 218 2.21 2.21 C7H603 0-HYDROXYBENZOIC A C I D / S A L I C V L I C ACID/
2183 DIETHYL ETHER 3 2.37 2.20 A C7H603 D-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACIO/SALICYLIC ACID/
2184 0 1 ETHVL ETHER 46 2.53 2.32 A C7H603 0-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACIO/SALICYLIC ACID/
2185 CYCLOHEXANE 15 -1.02 C7H603 0-HYDRDXYBENZOIC ACIO/SALICVLIC ACID/
2186 CYCLOHEXANE 3 57 -0.50 C7H6D3 0-HYORDXV8ENZOIC A C I D I S A L I C Y L I C ACID/
2187 CHCL3 149 0.48 1.66 A C7H603 0-HYOROXYBENZOIC AC 1O / SA L I CVL IC AC I O /
2188 CHCL3 29 0.50 1-67 A C7H6D3 0-HY ORDXY BENZOIC ACIO/SALICYLIC ACID/
2189 CHCL3 39 12 0.34 1.46 A C7H603 0-HVOROXYBENZDIC A C I O I S A L I C Y L I C ACID/
2190 CHCL3 254 0.46 1.60 A C7H6D3 0-HYOROXVBENZO I C ACIO/SALICYLIC ACID/
2191 OILS 173 1.00 2.10 A C7H6D3 0-HVORDXYBENZO I C ACIO/SALICYLIC ACID/
2192 BENZENE 39 0.45 1.81 A C7H6D3 0-HYOROXYBENZOIC AC I D / SAL I C V L I C AC I O /
2193 BENZENE 368 68 0.38 1.88 A C7H6D3 0-HYDROXYBENZOIC A C I D I S A L I C Y L I C ACID/
2 194 I-BUTANOL 4 2.13 2.31 C7H603 0-HYOROXVBENZOIC A C I O I S A L I C Y L I C ACID/
2195 XYLENE 46 0.11 1.93 A C7H603 D-HVDROXVBENZO I C ACIO/SALICVLIC ACID/
2196 TOLUENE 29 0.31 1.80 A C7H6D3 D-HYOROXVBENZDIC ACIO/SALICYLIC ACID/
2197 CCL4 17 -0.30 C7H603 D-HYDROXY BENZD I C
2198 ETHVL BENZOATE 17 1.90 C7H603 0-HVOROXYBENZDIC
2199 N-HEPTANE 25 4 -0.92 C7H603 0-HVOROXYBENZO I C A C I O I S A L I C Y L I C ACID/
2200 ME-I-8UT.KETONE a49 2.51 2.25 C7H603 0-HVOROXYBENZDIC ACID/SALICVLIC ACID/
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 577
-
2371 OLEYL ALCOHOL 124 1.00 1.56 C7H802 P-METHOXYPHENOL
2372 OCTANOL 186 0.47 0.47 = C7H802S1 SULFON E t HETHYLPHENYL
2373 OCTANOL 56 0.50 0.50 C7H802S1 SULFONE, METHYLPHENYL
2374 OCTANOL 349 2.33 2.33 f C7H802Sl THIOPHENE.2-CARBOXYLIC ACIOt ETHYL ESTER
2375 OCTANOL 349 1.52 1.52 = C7H803 FUROIC ACID, ETHYL ESTER
2376 0 1 ETHYL ETHER 113 50 1.72 1.62 A C7H803S1 BENZENESULFONIC ACID. METHYL ESTER
2377 CHCL3 113 2.98 3.39 N C7H803S1 BENZENESULFONIC A C I O t METHYL ESTER
2378 OCTPNOL 56 2.74 2.74 = C7H8Sl METHYL TH IOEENZ EN E
2379 BENZENE 311 6 -0.20 C7H9B102 M-HETHYLPHENYLBORONIC ACID
2380 BENZENE 311 6 -0.16 C7H9B102 0-HETHVLPHENVLSORONIC ACID
2381 BENZENE 311 6 -0.19 C7H96102 P-HETHYLPHENYLSORONIC A C I O
2382 BENZENE 311 6 0.17 C7H9B102S1 P-METHYLTHIOPHENVL8ORONIC ACID
2383 BENZENE 311 6 -0.43 C7H98103 P-HETHOXVPHEhVL8ORONIC ACID
2384 OCTANOL 373 -2.02 -2.02 = C7H9CLlNZ01 N1-METHYLN I C 0 1 INAM IDE CHLORIDE
2385 OCTANOL 312 1.82 1.82 * C7H9N1 AN I L I N E t N-METHYL
2386 OCTANOL 218 1.66 1.66 = C7H9N1 AN I L I N E I N-METHYL
2387 CYCLOHEXANE 337 1.23 C7H9N1 AN1LINE.N-METHYL
2388 OCTANOL 255 1.09 1.09 = C7H9Nl BENZYL AMINE
2389 DIETHYL ETCER 3 0.28 1.11 B C7H9N1 BENZYLAMINE
2390 DIETHYL ETCER 46 0.32 1.14 B C7H9N1 BENZYL AH INE
2391 DIETHYL ETHER 37 4 0.36 1.14 B C7H9N1 BENZYL AMINE
2392 CHCL3 4b 1.18 0.78 B C7H9Nl BENZVLAHINE
2393 BENZENE 315 0.61 0.97 B C7H9N1 BENZYL AMINE
2394 I -BUTANOL 4 0.98 0.87 C7H9N1 BENZYLAMINE
2395 XYLENE 46 0.30 0.86 B CTH9Nl BENZYLAMINE
--
2396 N-CEPTANE 315 -0.21 C7H9N1 BENZYL AMINE
2397 CHCL3 280 2.30 C7H9N1 2, 6-LUTIDINE
2398 OCTANOL 10 1.40 1.40 C7H9N1 W-TOLUIOINE
2399 OCTANOL 301 1.43 1.43 CTH9N1 H-TOLUIDINE
2400 CYCLOHEXANE 337 0.64 C7H9N1 M-TOLU I DINE
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 579
-
NOTE SOLV OCT FORMULA
-
2521 CHCL3 67 -1.34 C7H13N10351 L-METHIONINEIACETYL
2522 OCTANOL 2 60 1.00 1.00 = C7H13NlSl 2-AZACYCLOOCTANTHIONE
2523 OCTANOL 134 0.30 0.30 C7H13N501 6-I-PROPYL-4-AHINO-3-MEAHINO-lrZ14-TRlAZIN~5~ONE
2524 DIETHYL ETHER 3 -1.92 -0.82 8 C7H14N202 01 ETHYLMALONIC ACID DIAMIDE
2525 PARAFFINS 241 -1.02 C7H14N2Sl N-BUTYLETHYLENETHIOUREA
2526 XYLENE 46 1.24 3.13 A C7H1402 I-AMYLACETIC ACID
2527 OILS 220 1.69 2.72 A C7H1402 HEPTANOIC ACID
2528 OCTANE 60 47 -0.13 C7H1402 HEPTANOIC ACID
2529 OOOECANE 60 47 -0.18 C7H1402 HEPTANOIC ACID
2530 HEXPOECANE 60 47 -0.29 C7H1402 HEPTANOIC ACID
2531 OCTANOL 268 -0.17 -0.17 = C7H1404 GLYCERYLMONO8UTYRATE/8UTYR I N /
2532 I -BUTANOL 4 -1.41 -2.48 C7H1406 A- ME THY LGL UCOS I O E
2533 OCTANOL 227 0.63 0.63 = C7H15CLZN202Pl CYTOXAN/CYCLOPHOSPHAHIOE/
2534 CCL4 234 12 0.32 C7H15N101 01 €THY L PROP ION AM I DE
2535 OILS 292 -0.38 0.84 A C7H15N101 N 9 N- 0 I HE THY L VAL ER AH I OE
2536 OILS 292 -0.59 0.65 A C7H15N101 N-ETHYLVALERAM I O E
2537 OILS 292 -0.81 0.45 A C7H 15N 1 0 2 N t N-OIETHYLLACTAMlOE
2538 N-BUTANOL 37 7 -0.77 -1.59 C7HlbCLlNlO2 ACETYLCHOLINE CHLOR IOE
2539 OCTPNOL 297 46 -0.25 -0.25 = C7H16N102 AC ETYLCHOL I N E CATION
2540 DIETHYL ETHER 378 44 -1.03 0.04 8 C7H16N202 CAR8 AH I C AC 10, N, N-0 I ETHYL AH I NOETHY L E S T E R
2541 OILS 201 1.34 2.41 A C7H1601 HEPTANOL
2542 OCTANE 59 0.93 C7H1601 HEPTANOL
2543 OOOECANE 59 0.86 C7H1601 HEPTANOL
2544 H EXPOECANE 59 0.17 C7H1601 HE PT ANOi
2545 01 ETHYL ETHER 3 -0.07 0.05 A C7H1603 GLYCEROL. l r 3 - O I E T H Y L ETHER
2546 OILS 2 -0.96 0.37 A C7H1603 GLYCEROL, 1.3-OIETHYL ETHER
2547 OILS 2 14 0.05 0.48 8 C7H 160452 2.2-8IS(ETHYLSULFONYL PROPANE /SULFONAL/
2548 OILS 173 0.18 0.58 8 C7H1604S2 2 , 2 - 8 1 S ( ETHYLSULFONYL JPROPANElSULFONALl
2549 OILS 224 0.65 0.98 8 C 7H 160 4 S 2 2,2-815 (ETMYLSUL FONYL J PROPANE/SULFOhAL/
2550 OILS 168 0.10 0.52 B C7H 1 6 0 4 5 2 2.2-81 S(ETHYLSULF0NYL 1 PROPANE/SULFONAL/
-
2551 DIETHYL ETFER 46 1.30 2.02 8 C7H 17 N 1 HEPTYLAYINE
2552 XYLENE 46 1.34 2.09 B C7H17N1 HEPTYLAMINE
2553 OCTANOL 297 46 -2.60 -2.60 C7H1811N1 T R IYETHYLBJTVLAMMONIUM I O D I D E
2554 OCTANOL 298 4.20 4.20 = C7H18SI1 SILANE, BJTYL-TRIYETHYL
2555 OCTANOL 206 4.81 4.81 = CBHlBR4F3N2 B E N Z I M I O A Z O L E ~ 45~r 6 ~ 7 - T E T R A 8 R O M O - 2 - T R I F L U O R O M E T H Y L
2556 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -0.26 C8H 1CL 2 F 3 N404 BEN2 I M IDAZOL E. 2-TR IFLME-4r 6-0ICL-Sr 7-01 N I T R O
2557 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 0.94 C8HICL4F3NZ BENZIM ICAZOLEI 41 5,6971 ETRACHLORO-2-TRI FLUOROME
2558 OCTANOL 206 3.97 3.97 = CBHlCLCF3N2 B E N 1 I H I DAZOLEv 49 5 9 6 , 7-TETRACHLORO-2-TRI FLUOROMETHYL
2559 OCTANOL 206 4.08 4.08 = C8H28R3F3N2 BEhZIMIOAZOLE, 49 5 1 6 - T R IBROMO-2-TRIFLUOROHE THYL
2560 OCTANOL 206 3.78 3.78 = C8H2CL3F3N2 BEhZ I M I O A Z O L E ~4r 5 # 7 - T R ICHLORO-2-TRIFLUOROMETHYL
2561 OCTANOL 206 3.87 3.87 = C8H2CL3F3N2 8E hZ 1‘4 10AZT)LE t 4r 5.6-TR I CHLORO- 2- TR I F LUOROME THY L
2562 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 0.57 CBHZCL3F3hZ 8ENZIY I D A L J L E ~ 49 51 6 - T R ICHLORO-2-TRIFLUOROMETHYL
2563 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 0.42 CBHZCL3F3N2 BE h2 I M l DAZOLEI 2-TR IFLUOROHE-4~6r7-TR ICHLORO
2564 OCTANOL 206 4.15 4.15 = C8H3BR2F3N2 8EhZlMlCAZOLE~2-TRIFLVOROnETHYL-5~6-OI8ROMO
2565 OCTANOL 206 3.21 3.21 = CBH3tLlF3N302 8EN~IHICAZOLE~5-CHLJRO-6-NITRO-2-lRIFLUOROME
2566 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -0.74 C8H3CLlF3N302 BEN2 1 M IOAZOLEI 2-TRIFLME-4~CHLORO-6-NI TRO
2567 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -0.06 CBH3CLlF3N302 BE hZ I Y I OALJL E, 2-TR IFLME-6-CHLORO-5-hl T R O
2568 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 0.37 C8H3CLlF3N302 8EhZIYIOAZOLE~2-TRIFLME-6-C~LORO-4-hITRO
2569 OCTANOL 206 2.87 2.87 = C8H3tLZF3N2 8EhZ 1 M IOAZOLEI 2-TR I F L u O R O H E - ~ . ~ - O I C H L ~ R O
2570 OCTANOL 206 3.49 3.49 = C8H3CL2F3N2 BEhlIHIOAZOLE~2-TRIFLUOROHE-4,5-DIChLORO
2571 OCTANOL 206 3.49 3.49 = C8H3CL2F3N2 B E ~ Z ~ M I O A Z O L E2 I~ T R I F L ~ O R O M E ~ 4 ~ 6 ~ O I C H L O R O
2572 OCTANOL 206 3.99 3.99 = CBH3CL2F3N2 BENZIH I D A Z ~ L E I2-TR IFLJOROHE-5,6-DICHLORO
2573 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 0.30 C8H3CL2F3N2 BE hZ I M IOAZOLEI 2-TR IFLUOROHE-4~5-OIChLORO
2574 OCTANOL 206 3.89 3.89 = C8H3F3N404 ~ENZIMIOALOLEI2-TRIFLbOROME-5,6-OI h l TRO
2575 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -1.10 CBH3F3N404 8Eh2IMIOA~OLE~2-TRIFLUOROHE-5~6-OlNlTRO
2576 CYCLOHEXANE 319 19 -0.82 C8H 3F3N404 BEN2 I M IOAZJLEI 2-TR I F L U O R O H E - 4 ~ 6 - O l h I TRO
2577 OCTANOL 206 3.57 3.57 = CBH48RlF3N2 0 E h 2 I H l O A Z O L E ~2-TR IFLUOROHE-5-BROHO
2578 OCTANOL 206 3.39 3.39 = CBH4CL1F3N2 BE hZ 1 M 1CAZJL E t 2-TR IFLUOROME- 5-CMLORO
2579 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -0.31 C8HCCLlF3N2 BEhZIYIOALOLE~2-TRIFLUOROME-5-ChLORC
2580 OC TANOL 206 2.93 2.93 = CBHCCLlF3N2 8ENZIHtOAZOLE~2-TRIFLUROHE-4-CHLORO
2581 OCTANOL 2 35 4.62 4.62 = CBH4CL6 P-31(TRICHLOROMETHYL)BENZEYE
2582 OCTANOL 206 2.68 2.68 = CBH4F3N302 BEN2 I M I CALOLE 9 2-TR IFLUOROME-5-N I TRO
2583 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -1.70 C8H4F3N302 8EhZ I M I JAZOL E t 2-TR I F L UOROYE-5-NI TRO
25e4 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -0.10 C8H4F3N302 8EhZIMICAZOLE12-TRIFLUOROME-4-hlTR0
2585 OCTANOL 218 3.34 3.34 = C8H58RlF3N101 ~ROHOBENZE~EIP-TRIFLuOROACETAMIOO
2586 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.66 C8H58RlN204 S T V R E ~ E I ~ - ~ R O M O5-NITROIR-hITRO
I
2587 OCTANOL 141 2.23 2.23 = C8H5CLlN204 S T YREhE 2-C hLORO- 5-N I TRO- 8 - N I T R O
2588 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.49 CBH5CLlN204 STYRE’YE~Z-ChLJR0.5-YITROIB-hITRO
2589 OCTANOL 141 2.53 CBH5CL2N102 S T Y R E ~ E I2~L-OICHLORO-8-hITRO
2590 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.68 CBH5CL2N102 STYRENE, 3 r 4 - O I C H L O ~ O ~ 8 - h l T R 0
2591 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.76 C8H5CL2N102 STVRihit2~4-OICHLORO.8-hlTRO
2592 CYCLOHEXANE 141 3.12 CBHSCLZN102 STYRENE,2~6-OIChL0~3~8-NlTRO
2593 CYCLOHEXANE 141 0.31 CBH5FlN204 S T Y R E k € 9 4-FLJOROv 3-N1 T R O I 0-NITRO
2594 CYCLOHEXANE 141 0.87 CBHSFlN204 STYRENE,~-FLUOROI~-NITRO~~-~ITRO
2595 OCTANOL 206 2.67 2.67 = CBHSF3N2 0EhZIMIOAZOLE~Z-TRIFLJ~ROHETHYL
2596 CYCLOHEXANE 379 19 -0.95 C8H5F3N2 8EhZIMIOAZ~LE~2-TRIFLUOROMETHYL
2597 OCTANOL 10 2.95 2.95 = CBH5F302 M - T R I F L ~ O R O M E T ~ V L 8 E Y L O l C ACID
2598 CHCL3 279 1.73 2.79 A CBH5F302Sl THENOVL-TRIFLUOROACETG‘YE
2599 BENZENE 3 80 1.60 2.95 A C8HSF30251 THEhOVL-TR I FLJOROACETONE
2600 BENZENE 279 1.62 2.96 A CBH5F302Sl TMthOYL-T91FLUOROAC~TJhE
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 17, No. 6 581
A
C8H604
C8H604
C8H604
0-PHTHALIC ACID
0-PHTHALIC ACID
0-PHTHALIC ACID
2657 ME- I-8UT.K €TON E 195 0.44 0.41 C8H604 0-PHTHALIC ACID
26 58 S-PENTANOLS 195 0.60 0.38 C8H604 0-PHTHALIC ACID
26 59 CHCL3 46 0.70 1.85 A CBH604 PIPERONYLIC ACID
2660 OCT~NOL 218 3.12 3.12 = C8H6S1 BENZOTHIOPHENEI(BI
2661 OCTANOL 309 3.09 3.09 = C8HbSl BENZOTHIOPHENEI(~I
2662 OILS 173 2.24 2.29 B C8H7 B R I O 1 BROMOACETOPHENONE
2663 OCTANOL 10 2.37 2.37 = C8H7BR102 M-BROMOPHENYLACETIC ACID
2664 OCTANOL 10 2.31 2.31 = C8H78R102 P-BROMOPHENYLACETIC ACID
2665 OILS 3 83 1.86 2.88 A C8H78R102 P-BROMOPHENYLACETIC A C I O
2666 0 CT ANOL 10 2.10 2.10 = CBH7BR103 PHENOXYACETIC ACI0.2-BROMO
2667 OCTANOL 10 2.22 2.22 = C8H78R103 PHENOXVACETIC AC 10.3-BROMO
2668 OCTANOL 10 2.45 2.45 = C8H7BR103 PHENOXVACETIC ACIO.4-8ROMO
2669 OCTANOL 206 3.22 3.22 = C8H7CLlN251 BENZIMIOAZOLEv 5-CHLORO-2-(METHYLTHIOI
2670 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.44 C8H7CL101 CHLOROAC ETEPHENONE
2671 OILS 173 1.99 2.08 B C8H7CL101 CHLOROACETOPHENONE
2672 OCTANOL 10 2.09 2.09 = CBH7CL102 H-CHLOROPHENYL ACE1 I C A C I O
2673 OCTANOL 10 2.12 2.12 = C8H7CL102 P-CHLOROPHENYLACETIC ACID
2674 OILS 3 83 1.38 2.48 A C8H7CL102 P-CHLOROPHENVLACET I C ACID
2675 OCTANOL 10 2.03 2.03 = C8H7CLlO3 PHENOXYACETIC ACI0.M-CHLORO
2676 CYCLOHEXANONE 302 3.00 CBH7CL103 PHENOXYACETIC ACIO.M-CHLOR0
2677 HE- I-BU T .K €TONE 302 2.32 CBH7CL103 PHENOXVACETIC ACI0.M-CHLORO
2678 CYCLOHEXANOL 302 2.46 CBH7CL103 PHENOXYACETIC ACt0.M-CHLORO
2679 OCTANOL 10 2.02 2.02 = CBH7CL103 P,HENOXYACETIC ACI0,O-CHLORO
2680 OCTANOL 10 1.99 1.99 = C8H7CL103 PHENOXVACETIC ACI0.P-CHLORO
2681 OCTANOL 384 2.80 2.80 = CBH7CL2N102 N-METHYL-3s 4 - O I C K O R O P H E N V L C A R B A M A T E
2682 OCTANOL 38 4 3.03 3.03 = CBH7CLZN102 N-METHYL-3r 5-OICHLOROPHENVLCARBAHATE
2683 OCTANOL 10 1.65 1.65 = C8H7F102 M-FLUOROPHENVLACETIC ACID
2684 OCTANOL 10 1.50 1.50 = CBH7FlOZ 0-FLUOROPHENYLACETIC ACID
2685 OCTANOL 10 1.55 1.55 = C8H7F102 P-FLUOROPHENYLACETIC ACID
2686 OCTANOL 10 1.48 1.48 = C8H7F103 PHENOXVACE1 I C AC IO* M- FL UORO
2687 OCTANOL 10 1.26 1.26 = C8H7F103 PHENOXY ACE1 I C AC ID.0-FLUOR0
2688 OCTANOL 10 1.41 1.41 = CBH7F 1 0 3 PHENOXYACET I C AC I0;P-FLUOR0
2689 CYCLOHEXANOL 302 1.82 C8H7F103 PHENOXVACETIC AC I0.P-FLUOR0
2690 OCTANOL 65 1.86 1.86 = CBHIF10451 P-FLUOROSULFOYVLPHENVL ACE1 I C AC IO
2691
2692
2693
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
65
10
10
1.82
2.78
2.62
1.82
2.78
2.62
-
=
=
CBH7F10551
C8H7F503S I
C8H71102
P-FLUOROSUL FONVLPHENO XVACE T I C AC ID
PHENOXVACET I C AC IO, 3-P ENTAFLUOROTHI10
H-IOOOPHENYLACETIC ACID
2694
2695
2696
2697
OCTANOL
OILS
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
10
383
10
10
2.64
1.63
2.19
2.44
2.64
2.72
2.19
2.44
--
=
A
=
C8H7 I 10 2
C8H7I1 0 2
C8H71103
C8H71103
P-IOOOPHENYLACETIC ACID
P-IODOPHENVLACETIC ACID
PHENOXYACE1 I C AC IO 9 2- I O D 0
PHENOXYACETIC A C I O ~ 3 - I O D O
2698
2699
2700
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
10
276
186
2.69
2.00
2.14
2.69
2.00
2.14
-
=
C8H71103
C8H7N1
C8H7N1
PHENOXVACETIC A C I O I + I O W
INWLE
INDOLE
582 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
2701
2702
2703
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
CYCLOHEXANE
309
255
358
2.25
1.56
1.56
2.25
1.56 -
= CBH7Nl
C8H7N1
C8H7N1
INDOLE
PHENYLACETONITRILE
P-TOLUONITRILE
2704 OCTANOL 309 1.15 1.15 = C8H7N101 OX INDOLE
27C5 OCTANOL 56 2.24 2.24 = CBH7N102 STYRENE, 8-NITRO
2706 OCTANOL 141 2.11 2.11 = C8H7N102 STYRENE, 8-NITRO
27C7 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.80 C8H7N102 STYREN € 9 8-NI TRO
27C8 OCTANOL 10 1.42 1.42 = CBH7N103 M- ACET YLNI TROBENZENE
2709 OCTANOL 10 1.49 1.49 * C8H7N103 P- AC ETY L N IT ROB EN ZEN E
2710 OCTANOL 141 2.07 2.07 = C8H7N103 STYRENE, 3-HYDROXY-8-N ITRO
2711 OCTANOL 141 2.12 2.12 = C8H7N103 STYRENE, 4-HYDROXY-&NITRO
2712 CYCLOHEXANE 141 -1.60 C8H7N103 STYRENE.4-HYDROXY v 8 - N I TRO
2713 CYCLOHEXANE 141 -1.36 C8H7N103 STYRENEI~-HYOROXYIB-NITRO
2714 OCTANOL 10 1.45 1.45 = C 8H7N 1 0 4 M-NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID
2715 OCTANOL 10 1.39 1.39 = CBH7N104 P-NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID
2716 OILS 383 0.43 1.61 A CBH7N104 P-NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID
2717 OCTANOL 10 1.37 1.37 = C8H7N105 PHENOXYACETIC ACIOIM-NITRO
2718 CYCLOHEXANONE 302 2.77 CBH7N105 PHENOXYACETIC ACIOIH-NITRO
2719 ME-I-8UT.KETONE 302 1.88 C8H7N105 PHENOXYACETIC ACI0.H-NITRO
2720 CYCLOHEXANOL 302 1.93 CBH7N105 PHENOXYACETIC ACI0.M-NITRO
2721 OCTANOL 10 1.22 1.22 = CBH7N105 PHENOXYACETIC ACIOIO-NITRO
2722 OCTPNOL 10 1.48 1.48 = CBH7N105 PHENOXYACETIC ACIOVP-NITRO
2723 OCTANOL 238 2.83 2.83 = C8H7NlSl BENZYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
27 24
2725
2726
CHCL3
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
322
384
3 84
2.00
1.77
2.25
2.38
1.77
2.25
-
N
=
C8H7NlS2
C8HBBRlN102
C8HBBRlNlOZ
METHYLTHIOBENZOTHl AZOLE
N-METHYL-2-BROMOPHENYLCARBAMATE
N-METHYL-3-BROMOPHENYLCAR8AMATE
2727 OCTANOL 384 2.17 2.17 = C8HBBRlNlOE N-METHYL-4-BROMOPHENYLCARBAMATE
2728 OCTANOL 384 1.64 1.64 = C8HBCLlN102 N-METHYL-2-CHLOROPHEN YLCARBAMATE
2729, OCTANOL 38 4 2.03 2.03 C8H8CLlN102 N-METHYL-3-CHLOROPHENYLCARBAMATE
2730 OCTANOL 384 2.01 2.01 = CBHBCLlNlOZ N-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENYLCAR8AMATE
2731 OCTANOL 302 1.16 1.16 = C8H8CLlN103 PHENOXYACETIC ACIO~3-AMINO-4-CHLORO
2732 OCTANOL 384 1.25 1.25 = CBH8FlNlOZ N-METHYL-2-FLUOROPHENYLCARBAMATE
2733 OC7ANOL 384 1.48 1.48 = CBHBFINIOZ N- ME THY L-3-FLUOROP HENYLCAR BA MA TE
2734 OCTANOL 3 84 1.28 1.28 = C&8F i N l 0 2 N-METHYL-4-FLUOROPHENYLCAR8AMATE
2735 OCTANOL 65 2.17 2.17 = CBHBFlN103Sl P-ACETAMIOO-BENLENESULFONYLFLUORIOE
2736 0 I ETHYL ETC.ER 306 1.64 1.60 A C8HBIlN104Sl N-IP-IOOOBENLENESULFONYL JGLYCINE
2737 CHCL3 306 -0.20 1.00 A C8H811N104S1 N- IP-IOOOBENZENESULFONYL JGLYCINE
2738 CCL4 306 12 -2.00 0.15 A C8HBIlN104Sl N-IP-IOOOBENZENESULFONYL )GLYCINE
2739 CL CHZCHZCL 306 0.32 C8H811N104S1 N-IP-IOOOBENLENESULFONYL JGLYCINE
2740 OCTANOL 38 4 1.02 1.02 = C8H8N204 N- METHYL-2-N ITRO PHENYL CARBAMATE
2741 OCTANOL 3 84 1.39 1.39 = CBH8NZ 0 4 N-METHYL-3-NITROPHENYLCARBAMATE
2742 OCTANOL 384 1.47 1.47 = C8H8N204 N-METHYL-4-NITROPHENYLCAR8AMATE
2743 OCTANOL 10 1.58 1.58 = C8H801 AC €TOPHENON E
2744 DIETHYL ETCER 248 50 1.15 1.67 A CBHBO1 AC ET OP H ENONE
2745 BENZENE 248 12 2.20 2.07 8 CBH801 AC €TOP b ENONE
2746 CLCHZCHZCL 248 2.38 C8H801 ACETOPHENONE
2747 OCTANOL 2 68 2.23 2.23 = C8H801S1 THlOACETIC ACID, S-PHENYL ESTER
2748 OCTANOL 10 1.49 1.49 C8H802 ACETIC ACID, PHENYL E S T E R
2749 OCTANOL 10 1.39 1.39 = C8H802 M-ACETYLPHENOL
2750 OCTANOL 10 i. 35 1.35 = C8HeOZ P-ACETYLPHENOL
2751 CYCLOHEXANE 56 -2.14 C8H802 P- AC ETY L PHENOL
2752 OCTANOL 10 2.12 2.12 = C8H802 BENZOIC ACIOPMETHYL ESTER
2753 OC T ANOL 10 1.41 1.41 = C8H802 PHENYLACETIC ACID
2754 DIETHYL ETFER 3 1.57 1.49 A CBH802 PHENYLACETIC ACID
2755 OIETHYL Ell-ER 207 1.33 1.28 A C8HBOZ PHENYLACETIC ACID
2756 OIETHYL E T k E R 46 1.44 1.37 A CBH802 PHENYL ACE1 I C ACID
27 57 CHCL3 29 12 0.45 1.63 A CBH802 PHENYLACETIC AC I O
2758 OILS 361 0.35 1.57 A C8H802 PHENYLACETIC A t 1 0
2759 OILS 362 0.13 1.33 A ~811802 PHENYLPCET I C ACID
2760 OILS 385 0.26 1.42 A C8H802 PHENYLACETIC ACI 0
2761 BENZENE 29 -0.03 1.38 A C8H802 PHENYL ACE1 I C ACI 0
2762 I-BUTANOL 4 1.43 1.51 C8H802 PHENYLACETIC ACID
2763 XYLENE 46 -0.38 1.38 A C8H802 PHENYLACETIC ACID
2764 TOLUENE 48 0.09 1.66 A C8H802 PHENYLACETIC ACID
2765 TOLUENE 29 -0.13 1.46 A C8H802 PHENYLACETIC ACID
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
NITROBENZENE
PRIM. PENTANOLS
OCTANOL
CYCLOHEXANE
CHCL3
48
48
10
357
29 25
0.67
1.48
2.37
0.65
1.76
1.42
1.57
2.37
2.83
-
A
C8H802
C8H802
C8HBO2
CBH802
C8H802
PHENYLACETIC ACID
PHENYLACETIC ACID
M-TOLUIC ACID
0-TOLUIC ACID
0-TOLUIC ACIO
2771 TOLUENE 29 1.10 2.54 A C8H802 0-TOLUIC ACID
2772 OCTANOL 10 2.27 2.27 = C8H802 P-TOLUIC ACID
2773 CHCL3 29 12 1.81 2.91 A C ~ H ~ O Z P-TOLUIC ACID
2774 TOL U €NE 29 0.68 2.18 A CBHBOZ P-TOLUIC ACID
2775 OCT ANOL 386 1.91 1.91 = CBH80251 PHENYLTHIO-ACETIC ACID
2776 BENZENE 279 2.40 3.70 A CBH802S1 THENOYLACETONE
2777 CCL4 279 2.06 3.57 N C8H802Sl THENOY L ACETON E
2778 HEXANE 279 1.30 CBHBOZS1 THENOYLACETONE
2 17 9 0-OICL. BENZENE 279 2.49 C8H802SI THENOY LACETONE
2780 OCTANOL 386 2.05 2.05 = C8H8OZSEl PHENYLSELENO-ACETIC AC I O
2781 CHCL3 3 87 2.92 3.89 A C8H802SEl 1- 12-SELENOPHEN-YL I-li3-8UTANEOIONE
2782 CHCL3 388 3.39 4.30 A C8H802SEl 1- 12-SELENOPHEN-YL )-1v3-BUTANEOIONE
2783 BENZENE 387 3.00 4.30 A C8H802SEl 1-12-SELENOPHEN-YL I-lr3-BUTANEOIONE
2 7 84 BENZENE 388 2.92 4.23 A t8HBO2SEl 1- 12-5 EL ENOPHEN-YL I - 1 9 3-BUTANE0 IONE
2785 DIETHYL ETCER 323 1.35 1.30 A CBH803 BENLALOEHVOE~2-HYOROXY-3-METHOXY/O~VANILLIN/
2706 OIETHYL ETHER 3 0.97 0.96 A C8H803 BENZALOEHYOEI 3 - M E T H O X Y ~ 4 - H Y O R O X Y / V 4 N I L L I N /
2707 0 1 ETHYL ETHER 323 0.91 0.91 A CBH803 BENLALOEHYOEt3-METHOXY-4-HYOROXY/VANILLIN/
2788 DIETHYL ETHER 359 0.93 0.94 A CBH803 BENZALOEHYOEI~-~ETHOXY+4-HYOROXY/V4NILLIN/
2789 DIETHYL ETHER 248 0.96 0.96 A CBH803 BENZAL OEHYOEs 3-HETHOXY-4-HYOROXY/VI\NI L L I N/
2790 CYCLOHEXANE 248 -0.75 C8H803 BEN2 AL OEHY DEI 3-METHOXY-CHYOROXY /VAN1 L L 1N I
2791 CHCL3 366 1.42 1.92 N CBH803 BENZALOEHYOE~3-METHOXY-4-HYOROXY/VANILLIN/
2792 OILS 173 0.42 1.58 A CBH803 BENZALOEHYDEI~-METHOXYI~-HYOROXY/V~NILL~N/
2793 OILS
~~~~ 224 0.48 1.63 A C8H803 BEWALDEHYOEt 3 - M E T H O X V - 4 - H Y O R O X Y / V A N I L L I N/
2794 BENZENE 389 0.81 2.20 A C8H803 8ENZALOEHYOEi3-METHOXYt4-HYOROXY/VANILLIN/
2795 BENZENE 248 0.82 2.21 A C8H803 BENZAL DEHYOEv 3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXY/VANILLI N/
2796 TOLUENE 389 0.64 2.14 A C8H803 BENLALOEHYOEI~-METHOXY~~-HYOROXY/VANILLIN/
2797 CLCHZCH2CL 248 1.29 CBli8D3 BENZALOEHYOEI 3-METHOXY-4-HYOROXY/VANI L L I N/
2798 01-I-PR. ETnm 366 0.60 1.24 C8H803 BENZALDEHVOE~3-METHOXY~CHYDROXY/VANILLIN/
2799 OCTANOL 186 1.05 1.05 = C8H803 BENZYL ALCOHOLr3.C-METHYLENEOIOXY
2800 OCTANOL 261 1.89 1.89 = C8H803 H-CARBOMETHOXYPHENOL
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 583
-
OIMETtlVLPARA-OXON
2889 BENZENE 72 1.71 1.73 8 C8HlON2Ol P - h I TROSOOIMtThYLAN I L I h E
2 8 9 0 OCTANOL
2 8 9 1 OIETHYL ETkER
186
113 15
0.42 0.42 C8HlON2Ol -
UREA, 1-METHYL 1-PHENY L
-0.67 -0.47 A C8HlON203S 1 SU LF AN I L A C E T A M 1OE
2 8 9 2 CHCL3 343 2 -0.66 -0.01 N C8H lON2 0 3 5 1 S J LF AN I L ACETA4 I OE
2 8 9 3 CHCL3 113 15 -0.12 0.48 N C8HlON203S 1 SULF A h I L A C E T A M I O E
2 8 9 4 CHCL3 393 63 -0.35 0.27 N C8HlON2035 1 SULF A h I L ACE T A M I DE
2895 BENZENE 343 2 -1.54 -0.14 A C8HlON203Sl SULF AN I L AC ET AM I OE
2896 I-PENT. ACETATE 343 2 -0.06 -0.24 C8HlON203Sl SU LF AN I L A C E T AM I DE
2 8 9 7 CCL4 - 343 2 -1.77 -1.72 N C8HlON203Sl SULFAN IL ACETAMI DE
2 8 5 8 OC TANOL 186 0.85 0.85= CBHlON251 UREA, l - M E T H Y L - l - P H E N Y L - 2 - T H I O
2 8 9 9 OCTANOL 218 -0.07 -0.07 = CBHlDN402 CAFFEINE
2 9 0 0 OIETHVL E T k E R 3 -1.30 -0.30 8 CBHlON402 CAFFEINE
584 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
-
2969 XYLENE 46 1.39 2.03 8 C8H11N1 8EhZVLHETHYLAHINE
2910 OCTANOL 10 2.31 2.31 = C8H 11N 1 N1N-OIHETHVLANIL I N €
2911 OCTANOL 309 2.62 2.62 CBHllN1 NVN-DlHETHVLANIL I N €
2912 CYCLOHEXANE 331 2.41 C8HllN1 Ne N-DIMETHYL AN I L I N €
2913 N-HEPTANE 310 1.00 C8HllNl 21 3-OIHETHYLANlL IN€
2914 CYCLOHEXANE 331 1.23 C8H11N1 2 1 4-01 HETHVLANIL INE
2915 XYLENE 46 1.18 1.85 B C8HllN1 214-01METtiYLAhlL INE
2976 N-HEPTANE 310 1.10 C 8 H l lN l 2.4-OIHETHYLANILINE
2911 CYCLOHEXANE 337 1.22 C8HllNl 21 5-OIHETHYLANILINE
2918 N-HEPTANE 310 1.12 C8HllNl 2.5-DIMETHYLANILINE
2919 CYCLOHEXANE 331 1.35 C8HllNl Z~bOIHETHYLANILINE
29 80 N-PEPTANE 310 1.21 C8H11N1 2.6-OIMETHVLANILINE
2981 XYLENE 46 1.05 1.70 B C8HllNl 3 s 4-OIMETHYLANIL I h E
29 82 N-HEPTANE 310 0.95 C8H11 N1 3*4-OIHETHYLANIL 1NE
2983 CYCLOHEXANE 331 1.18 C8H11N1 3r 5-OIMETHVLANIL I N E
2984 OCTANOL 255 1.41 1.41 = C 8 H l 1N 1 ETHVLAMINEI 2-PHENVL
2985 CHCL3 396 31 1.32 0.91 B C8HllNl ET HYLAH INEI 2-PHENYL
2986 N-HEPTANE 396 31 -0.56 C8H11N1 ETHVLAHINEv 2-PHENYL
2917 OCTANOL 312 2.26 2.26 = C8HllNl N-ETHVLANIL INE
29 88 XYLENE 13 1.12 2.36 8 C8HllN1 PVRIOINEI 2-HETHYLv5-ETHVL
29 89 TOLUENE 73 1.80 1.95 B C8HllNl PVRIOINE.2-METHYL~5-ETHVL
2990 OCTANOL 9 2.10 2.10 = C8HllNl PVRIOINEI~-PROPYL
2991 TOLUENE 188 1.43 1.12 8 C 8 H l 1N 1 PVRIOINE~2~4~6-TRIHETHVL/COLLIOIN/
2992 OCTANOL 10 1.56 1.56 = C8HllNlOl 3-OIHEIHYLAHINOPHENOL
2993 OCTANOL 80 1.09 1.09 = C8HllNlOZ O-11-ETHVL-1-VINYL-2-PROPVNVLl CARBAMATE
2994 OILS 381 0.16 1.34 A C8HllN102 HEXAHVOROPHTHALIHIOE
2955 01 ETHYL ETHER 113 1.11 1.09 A C8H 11N102S 1 8ENZENESULFONAMIOE.N-ETHYL
2996 CHCL3 113 1.11 2.28 N C8HllN102Sl BENZENESUL FONAM IO€ IN-ETHYL
2991 01 ETHYL E l l - E R 113 1.16 1.13 A C8HllNlOZSl NVN-DIMETHYLBENZENESUL FONAMIOE
2998
2999
3000
CHCL3
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
113
221
391
2.69
-2.14
0.14
3.11
-2.14
0.74
-
N
=
C8HllN102S1
C8HllN306
C8HllN5
N t N-01 METHYL BENZENE SUL FONAMI DE
6-AZAURIDINE INCS 3 2 0 1 4 ) l P K A = 6.63)
ADENlNEe9-PROPYL
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 585
3001
3002
3003
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
CHCL3
341
341
322
NOTE
60
60
SOLV
0.49
0.16
0.88
OCT
0.49
0.76 =
1.36
-
N
FORMULA
C8Hl2N2
C8Hl2N2
t8Hl2NZOlSl
N. N-01METHYL-3-PYRI
N-ETHYL-3-PYRIOVLMETHVLInlNE
OYLMETHYLAMI NE
2-METHIO-4-HVOROXVTRIMET~VLENEP~RIM I 0 1 NE
3004 OCTANOL 56 0.81 0.81 = C8Hl2N202Sl PHENETHYL SULFAMIOE
3005 OILS 398 44 0.36 1.52 A C8H12N2OZS1
3006 OCTANOL 80 0.65 0.65 = C8H12N203
30C7 01 ETHYL EThER 113 16 0.63 0.67 A C8W12N203 5 ~ 5 - 0 I E T H Y L 8 A R ~ I T U R I CACIO/8AR8ITAL/VERONAL/
3008 CHCL3 399 1 -0.14 0.49 N CBHl2N203 59 5-01 ETHYLBARBITUR I C A C I O / B I R B I TAL/VERONAL/
3009 CHCL 3 113 -0.01 0.54 N C8HlZN203 5.5-01 ETHVLBARBITURI C AC I O I B A R B I TAL/VERONAL/
30 10 CHCL3 2 54 -0.15 0.45 N C8H12N203 5 ~ 5 - O I E T H Y L B A R 8 I T U R I C ACIO/8ARBITAL/MRONAL/
3011 CHCL3 338 44 0.45 1.03 N C8Hl2N203 5 ~ S - O I E T H V L 8 A R B I T U R I C ACIO/8AR8ITAL/VERONAL/
30 12 OILS 82 -0.12 0.54 A C8Hl2N203 5 ~ S - O I E T H Y L B A R B I T U R I C ACIO/BAR8ITAL/VERONAL/
3013 OILS 345 -0.67 0.58 A C8H12N203 5 9 5-01 ETHYLBARBITURI C AC I O l B A R B I TAL/VERONAL/
30 14 OILS 398 44 -0.58 0.68 A C8Hl2N203 5.5-01ETHYL8AR8ITURIC ACIO/BAR8ITAL/VERONAL/
30 15 OILS 296 12 -1.22 0.08 A C8Hl2N203 5s 5-OIETHYLBAR8ITURIC ACIO/BAR8ITAL/VERONAL/
30 16 OILS 168 -0.57 0.69 A C8Hl2NZ03 5 ~ 5 - 0 I E T H V L B A R 8 I T U R I CACIO/8AR8ITAL/VERONAL/
3017 OILS 2 90 -0.96 0.32 A C8H12 N 2 0 3 5 ~ 5 - O I E T H V L 8 I R 8 1 T U R I C ACIO/8AR8ITAL/VERONAL/
3018 BENZENE 399 1 -0.77 0.62 A C8Hl2N203 5 1 5-01 ETHYLBARBITURIC ACIO/BARBI TAL/VERONAL/
3019 BENZENE 338 44 -1.85 CBHl2N203 5 ~ 5 - O I E T H V L B A R 8 I T U R I C ACIO/8ARBITAL/VERONAL/
3020 I-PENT. ACETATE 399 1 .
0.58 0.43 C8H12N203 5 r 5 - D I E T H V L B A R 8 I T U R I C ACIO/BARBITAL/VERONAL/
3021 CCL4 399 1 -1.46 0.62 A C8HlZN203 5 I 5-01 ETHYL BARBI TUR I C AC I O/BARB I T A L / VE RONAL/
3022 N-HEPTANE 338 44 -2.15 C8H1Z N 2 03 5r 5-OIETHYL8AR8ITURIC ACIO/BARBITAL/VERONAL/
3023 OLEYL ALCOHOL 82 0.14 0.70 C8Hl2N203 5.5-01ETHYL8AR8ITURIC AC IO/BARBI TALlVERONALl
3024 50XETHER+50¶0MF 125 -0.10 0.55 C8H12N203 5s5-OIETHYLBARBITURIC ACIO/8AR8ITAL/VEROkAL/
3025 OCTANOL 80 1.73 1.13 = C8HlZO1 CYCLOHEXANOL 9 1-ETHYNYL
3026 DIETHYL ETHER 112 0.29 0.37 A C8Hl202 C Y U O r i EXINE- I r 3-OIONE v 5 r 5-01 METHYL/OI MEDON/
30 27
3028
3029
30 30
CHCL3
OILS
OCTANOL
N-HEPTANE
112
347
298
400 14
0.76
1.42
3.99
-1.15
1.30
2.48
3.99 --
N
4
C8H1202
C8H1202
CBH12SIl
C8H13N102
CYCLOHEXANE-19 3-OIONE 9 5 1 5-OIMETHVL/OIMEOON/
SORBIC ACIOIETHYL
SI LANE I DIMETHYL-PHENYL
AR ECOL I N
ESTER
-
3031 OCTANOL 348 -0.04 -0.04 CBH13N102 N-PROP IONVLCYCLOBUTANECARBOXAMIOE
3032 OCTANOL 218 1.52 1.52 = C8H13N102SI 31 5-THIOMORPHOL I N E O I O N E ~ 2 r 2 - O I E T H V L
3033 OCTANOL I34 1.52 1.52 CBH14N40151 3-€THY LTHIO-4-AM INO-6- I-PR-1.2s4-TRI A2 I NE-5-ONE
3034 OCTANOL 134 1.39 1.39 = C8H14N401Sl 3-MET~I0-4-AMINO-6-I-8U-1~2~4-TRIAZINE-S-ONE
-
30 3 5 OCTANOL 134 1.70 1.70 = CBH14N401Sl ~-METHIO-~-AMINO-~-T-~U-~~~ICTRIAZINE-~-O~E
3036 CHCL3 285 2.97 4.20 A C8Hl402 b-METHVL-2~4-HEPTANEOIONE/I-VALERVLACETOhE/
3037 OCTANOL 255 0.55 0.55 C8H1403 HEPTANOIC ACID, +KETO METHYL E S T E R
3038 DIETHYL EThER 212 0.67 0.70 A C8H1404 SUBERIC A C I D
3039 DIETHYL ETHER 194 0.47 0.54 A C8H1404 SJBERIC A C I D
3040 N-BUTANOL 194 0.92 0.80 C8H1404 SUBERIC A C I D
3041 ETHYL ACETATE 194 0.70 0.70 C8H1404 SUBERIC A C I D
3042 CYCLOHEXANONE 194 0.85 C8H1404 SUBERIC ACIO
3043 2-BUTANONE 194 0.68 0.72 C8H1404 SUBERIC A C I D
3044 ME- I-8UT.KETONE 194 0.68 0.74 C8H1404 SUBERIC ACIO
3045 OCTANOL 56 -0.29 -0.29 = C8Hl4Ob TARTARIC A C I O ~ O I E T H V LESTER
3046 DIETHYL ETkER 3 -0.19 -0.05 A C8Hl406 TARTAR I C AC I O t 01 ETHYL E S T E R
3047 0 1 ETHYL ETHER 40 1 -0.35 -0.19 A C8H1406 TARTARIC ACIOIOIETHYL ESTER
3048 I-OCTANOL 353 -1.38 C8H15K102 POTASSIUM OCTANOATE
3049 OCTANOL 260 0.67 0.67 = C8H15N101 2-AZACYCLONONAhONE
30 50 01 ETHYL ETFER 3 -1.28 -0.28 e C8H15N101 TROP I N E
3051 I-BUTANOL 4 0.49 0.21 C8H15N101 TROPINE
3052 CHCL3 67 -0.77 C8Hl5N103 0- ISOLEUCINE. ACETYL
3053 CHCL3 67 -0.84 CBH15N103 0-LEUC INEI ACETYL
3054 CHCL3 67 -0.70 CBH15N103 NORL EUC I N€ 9 ACETYL
3055 OCTANOL 260 1.44 1.44 = C8H15 N 1S 1 2- AZACYCLOhONANTHl ONE
3056 OCTANOL 221 -1.45 -1.45 = C8H15N307 STREPTOZOTOCIN (NCS 8 5 9 9 8 1
3057 I-OCTANOL 353 -1.38 CBH15NA102 SOOIUM OCTANOATE
3058 PARAFFINS 241 -0.57 C8H16N251 N- AMYL ETIIVL ENE TH IO UR EA
3059 N-HEPTANE 139 31 0.63 CBH1602 OCTANOIC ACIO
3060 CHCL3 402 46 -0.92 C8H17CL2N102 01-I-PROPYLAHMONIUM-OICHLOROACETATE
3 0 6I BENZENE 402 46 -1.77 C8H17CL2N102 01-I-PROPYLAMMONIUM-OICHLOROACETATE
3062 I-BUTANOL 4 1.99 2.29 C8H17N1 2-PROPYLP I P ER I 0 1NElCONI I N E /
30t 3
3064
3065
XYLENE
OCTANOL
OILS
46
2 18
271
1.95
1.81
1.79
2.61
1.81
1.92
-
8
8
CBHl7Nl
C8H17 N 1 0IS 1
C8H18F103P1
2-PROPVLPIPERIOINE/CONIINE/
PROPIONAMIOEI 2-BUTYLTHIO-2-METHYL
01 BUTYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE
3066 CCL4 271 2.01 1.77 8 C8H18F103Pl 01 8UTYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE
3067 OIETHYL E l E R 378 44 -1.00 0.06 8 C8H1 8 N 202 h-METHVLCARBAHIC ACIOIOIETHYLAMINOETHYL ESTER
3068 OCTANOL 5 3.15 3.15 = C8H1801 OC TAN0 L
3069 OILS 201 1.77 2.80 A CBH1801 OCTANOL
3070 DIETHYL € 1 ER 2 0.04 0.15 A C8H1803 01 ETHYLENE GLYCOLvMONOBUTVL ETHER
3071 OILS 2 -0.92 0.40 A C8H1803 DIETHYLENE GLYCOL.MONOBUTYL ETHER
3072 OILS 173 0.72 1.04 8 C8H1804S2 2.2-815( ETHYLSULFONYL IBUTANE/TR IONAL/
3073 OILS 168 0.66 0.98 8 C8H1804 S2 2.2-BIS (ETHYLSULFONYL I BUTANE/TR IONAL/
3074 OILS 214 0.65 0.97 8 C 8 H 1 8 0 4 S2 2.2-8IS( ETHYLSULFONYL )BUTANE/TRIONAL/
3075 OIETHVL ETkER 3 -2.62 -2.18 A C8H1805 T E T R A E T HYL ENE GLYCOL
3076 I-BUTANOL 4 -0.62 -1.38 COH1805 TETRAETHYLEhE GLYCOL
3077 D I E T H Y L EThER 3 2.52 3.04 8 C8H19N1 01-I-BUTYL AM I N E
3078 I-BUTANOL 4 2.38 2.84 C8H19Nl 01-I-8UTYLAMINE
3079 OCTANOL 218 2.68 2.68 = C8H19NI OIBUTYLA4IkE
3080 I-BUTANOL 4 2.35 2.90 C8H19N1 OCTVLAMINE
3081 CCL4 135 2.63 2.33 8 C8H1902PIS2 PHOSPHOROOITHIOTIC ACIO.01-I-BUTYL
30 82 I-PENT. ACETATE 135 2.23 2.13 C8H1902PIS2 PHOSPHOROOITHIOTIC ACIO.01-N-BUTYL
3083 CCL4 135 2.52 2.26 8 C8H1902PISZ PriOSPHOROOITHIOTIC ACIDtOI-N-BJTVL
3084 ME- I-BU1.K ETONE 135 2.54 2.27 C8H1902PlS2 PHOSPHOROOITHIOTIC ACIOvOI-N-BUTYL
30E5 OCTANOL 56 2.03 2.03 = C8H1902S2 ETHYLPHOSPHONATE.0-ET-S-I 2-ET-THIOETHVL)
3086 o I - e u T v L ETHER 236 17 1.04 C8H1904Pl 01-I-BUTYL PHOSPHATE
3087 CHCL3 50 0.24 1.44 A C8H1904 P 1 DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3088 CHCL3 403 0.34 1.53 A C8H1904PI DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
308 9 BENZENE 50 -0.42 C 8 H 1 9 0 4P I DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3090 BEN2ENE 404 -0.42 1.00 A C8H1904Pl DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3091 TOLUENE 404 -0.70 0.94 A CBH1904Pl OIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3092 NITROBENZENE 50 -0.14 C8H1904P1 0 1 BUTYL PHOSPHATE
3093 CCL4 50 -1.44 0.63 A C8H1904P1 DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3094 01-BUTYL ETHER 50 -0.14 C8H1904P1 DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3095 01-BUTYL ETHER 236 17 1.18 C8H1904P1 O I W T Y L PHOSPHATE
3096 01-I-PR. ETHER 50 0.52 1.15 C8H1904P1 DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3097 HEXANE 50 -2.34 CBH1904P1 OIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3098 ME-I-8UT.K ETONE 50
~~ 1.36 1.19 C8H1904P1 OIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
3099 S-PENTANOLS 2 74 2.21 C8H1904Pl 01 BUTYL PHOSPHATE
3100 PARAFFINS 50 -1.96 C8H1904Pl O I W T Y L PHOSPHATE
586 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
-
=
3151 OCTANOL 186 2.08 2.08 C9H7N1 I- W INOLINE
3152 CYCLOH E X AN E 280 1.11 C9H7NL I-QUINOLINE
3153 OCTANOL 65 1.26 1.26 C9H7N101 2-CUINOLINOL
3154 OCTANOL 410 1.96 1.96 = C9H7N101 8-PU INOL INOL
3155 OCTANOL 349 2.02 2.02 = C9H7N10 1 ~-~UINOLINOL
3156 CHCL3 411 2.60 1.90 8 C9H7N 10 1 8-PU INOL INOL
3157 CHCL3 412 2.64 2.06 8 C9H7N 101 8-WINOLINOL
3158 N-BUTANOL 410 1.67 1.81 C9H7N101 8- W INOL INOL
3159 TOLUENE 410 2.21 2.26 8 C9H7N101 8-W INOL INOL
3160 PRIM. PENTPNOLS 410 1.79 1.96 C9H7Nl01 8- PU I NOL I NOL
316 1 I-PENT. ACETATE 410 2.24 2.14 C9H7N101 8-PUINOLINOL
31t2 CCL4 412 2.06 1.89 B C9H7N101 8-PUINOLINOL
31.53 ME- I-BU T .K E TONE 410 2.13 1.90 C9H 7N10 1 8-P~INCLINOL
31t4 0-OICL. BENZENE 410 2.48 C9H7N101 8- au I NOL N I OL
3165 OCTANOL 10 1.18 1.18 = C9H7N102 H-CVANOPHENYLPHENYLACETIC ACID
3166 CYCLOHEXANE 304 0.67 C9H7N102 PHTHhLIMI0E.N-METHYL
3167 OCTANOL 10 0.93 0.93 = C9H7N103 PHENOXYACETIC ACID.4-CYANO
3168 OCTANOL 10 0.95 0.95 = C9H7N103 PHENOXYACETIC ACIOv3-CYANO
3169 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.41 C9H7N104 STYRENEI~~~-OIOXYMETHYLENEIB-NITRO
3170 CHCL3 413 2.51 1.94 B C9H7NlSI 8-PU INOL I NETHl OL
3171 BENZENE 413 2.20 2.08 8 C9H7N1 S 1 8-WINOLINETHIOL
3172 CCL4 413 1.91 1.76 8 C9H7NlSl 8-QU INOLINETHIOL
3173 OCTANE 413 1.02 C9H7NlS 1 8-PU INOL INETHIOL
3174 OC TANOL 28 3 2.92 2.92 = C9H8 INDENE
3175 CYCLOHEXANE 141 3.01 C9H88RlN102 STYRENE, 2-BROHO1 8-N I T R O I 8-METHYL
3176 CYCLOHEXANE 141 3.05 C9H88RlN102 S T YRENEt 3-8ROMO. 8-NITRO, B-METHYL
3177 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.63 C9H8CLlN102 STYRENE~3-CHLORO.B-NITRO.8-METHYL
3118 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.97 C9HBCLlN102 STYRENE~~-CHLOROIB-NITRO~B-METHYL
3179 CYCLOHEXANE 141 3.31 C9H8CLlN102 STYRENE-2-CHLORO.8-NITROIB-HETHYL
3180 OCTANOL 235 2.35 2.35 = C9H8CL3N102Sl CAPTAN
3181 OLEYL ALCOHOL 406 2.15 2.72 C9HBCL3N 1 0 2 S l N-1TRICLHETHIO)-TETRAHYDROPHTHALIMIOE/CAPTAN/
3182 OLEYL ALCOHOL 406 1.65 2.22 C9H8CL3N10351 N-TRICHLMETHIO-3.6-ENOOXOHEXAHYOROPHTHALIMIDE
3183 OLEYL ALCOHOL 406 0.85 1.42 C9HBC L 3 N1 0 3 s 1 N-TRICLMETHIO-4.5-EPOXYHEXAHYOROPHTHALIMIOE
3184 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.47 C9HBFlN102 STYRENE~~-FLUOROIB-NITROIB-HETHYL
3185 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.57 C9H8FlNlO2 STYRENE~3-FLUORO~B-NITRO~B-METHYL
3186 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.67 C9HBFlN102 STYRENE.2-FLUORO~B-NITRO1B-HETHYL
3187 OCTANOL 384 2.37 2.37 = C9H8F3N102 N-METHYL-3-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENVLCAR8AMATE
3188 OILS 382 24 3.99 4.82 A C9H81203 BENZOIC A C I O ~ 4 - O H ~ 3 ~ 5 - O I - I O O O I f T H Y LESTER
3189 OILS 3 82 24 2.30 3.28 A C9H8I204 BENZOIC AC 10131 5-0 I - IO DO t 4-OH1 6-HYOROX Y E TH Y L E S T E R
3 190 OCTANOL 216 1-16 1.16 = C9H8N2 5-AHINOPUINOLINE
3191 OCTANOL 216 1.79 1.79 = C9H8NZ 8-AMINOPUINOLINE
3192 HEXAOECANE 314 -1.78 C9H8N2 0-PHENYLENE0 IAMINE
3193 DECANE 314 -1.78 C9H8N2
.~ 0-PnENVLENEOIAMIhE
3194 CYCLOHEXANE 280 1.28 C9H8N2 W IhOL INEv 3-AM I N 0
3195 OCTANOL 3 84 1.11 1.11 = C9H8N202 h-MElHVL-2-CYAhOPHENYLCAR8AMATE
3196 OCTANOL 3 84 0.97 0.97 = C9H8N202 N-METHYL-3-CYANOPHENYLCARBAMATE
3197 JCTANOL 3 84 0.95 0.95 = C9H8N202 N-METHYL-4-CYANOPHENYLCARBAMATE
3198 OCTANOL 216 0.36 0.36 = C9H8N202Sl 8-SULFONAMIDOPUINOLINE
3199 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.52 C9HBN204 STYRENE.2-NITROsB-NITROIB-HETHYL
3200 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.59 C9H8N204 STYRENEs4-NITROq 8-NITROvB-METHYL
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 587
3301
3302
3303
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
56
10
10
383
2.47
1.50
1-42
2.47
1.50
1.42
-
=
=
C9H1003
C9H1003
C9H1003
P-HYOROXYBENZO I C ACI 0 1 ETHYL ESTER
M-METHOXYPHENYLACETIC ACID
P-METHOXYPHENYLACETIC ACID
P-HETHOXYPHENYLACETIC ACID
3304 OILS 0.45 1.63 A C9H1003
3305 OCTANOL 10 1.78 1.78 = C9H1003 H-METHYLPHENOXYACETIC ACIO
3306 OCTANOL 10 2.10 2.10 = C9H1003 0-HETHYLPHENOXYACETIC ACID
33C7 OCTANOL 268 19 1.86 1.86 = C9H1003 P-METHYLPHENOXYACETI C ACID
3308 CYCLOHEXANONE 302 2.46 2.46 = C9H1003 P-METHYLPHENOXYACETIC ACID
3309 CVCLOHEXANOL 302 2.05 2.05 = C9H1003 P-METHYLPHENOXYACETIC ACID
33 10 OCT ANOL 10 1.90 1.90 = C9H 10 0 3 5 1 PHENOXYACET I C AC IOt 3-METHYLTHI 0
3311
33 12
33 1 3
OILS
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
173
10
10
0.86
0.93
1.23
1.98
0.93
1.23
-
A
=
C9H1004
C9H1004
C9H 1 0 0 4
GLYCOL SALICYLATE
PHENOXVACETIC ACIOv2-METm3XY
PHENOXYACETIC ACIDv4-HETHOXY
33 14 OCTANOL 10 1.38 1.38 = C9H1004 PHENOXYACETIC AC 1013-METHOXY
3 3 15 CYCLOHEXANONE 302 2.40 C9H1004 PHENOXYACETIC ACIOI~-METHOXY
3316 CYCLOHEXANOL 302 1.80 C9H1004 PHENOXY ACE1 I C A C 1DI 3-HETHO X Y
3317 OCTANOL 10 0.06 0.06 = C9H1004S 1 H-HETHYLSUL FONYLPHENYLAC E T I C A C I D
3318 01 ETHYL ETCER 323 1.07 le05 A C9H1005 BENZOIC A C I O ~ 4 - H Y D R O X Y ~ 3 ~ 5 - O I M E T H O X YIME-SYRINGATEI
3319 OCTANOL 10 0.01 0.01 = C9H100551 PHENOXYACETIC ACI0.M-METHYLSULFONYL
3320 CYCLOHEXANOL 302 0.88 C9H100551 PH ENOXYACET I C AC 105 M-M €THY LSULFONYL
3321 OCTANOL 2 55 3.72 3.72 = C9H l l 8 R l PROPYL BROH I O E t G-PHENYL
3322 OCTANOL 255 3.55 3.55 = C9H11CL1 PROPYLCHLOR l0E1 G-PHENYL
3323 HEXANE 391 1.41 C9HllCL3N103Pl ETHYLPHOSPHORAMIOATEIO-MEIO-(~~~~~-TRICLPHENYLI
3324
3325
3326
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
255
226
56
2.95
-1.38
3.90
2.95
-1.38
3.90
-
=
=
C9H11Fl
C9HllFlN205
C9HllIl
PKOPYLFLUORIOE~G-PHENYL
2'-OEOXY-5-FLUOROURIOINE
PROPYL IOOIOEIG-PHENYL
127640)
-
3338 OCTANOL 27 6 1.14 1.14 = C 9 H l l N I02
3339 HEXANE 391 0.04 C9HllN102
3340 OCTANOL 3 84 1.70 1.70 C9H1 l N l O 2
3341 OCTANOL 384 1.46 1.46 = C9HllN102
3342 OCTANOL 384 1.66 1.66 = C9H11N l O 2
3343 OCTANOL 56 -1.43 -1.43 = C9HllN102
3344 OCTANOL 384 1.92 1.92 = C9HllN102S1
3345 N-HEPTANE 370 14 0.98 C 9 H l l N103
3346 OCTANOL 384 0.81 0.81 = C9H 11N 1 0 3
3347 OCTANOL 384 1.30 1.30 = C9HllN103
3348 OCTANOL 384 1.20 1.20 = C 9 H l l N103
3349 OCTANOL 56 -2.26 -2.26 C9HllN103
3350 N-HEPTANE 370 14 -0.82 C9H11N104
3351 OCTPNOL 56 3.66 3.66 = C9H12
3352 OCTANOL 298 3.66 3.66 = C9H12
3353 OCTANOL 255 3.68 3.68 =
3354 OCTANOL 218 3.51 3.57 =
3355 BENZENE 311 6 -1.15
3356 BENZENE 311 6 -2.41
3357 CHCL3 396 31 2.31 1.75 8
3358 N-HEPTANE 396 31 0.96
3359 N-BUTANOL 295 52 0.00 -0.51
3360 N-BUTANOL 295 52 -0.25 -0.86
3361 OCTANOL 341 60 0.17 0.17 =
3362 OCTANOL 186 27 0.98 C9H12N201
3363 OCTANOL 218 1.02 1.02 = C9H12N2Ol
3364 N-HEPTANE 419 -2.52 C9H12NZOl
3365 N-HEPTANE 419 -2.16 C9H12N201
3366 N-CEPTANE 419 -1.85 C9HlZN201
3367 N-HEPTANE 419 -1.89 C9H12N201
3368 CHCL3 399 1 2.49 2.97 N C9H12N2 025 1
3369 I-PENT. ACETATE 399 1 2.92 2.85 C9H12N202S1
3310 CCL4 399 1 1.36 3.02 A C9H12N202Sl
3371 OCTANOL 399 0.95 0.95 * C9HlZN203
3372 CHCL 3 399 1 0.12 0.69 N C9H12N203
3373 BENZENE 399 1 -0.51 0.87 A C9H12N203
3374 I-PENT. ACETATE 399 1 0.98 0.84 C9Hl2N203
3375 CCL4 399 1 -1.20 0.84 A C9H12 N2 03
3376 N-BUTANOL 420 37 -0. 80 -1.62 C9H12N206
3377 N-EUTANOL 253 36 -0.92 -1.79 C9H12N206
3378 CCL4 234 12 0.74 C9H12N403
3379 CYCLOHEXANE 132 0.89 C9HlZOl
3380 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.73 C9H 1 2 0 1
3381 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.14 C9H1201
3382 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.97 C9H1201
3383 CYCLOHEXANE 325 1.01 C9HI201
3384 CYCLOHEXANE 325 1.02 C9HlZOl
3385 CYCLOHEXANE 325 1-06 C9H1201
3386 OCTANOL 255 1.88 1.88 = C9HlZOl
3387 HEXANE 372 0.08 C9H1201
3388 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.83 C9H1201
3389 CYCLOdEXANE 325 1.18 C9H1201
3390 CYCLOHEXANE 133 1.08 C9H1201
3391 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.86 C9H1201
3392 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.77 C9H1201
3393 CYCLOHEXANE 133 0.81 C9H1201
3394 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.97 C9H1201
3395 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.94 C9H1201
3396 CYCLOHEXANE 325 1.24 C9H1201
3397 CYCLOHEXANE 325 0.63 C9H 1 2 0 1
3398 DIETHYL ETHER 332 2.37 2.29 A C9H1202
3399 01-BUTYL ETHER 332 1.65 C9H1202
3400 01-I-PR. ETHER 332 2.03 2.94 C9H1202
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 589
-
3855 DIETHYL E T k E R 374 1.49 2.17 8 CIOHlSN1 BENZYLPRDPYLAM INE
3856 XYLENE 422 1.32 1.96 8 ClOH15N1 1-BENZYLPROPYLAH INE
3857 OCTANOL 312 12 3.58 3.58 ClOHlSNl N-BUTYLANIL INE
3858 CHCL3 396 31 2.75 2.12 8 ClOHlSNl HETHAHPHETAHINE/DESOXVEPHEDRINE/
3859 XYLENE 422 1.58 2.23 8 ClOHlSNl HETHAMPHETAMINE/DESOXVEPHEORINE/
38 60 N-HEPTANE 138 1.24 ClOH15Nl METHAHPHETAMINE/DESOXVEPHEORINE/
3801 N-HEPTANE 396 31 0.71 ClOH15N1 HETHAHPHETAH INE/DESOXYEPHEDR I N E /
3862 DIETHYL €TI-ER 374 1.46 2.14 B ClOH15N1 N-METHYL-G-PHENYLPROPYLAMINE
3863 N-tEPTANE 42 1 44 1.63 ClOH15Nl PHENETHYLOIHETHYLAHINE
3864 CHCL3 396 31 2.71 2.10 8 ClOHlSNl PHENTERMINE
3865 N-PEPTANE 396 31 1.80 ClOHlSNl PHENTERHI N E
3 8 66 O C TANOL 218 0.93 0.93 = ClOHl5NlOl EP HEOR I N E
3867 01 ETHYL ETtER 3 0.30 1.12 8 ClOHl5NlOl EPHEDRINE
3868 CYCLOHEXANE 357 -0.39 ClOHI5N101 EP HE OR I NE
3869 CHCL3 405 31 1.05 0.75 8 ClOHl5N101 EPHEDRINE
38 70 CHCL3 396 31 0.38 0.10 8 ClOH15N101 EPHEDR I N E
3871 I -BUTANOL 4 1.18 1.15 ClOHl5NlOl €PI-EDR I N E
3872 N-tEPTANE 396 31 -3.00 ClOHl5NlOl EPHEDRINE
3873 CHCL3 396 31 1.30 0.89 8 ClOHlSNlOl PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
3874 N-tEPTANE 396 31 -1.54 ClOH15N101 PS EUOOEPHEDRINE
3875 DIETHYL €TI-€17 113 2.22 2.05 A ClOHlSN102Sl Ns N-DIETHYLBENZENESULFONAHIOE
3876 CHCL3 113 3.65 4.08 N ClOH15N102Sl Nv N- D I E THY L BEN LENE S rlL F 0 NAH I D E
3877 OCT ANOL 397 1.79 1.79 = C10 H15N5 ADEN I N E, 9-PENTYL
3878 OCTANOL 39 7 0.66 0.66 = ClOH15N501 AOENINEI~-(~-HYOROXYMETHYL-BUTYLI
38 79 0 C T ANOL 181 10 0.89 0.89 = ClOH15N5010PZ ADP
3880 N- @U T ANOL 181 10 -0.52 ClOH15N5010P2 ADP
3881 PRIM. PENTANOLS 181 10 0.85 C10 H15 N5010 P2 ADP
3882 HEXANOL 181 18 0.71 ClOH15N5010PZ ADP
3883 OCTANOL 437 3.46 3.46 = ClOH1503PlSl 0.0-01 ETHYL-0-PHENYLPHOSPHOROTHIOATE
3884 OCTANOL 437 1.64 1.64 = ClOH1504Pl 010-DIETHYL-0-PHENYLPHOSPHATE
3885 OCTANOL 341 60 1.34 1.34 = ClOH16N2 N-8UTYL-3-PYRIOYLMETHYLAHINE
3886 OCTANOL 341 60 1.01 1.01 = ClOHl6NZ NeN-DIETHYL-3-PYRIOYLHETHYLAMINE
3887 OCTANOL 341 6C 0.91 0.91 = ClOHlbNZ 4- IN-METHYL )-3-PYR IDYLBUTYLAHINE
3888 50%ETHER+SO%DHF 125 0.71 2.57 ClOH16N202Sl 5-S-BUTYL-5-tT-2-THIO8AR8ITURIC ACIO/INAC I N /
38139 OCTANOL 218 1.89 1.89 = ClOHlbN203 BARBITURIC A C I O , 5-BUTYL-5-ETHYL
3890 OILS 345 0.41 1.56 P ClOHlbN203 BARBITURIC ACI Dq 5- BUTYL- %ETHYL
3891 OILS 345 0.13 1.31 A ClOH16N203 BARBITURIC ACID, 5-ETHYL-5- $-BUTYL
38S2 50XETHER+SClDMF 125 0.29 1.52 ClOHl6N203 BAR81TURIC A C I 0, 5- S-BUTYL-5-ETHYL
3893 OCTANOL 134 2.14 2.14 = ClOHlbN401Sl ~ - H E T H I O - ~ - A M I N O - ~ - C Y C L O H E X V L - ~ ~ ~ V ~ - T RNE-5-ONE
~AZ
3894 OCTANOL 181 10 1- 6 4 1.64 = ClOH16N5013P3 ATP
3855 N-BUTANOL 181 10 0.15 ClOHl6N5013P3 AT P
3856 PRIM. PENTANOLS 181 10 1.04 ClOH16N5013P3 ATP
3897 HE XANOL 181 18 1.18 ClOH16N5013P3 AT P
3898 OCTANOL 218 2.14 2.14 = C10H1601 AOAHANTANEt 1-HYDROXY
3899 DIETHYL ETkER 212 1.45 1.38 P C10H1604 CAMPHORIC ACID
3900 CHCL3 46 -1.30 0.04 A C10Hl604 CAMPHORIC ACID
594 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
-
3902 OCTANOL 348 0.75 0.75 = ClOH17N102 N-PENTANOVLCYCLO8UTANECAR8OXAMIOE
3903 OCTANOL 348 0.48 0.48 = ClOH17N102 N-I-PENTANOYLCYCLOBUTANECAR8OXAMIOE
3904 OCTANOL 348 0.53 0.53 ClOH17N102 N-1-PENTANOYLCYCLOBUTANECAR8OXAMIOE
3905 OCTANOL 134 0.49 0.49 = ClOH17N502 3-MORPHOLINO-4-AMINO~6~I-PR-1~2~4-TRIAZINE~5-ONE
3906 OCTANOL 227 3.30 3.30 = ClOH18CLlN202 1-~2-CLETJ-3(4-MECYCLOHEXYLl-l-NITROSOUREA (954411
3907 CHCL3 424 46 -3.67 C10H181 l N l O 2 QUINUCLIOINOL-+ACETATE METHIOOIOE
3908 CHCL3 67 -2.90 ClOH18N204 0, LI-LY S I N € 9 D l AC ETYL
3909 OC TANOL 134 3.21 3.21 = ClOH18N401Sl 3-N-BUTYLTHIO-4-AM INO-6-I-PR-1 , 214-TRI AZINE-5-ONE
3 9 10 OCTANOL 134 2.68 2.68 = ClOHl8N4OlSl 3-METHIO-4-AMINO-6-N-HEXYL-lrZI4-TRIAZINE-5-ONE
3911 0 1 ETHYL ETtER 2 12 1.76 1.65 A ClOH1804 SEBACIC ACIO
3912 CHCL3 194 0.04 1.40 A Cl O H l 8 0 4 SEBACIC A C I O
3 9 13 DIETHYL Ell-ER 2 -0.28 -0.13 A C10H1806 T R IETHYL EN E GLYCOL 0 I AC ETA TE
3914 OILS 2 -1.48 -0.79 8 C10H1806 TRIETHVLENE GLYCOLtOIACETATE
3915 OILS 2 -1.48 -0.11 A ClOH1806 TRIETHYLEYE GLYCOLtOIACETATE
3916 OILS 29 0 0.52 1.66 A ClOH19N103 ETHYLPROPYLACETURETHANE/EPRONAL/
39 17 OCTANOL 134 1.78 1.78 = ClOH19N501 3-N-eUTYLAM INO-4-AMINO-6-I-PR-1 I 2.4-TRI A21 NE-5-ONE
3918 PARAFFINS 241 0.52 ClOH20NZSl N-HEPTYL ETHYL ENETH IOUR EA
3 9 19 DIETHYL ETVER 378 44 -1.20 -0.11 8 ClOH20N202 N-ALLYLCARBAMIC ACIO~OIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
39 20 OILS 173 2.27 3.25 A ClOH2OOl MENTHOL
3921 OILS 224 2.40 3.37 A ClOHZOOl ME NT HOL
3922 OCTANOL 2 18 4.09 4.09 = C10H2002 OECANOIC ACIO
3923 N-FEPTANE 139 31 1.87 ClOHZOOZ DECANOIC A C I O
3924 OCTANOL 438 1.18 1.18 = C l OH2 006 GLUCOPYRANOSIDEI~-T-BUTYL (BETA I
3925 CHCL3 425 0.20 0.77 N C 1OH2 006 GLUCOSEvZt 3149 6-TETRAMETHYL
3926 CHCL3 425 0.52 1.08 N C l O H20 06 8-METHYLGLUCOSIOE~2 1 3 9 4-TR IMETHYL
3927 CHCL3 396 31 3.37 2.65 8 C l O H 2 lN l PROPVLHEXEOR INE
3928 N-HEPTANE 396 31 2.24 C lOH2 1N 1 PROPYLHEXEORINE
3929 01 ETHYL ETHER 378 44 -0.46 0.54 B ClOHZZN202 N-PROPYLCARBAMIC ACIOIOIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
3 9 30 DIETHYL ETHER 378 44 -0.50 0.50 8 ClOH22N202 N-I-PROPYLCARBAMIC ACIO~OIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
3931 DIETHYL Ell-ER 3 1.32 1.27 A C l OH22 02 OE CAME T HY L ENE GL Y COL
3932 OILS 2 -2.25 -1.42 8 ClOH2205 T E T R A E T H Y L E N E G L Y U ) L r O I M E T H Y L ETHER
3933 01-BUTYL ETHER 2 36 0.79 01-AMYLPHOSPHATE
3934 OCTANOL 298 4.02 4.02 = SILANE, OCTYL-DIMETHYL
3935 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.49 1.4-N APHTHOQU I NONE s 2 1 3-0 I C HLORO 5- ME THYL
3936 CYCLOHEXANE 141 3.06 1, ~-NAPHTHOQUINONEI 21 ~-OICHLOROI~-METHYL
3937 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.85 1~4-NAPHTHOQUINONE~2-METHYL~3-8ROMO
3938 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.17 CllH78R103 lr4-NAPHTHOQUINONE~2-BROMO~3-METHOXY
3939 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.61 C11~7CL102 ~~~-NAPHTHOQUINONE~~-METHYLI~-CHLORO
3940 CHCL3 407 1.45 CllH8CLlN102 5-CHLORO-8-ACETOXYQUINOLINE
3941 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.56 CllH8N2 MALONONITRILEI A-METHYLBENZAL
3942 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.85 C 1 1 HEN2 MALONONITRILEt 2-METHYLBENZAL
3943 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.04 CllH8NZ MALONONITRILES4-METHYLBENZAL
3944 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.11 CllH8NZ MALONONITRILEI 3-METHYLBENZAL
3945 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.46 CllHBN201 MALONONITRILE.4-METHOXYBENZAL
3946 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.68 C 1l H 8 N Z O l MALONONITRILEI 3-HETHOXYBENZAL
3947 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.94 CllH8N201 HALONONITRILEt 2-METHOXYBENZAL
3948 CYCLOHEXANE 141 0.30 C l l H8N202 MALONON I T R I L E I 3-METHOXY-4-HYOROXYBENZAL
3949 OCTANOL 141 2.10 2.10 = CllH802 ~ ~ ~ - N A P H T H O Q U I N O N E6-METHYL
I
3950 OCTANOL 141 2.20 2.20 = ~ 1 1 ~ 8 0 2 1.4-NAPHTHOQUINONEv .?-METHYL
3951 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.82 C l 1H E 0 2 1~4-NAPHTHOQUINONE~6-HETHYL
39t2 CYCLOHEXANE ' 141 1.84 C11 ti802 1.4-NAPHTHOQUINONEv5-METHYL
3953 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.88 C11H802 ~~~-NAPHTHOQUINONEI~-METHYL
3954 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.87 C11 H802 S 1 1.4-NAPHTHOQUINONEt 2-WETHYLTHIO
3955 CHCL3 388 3.17 4.10 A C l l H 8 C2S 15 E 1 1-12-SELENOPHEN-YL 1-3( 2-THIENYL I-1.3-PROPANEOIONE
3956 BENZENE 388 2.75 4.07 A C1 l H 8 0 2 s l S E l 1- (2-SELENOPHEN-YL I - 3 ( 2-THIENYL 1-1 r3-PROPANEOIONE
3957 CHCL3 388 3.17 4.10 A CllH8OZSE2 lr3-OI~2-SELENOPHEN-YLl-l~3-PROPANEOIONE
3958 BENZENE 388 3.16 4.46 A CllH802SE2 l t 3-01 (2-SELENOPHEN-YL ) - 1 9 3-PROPANEOIONE
4201 CHCL3 399 1 1.73 2.24 N CllH18N203 BARBITURIC A t 1015-ETHYL- 5-I-AMYL /AMOBARB I TAL/
4202 OILS 345 0.46 1.61 A C l l HlBN203 BARBITURIC ACID, 5 - E T H Y L - 5 - I - A M Y L / A M O 8 A R B I T A L /
4203 BENZENE 399 1 0.72 2.10 A CllH18N203 BARB ITUR IC AC 10s +ETHYL- 5- I-AMYL/AMOBARB ITAL/
4204 I-PENT. ACETATE 399 1 2.13 2.03 CllH18N203 BAR8 I T U R I C ACI 014 - E T H Y L - 5 - I - A M Y L / A M O B A R B I TAL/
4205 CCL4 399 1 0.34 2.22 A C l l H18N203 BARBITURIC A C I D ~ 5 - E T H Y L - 5 - 1 - A M Y L / A M O B A R 8 I T A L /
4206 OCTANOL 399 2.03 2.03 = CllHlBN203 BARBITURIC ACIDS 5-ET-5-( l-MEBUI/PENTO8ARBI TAL
4207 CHCL3 399 1 1.38 1.90 N C l l H I 8N203 BARBITURIC ACID, 5-ET-5-1 l-MEBU)/PENTOBARBI TAL/
4208 OILS 345 0.64 1.77 A CllH18N203 BARBITURIC ACIOt 5-€1-5-1 1-MEBU) /PENTOBARB1 TAL/
4209 OILS 398 44 0.76 1.88 A CllH18N203 BARBITURIC ACID, 5-€1-5-1 1-ME BUl/PENTOBARBITAL/
42 1 0 BEN 2 EN€ 399 1 0.51 1.90 A CllHl8N203 BARBITURIC A t IO. 5- €1-5-1 1-MEBU I /PE NTOBARBI TAL/
4211 I-PENT. ACETATE 399 1 2.03 1.93 C11 H l BN203 BARB I T U R I C ACI 01 5-ET-5-1 1-MEBU I /PENTOBARB1 TAL/
42 1 2 CCL4 399 1 -0.03 1-80 A CllHlBN203 BARBITURIC ACID, 5-ET-5-( l-MEBUl/PENTOBARBI TAL/
4213 N-HEPTANE 340 -1.30 C l 1H l 8 N 2 0 3 BARBITURIC A C I 0 ~ 5 - E T - 5 - 1 1 - M E 8 U I / P E N T O B A R 8 I T A L /
4214 500ETHERt50ZOMF 125 0.53 2.12 CllHlBk203 BARBITURIC ACID.5-ET-5-1 l-MEBUI/PENTOBARBI T A L I
4215 OCTANOL 218 0.35 0.35 = C 11H18k2D4 BARBITURIC ACIDv 5-ETHYL-5130H-l-METHYL8UTYLI
4216 OCTANOL 348 0.89 0.89 = Cllh19N102 N-HEXANOYLCYCLOBUTANECARBOXAMIOE
42 17 CHCL3 424 46 -3.20 CllH2OIlNlO2 N-METHYL-I-PUINUCLIDINOL-3-ACETATE METHIOOIOE
4218 CHCL3 424 46 -3.71 CllH2OIlNlO2 TROPINYL A C E T A T E - M E T H I O D I O E / T R A N S /
42 19 CHCL3 424 46 -3.09 CllH20I lNlO2 TROPINYL ACETATE-METHIOOIOE/CIS/
4220 SEC-BUTANOL 84 19 -1.31 -2.34 CllH21N505 ARGINYLGLUTAMIC ACID
4221 CHCL3 424 46 -3.28 CllH2ZIlN102 ~ ~ Z I ~ - T R I M E T H Y L - ~ - A C E T Y LP I P E R I O I N E METHIODIOE
4222 CHCL3 424 46 -3.09 CllH22IlNlO2 11315-TRIMETHYL-4-ACETYL P I P E R I O I N E METHIODIOE
4223 DIETHYL €TI-ER 378 44 -1.06 -0.01 B CllH22N203 MORPHOLINOFORMIC ACID.DIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
4224 PARAFFINS 241 1.08 CllH22N2Sl N-OCTYLETHYL ENETHIOUREA
4225 CHCL3 424 46 -2.70 CllH24I lN1 112r2r6r6-PENTAMETHYLPIPERIOINE METHIODIOE
4226 C HCL 3 424 46 -2.52 C l l H 2 4 1I N 1 1 r 3 1 3 1 5 5-PENTAMETHYLPIPERIOINE
~ METHIOOIDE
4227 DIETHYL ETkER 378 44 -0.12 0.83 e C11 H24N202 N-BUTYLCARBAMIC ACIOIOIETAMINOETHYL E S T E R
4228 0 1 ETHYL ETCER 378 44 -1.02 0.04 e CllH24N202 N-T-BUTYLCARBAMIC ACIOIOIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
4229 DIETHYL E T k E R 378 44 -0.73 0.30 e CllH24N202 NvN-OIETHYLCARBAMIC ACID~OIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
4230 0 1 ETHYL ETkER 378 44 -1.07 0.00 e CllH24N202 N-SEC-BUTYLCARBAMlC ACIDIOIETAMINOETHYL ESTER
4231 OCTANOL 235 1.68 1.68 = C 11H2402 S N l TRIPROPYLTIN ACETATE
4232 OCTANOL 297 46 -1.07 -1.07 = CllH2611Nl TR IMETHYL-OCTYL-AMMON IUM IODIOE
4233 OCTANOL 297 46 -2.19 -2.19 = CllH2611Nl TRIPROPYL-ETHYL-AMMONIUM IODIOE
4234 OCTANOL 298 4.24 4.24 = C 11H26S I 1 SILANE, OCTYL-TRIMETHYL
4235 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.96 C12HbF2N2 HALONON I TRILE. 2,6-0IFLUOROCINNAHAL
4236 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.96 C12H7CL 1N2 MALONOhITRILE~2-CliLORUCIhkAMAL
4237 N-HEPTANE 443 0.81 C12H7CL2NlSl PnEkOTPlAZI‘iE,21 7-DICHLORO
4238 N-PEPTANE 443 0.83 C12H7CL2NlSI Prl E h O T P I A Z I N E I 3 1 7-OICHLORO
4239 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.80 C12H7F 1N2 MALOkUhI TRICE. 2-FL JJAJCIhhAMAL
4240 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1-01 C12H7N302 MALONONITRILEI 2-NITROC INNAMAL
4241 N-HEPTANE 443 3.60 Cl2H8 B R lN l S 1 PHENOTHIA Z I N € , +BROMO
4242 N-HEPTANE 443 3.32 C12H8CLlNlS1 PH EN01 H I A2 I NE, 3-CHLORO
4243 HEXANE 317 5.00 C12H8CL6 ALDRIN
4244 HEXANE 317 4.56 C12HBCL601 DI EL DR I N
4245 N-PEPTANE 443 3.61 ClZHBFlNlSl PHENOT PI A Z INE 9 3-F LUORO
4246 N-I-EPTANE 443 3.95 C12HBIlNlSl PHENOT H I AL INEI 3- 1000
4247 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.81 Cl2H8N2 MALONONITRILE, CINNAMAL
4248 OCTANOL 283 1.83 1.83 = C12 H8N2 H20 0-PHENANTHROL I N € HYDRATE
4249 OCTANOL 218 2.84 2.84 = C12H8N2 PHENAZ I N E
4250 CYCLOHEXANE 30 4 1.02 C12 H8 N2 0 2 MALONONI 1 R I L E, 4-METHOXYCARBONYLBENZAL
4251 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.35 Cl2HBN202 HALONONITRILEI~-METHOXYCAR~ONYLBENZAL
4252 OC TPNOL 218 4.12 4.12 = C12 H 8 O l OIEENZOFURAN
4253 CYCLOHEXANE 141 0.67 C12H803 114-NAPHTHOPUINONEv 2-ACETYL
4254 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.12 C 12 H8 0 4 ~~~-NAPHTHOUUINONEI~-METHOXYCARBONYL
4255 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.60 C12H9CL2N102 ETHYLCYANOACETATEIZ~~-DICHLOROBENZAL
4256 OCTANOL 309 3.29 3.29 = C 12H 9 N l CARBAZOLE
4251 N- P,EP T AN E 443 -1.09 C1 2 H9 N 10 1s 1 PH EN07 H I A 2 1NE, 3-HY DROXY
4258 OCTANOL 141 1.29 1.29 = C12 H9N103 le4-NAPHTHOQUINONE, 2-ACETAMIDO
4255 CYCLOHEXANE 141 0.13 C12H9N103 1 9 4-NA PHTHOPUINONE. 2- ACE T A M ID0
4260 OCTANOL 56 4.15 4.15 = C12 H 9 N l S 1 PHENOT H I A2 I N €
426 1 N-PEPTANE 443 3.88 C1 2 H 9 N l S 1 PHENOTkIALINE
4262 OCTANOL 283 74 0.41 0.41 = C12 H9NA 1 0 1 SODIUM P-PHENYLPHENOXIOE IPKA=9.511
4263 OCTANOL 283 0.22 0.22 = C12H9NA101 SODIUM P-PHENYLPHENOXIOE IPKA=9.51;PH=12.71
4264 OCTANOL 56 4.09 4.09 = C12H10 81 PHENYL
4265 OCTPNOL 309 3.16 3.16 = C12HlO BIPHENYL
4266 OCTANOL 428 4.04 4.04 = Cl2HlO D l PHENYL
4267 CYCLOHEXbNE 304 2.91 C12HlOCLlN102 ET HYLCY ANOACETATE, 2-CHLOROBENZAL
4268 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.54 C 12 HlOC L 1N 1 0 2 ET HYLCY ANOACETAT E, 3-CHLOROBENZAL
4269 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.55 C12HlOCLlN102 ETHYLCYANOACETATEI 4-CHLOROBENZAL
4 2 TO CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.24 Cl2HlOCLlN102 1, ~-NAPHTHOPUINONEI 2-CHLOR0,3-0 I ME THYLAMI NO
4271 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.18 C12HlOCL202 ACETYLACETONE, 2r6-OICHLORO-BENZAL
4272 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.75 C12HlOFlN102 ETnYLCYANOACETAlE~3-FLJROBEhZAL
4273 OCTANOL 10 3.82 3.82 = Cl2HlON2 AZOBiIvZENE
4274 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.55 C12H10N2 MA,JhOhlTRILE. 2-ETnYLBEhZAL
4215 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.23 C12HlON201 MALONON I T R I L E. 4-ETtiOXYBENZAL
4276 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.55 C12HlON201 MA L O N 0 N I T R I L E t 3- ETHOXY8 EN2 AL
4277 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.10 Cl2HlONZOl MALOhDNlTRlLE* 2-ETHOXYBENZAL
4278 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.05 Cl2HlON202 MAL)\:*. I T & I L E , 314-31ME TnOXYBE’dZAL
4279 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.02 C12HlON202 MALO\O%ITRILEI Z14-OlHETHOIYEE%LAL
42 80 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.08 HALJhUN IT4 I L E I 3 , G - O I M i T H O X Y B E ‘ i L AL
4281 CYCLOHEXANE 141 -1.30 ~ ~ ~ - ~ A P H T ~ O P U ~ ~ O ~ E I ~ - A H I ~ O ~ ~ - A C E T A ~ I ~ O
4282 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.74 ET nYLCYAkOACETAT E, 3-h I TROBEhZAL
4283 CHCL3 444 30 1.91 2.38 N h l - 1 3 9 5 - D l h I T R O P n E ’ ~ I LI SLLFAhlLAHIOE
4284 OCTANOL 56 4.21 4.21 = OIPnElvYL E T n f R
4285 OCTANOL 276 4.36 4.36 = Cl2HlODl OIPHEhYLETnER
4286 CYCLOHEXANE 445 1.94 Cl2HlOOl C-PHEW I L DrlEluOL
4287 CYCLOHEXANE 133 C.98 C12H1001 P-PtiElvYLPHEhOL
4288 OCTANOL 141 26 2.49 C12H1002 1, *-hAk’tilHOCJIk;kE. 6.7-OIMETtiYL
4289 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.70 C12H1002 l r 4-NAPHTHOQU1NONE~2~3-DIMElHYL
4290 OCTANOL 186 2.40 2.40 = C12H1002S1 SULFOYEIOIPHENYL
4291 OCTPNOL 10 2.53 2.53 = C12H1003 A C E T I C ACIO.2-NAPHTHYLOXY
4292 OCTANOL 141 26 2.14 Cl2H1003 1I 4-NAPHTHOOU INONE t 2-METHYL-3-HETHOXY
4293 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.31 C12H1003 lr4-NAPHTHOPUINDNE~2-METHYL~3-METHOXY
4294 CYCLOHEXANE 304 0.45 C12H1004 COUMARIN-3-CARBOXYLIC AClOlETHYL ESTER
4295 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.09 C12H1004 114-NAPHTHOOUINONE, 2 r 3-OIMETHOXY
4296 OC TANOL 2 76 3.41 3.47 = ClZHlOSl DIPHENYLSULF IOE
4297 OC TPNOL 235 4.45 4.45 = ClZHlOSl DIPHENYCSULFIOE
4298 CHCL3 444 30 2.16 2.62 N Cl2HllBRlN202Sl N1-13-BROMOPHENYLlSULFANlLAMlOE
4299 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.82 C12HllER102 ACETYL A C ETONE 4-BROMO- EENZ AL
4300 CHCL3 444 30 1.97 2.44 N C l 2 H l 1CLlN202S1 N l - I 3-CHLOROPHENYL ISULFAN ILAHIOE
598 Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
-
4591 HEXANE 376 1.84 C1 3H l 7 N1 0 4 N-HE-N-ACETYLCARBAH I C AC IO r O- I- PROPOXYPHENYL ESTER
4592 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.45 C13H17N104 STVRENE~3r4~OIETHOXY~B~HETHYL~B~NITRO
4593 OCTANOL 218 0.80 0.80 C13Hl7N301 AMINOPYRINE
4544 01 ETHYL ETHER 3 -0.20 0.67 0 Cl3H17N301 AM INOPVR I N €
4595 CHCL3 330 44 1.86 1.36 e C13H17N301 AH INOPYRINE
4596 CHCL3 405 1.47 1.03 0 C13H17N301 AM INOPYR I N €
4547 OILS 2 -0.59 0.71 A C13Hl7N301 AM INOPYR INE
4548 BENZENE 338 44 -0.40 C13Hl7N301 AHfNOPVRINE
4599 BENZENE 405 0.83 1.12 0 C13Hl7N301 AMINOPYRINE
4600 N-HEPTANE 254 -0.68 Cl3Hl7N301 AMINOPYRINE
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971,Vol. 71, No. 6 601
-
4804 OCTANOL 469 2.38 2.38 = C 1 5 H11C L 1N2 01 W INAZOL IN-2-ONEt l-NE-4-PHENYL-b-CHLORO
48C5 OCTANOL 4 69 1.87 1.87 = t15HllFlN201 Q) INAZOL IN-2-ONE. l-NE-4-PHENYL-6-FLUORO
4806 0 C T ANOL 469 1.79 1.19 & INAZOLIN-2-ONE
-
48Cl 410 1.96 2.91A 5.5-OIPHENYL-2-THIOHYDANTO IN
4808 410 0.96 2-06 A Ci5H12N202 5.5-OIPHENYLHYOANTOIN
4809 218 2.47 2.41 C15H12N202 HYOANTOIN. 59 5-OIPHENYL
4 8 10 469 1.12 1.12 = C15Hl2N202 W INALOLIN-2-ONE. 6-HYDROXY
-
4811 141 3.94 C15H1201 BE NZ AL ACETOP HENONE
4812 OCTANOL 4 63 2.61 2.61 = C15H1202 9-CARBOXY-9rlO-OIHYDROANTHRACENE
4813 OCTANOL 216 4.69 4.69 C15H13CL103Sl 2-0H-3-CARBDXY-5-ME-BENZTHIO-2'-CL-PHENYL ETHER
4814 304 1.13 C15H13N101 C I NNAMANILIOE
4 0 15 411 3.18 3.61 N C15H13N102 PHENYL HYOROXYLAMI N E t N-C INNAMOYL
4816 10 1.99 1.99 = C15H13N104 PHENOXY ACETIC AC 1013-BENLA MIDO
4811 306 1.10 2.69 A C 1 5 H 1 4 I 1N104S1 N- IP-IOOO8ENLENESULFONYL IPHENYLALANI NE
4818 CCL4 306 -0.12 1.83 A C15HIQIlN104S1 N- (P-IOOOBENZENESULFONYL IPHENYLALANI NE
4819 PARAFFINS 439 2.35 C15Hl4N2 9-~INO-lt3-DIMETHYLPHENANTHRIDINE
4820 OCTANOL 393 63 1.51 1.51 = C15Hl4N402Sl SULFAPHENAZOLE
4821 CHCL3 343 2 1.41 1.93 N C15H14N402Sl SULFAPHENAZOLE
4822 CHCL3 393 63 1.45 1.96 N C15H14N40251 SULFAPHENAZOLE
48 23 BENZENE 343 2 0.64 1.95 A C15H14N402Sl SULFAPHENAZOLE
4824 I-PENT. ACETATE 343 2 1.94 1.83 ClSHl4N4OZSl SULFAPHENAZOLE
4825 CCL4 343 2 -0.83 1.15 A C15H14N402S1 SULFAPHENAZOLE
4826 OCTANOL 4 63 2.58 2.58 = Cis~icoz A, A-OIPHENYLPROP IONIC ACID
4827 DIETHYL ETHER 143 62 3.81 3.46 A C15H1403 2-HYOROXYNAP~THOOUINONE13-W-DIYETHYLALLYl
4828 DIETHYL ETHER 143 62 1.50 1.44 A C15H1404 2-HYOROXYkAPHTH3PUINO~Er3-lU-OIWEIHYLACETO~YLl
4829 01 ETHYL ETHER 143 62 1.33 1.29 A C15 H 1 4 0 4 ~-HYOROXYNAPHTHOOUINONE~~-~N-ME-M-HYDROXYME-ALLYLI
4830 DIETHYL ETFER 465 62 3.10 2.84 h C15H1405 2-HYOROXYNAPHTHOOUINONEi 3- 13-CARBOWE TdOXYPROPVLI
4831 DIETHYL ETkER 465 62 2.00 1.87 A Cl5H1405 ~-HYORDXYNAPHTHOQUINONEI~-(~-CAR~OXY~UTYL~
4832 OCTANOL 276 2.82 2.82 = C15H15N1 01 BEkZAZOCINE
4833 N-HEPI AN E 370 14 2.01 C15H15N103 P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACIOvB-PHENYLEIHYL ESTER
4834 OILS 441 0.03 1.28 A C15H168RlN101 A-BRORO- I-VAL ERYL-A-h APHTHYLAHINE
4835 OIEIHYL ETCER 451 62 1.19 1.11 A C15H16N202 lr4-NAPHTHOQUINOhE~Z-CYCLOPENTYLHYDRAZINO
4836 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.93 C15H16N202 1-PHENYL-l-P-TOLUIDINO-2-NITROETkANE
4837 DIETHYL Ell-ER 3 0.70 1.46 8 C15H16N4 NEUTRAL RED BASE
4838 I-BUTANOL 4 2.04' 2.36 C15 H1bN4 NEUTRAL R E O BASE
4839 CHCL3 455 1.30 t15H16N451 THIOCARBAZONEI 2.2-OIMETHYOIPrlENYL
4840 CYCLOHEXANE 141 4.70 C15H1602S1 1.4-NAPHTrlOOU INOhE t 2-METHYL I 3-BUTY L T H I 0
4841 0 1 ETHYL ETHER 143 62 4.27 3.81 A C15H1603 2-HYOROXYNAPHThOOUINONE~3-I-PENTYL
4842 DIETHYL ETI'ER 143 62 1.58 1.51 A C15H1604 2 - H Y O R O X Y N A P H T H J O U I N O N E ~ 3-1 3-HYDROXYMETHVLBUIYLI
4843 DIETHYL E T C E R 143 62 1.65 1.51 A C15H1604 ~-HYOROXYNAPHTH)QJINO~EI~-(~-HYDROXY-~-METHYLBU~YLI
4844 DIETHYL ETtER 143 62 1.24 1.21 A C15H1604 2 - H Y O R O X Y N A P H T H O Q U I ~ O N E ~3-1 W-DIMETHYL-C-CH-PROPYL)
4845 PARAFFINS 316 -1.07 C15HllN102 3- (N-4-OIPHENYL AM I N 0 I - PROPAhE- 1t 2-01 OL
4846 CYCLOHEXANE 141 2.92 C15n17N102 ~~~-NAPHTHOJUINONE~~-MEIHYL~~-BLIYLAM~NO
4847 OCTANOL 283 -1.87 -1.87 = C15H18BRlhl P - 8 l P n E N Y L T R I M E T H Y L A ~ M O N I U M BROMIDE
4848 DIETHYL E T k E R 457 62 1.44 1.39 A C15H18N202 lr4-~APdTdOPUINONE~Z-PEhTYLHYDRAZlhO
4849 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.69 C15H1801 ACEIYLACETOqE. 2, 49 6-IRIMETHVLBEhZAL
4850 CYCLOHEXANE 304 4.00 C 15H1804 DI €THY LMALONATE. 3-METHYLBENZAL
4851 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.09 ci5~i804 ETHYLACETOACET ATE, 3.4-OIMETHOXYBENZAL
4852 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.80 C15H1804 ETHYLACETOACETATEt 2,4-OlMETnOXYBENLAL
4853 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.75 C15H1804 ETHYLACETOACETATEI 21 3-DIME TtiOXYBENZAL
4854 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.98 C15H1805 01 ETHYLMALONATEI 4-YETHOXYBENZAL
4855 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.49 C15H1805 01 E T n Y L M A L O N A T E . Z - ~ E T H a X Y B E h L h L
4856 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.59 C15H1805 01 ETHYLMALONATtr 3-METHOXYBENZAL
4857 CYCLOHEXANE 304 1.36 C15H1806 OIETHYLMALONATE. 3-METHOXY r4-HYOROXYBENZAL
4858 CYCLOHEXANE 446 1.39 C15H19N101 N-CYCLOHEXYLClNNAMAMIOE
4859 CYCLOHEXANE 446 1.97 C15H19N101 NI N-HEXAMETHYLENECINNAMAMIOE
4860 CCL4 472 1.76 C15H21AL106 ALUMINUM-TRI-ACETYLACETONATE
4861 CHCL3 412 3.64 C15HZlC0106 COBALT TKI-ACETYLACETONATE
4862 BENZENE 472 2.04 2.18 8 C15HZlC0106 COBALT TRI-ACETYLACETONATE
4863 CCL4 472 1.54 C15H21C0106 COBALT -TR I - ACETYL ACETONA TE
4864 CCL4 472 2.00 C15H2 1CR106 CrlROMIUH-TAL-ACETYLACEIONATE
4865 CHCL3 396 31 3.62 2.87 8 C15H21N1 FEhCAYFAMlNE
48 66 N-I-EPTANE 396 31 2.04 ClSHZlNl FE hCAHF AM I N E
4861 OCIANOL 2 83 -1.54 -1.54 = C15H21 N l O l . HCL 2-METHYL-5-ET-2'-OH-6~7-8ENZOMORPHAN/NIH#7910/
4868 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 1.99 2.54 C15HZlNlO2 4-ALLYLPHENOXY9CETAMIDEININ-DIETHYL
4869 OCTANOL 9 0.11 0.17 = C15H21N302 PHYSOST I G M I NE
4870 CCL4 472 2.04 C15 H2 1RH 106 RHENIUM-TR-ACETYLACETONATE
4871 N-HEPTANE 416 14 1.42 C 1 5 H2 2CL 1N103 P-AMINOSALICYL I C ACIOI 8-CHLOROOCTYL E S T E R
4872 CHCL3 448 65 0.90 C15HZZN201 NIN-01 ETHYLTRVPTAMINEI 5-METHOXY
4873 OCTANOL 438 0.65 0.65 = C 15 H2 206 GLUCOPYRANOSIOEI 3- ISOPROPYLPHENYL IBETA I
48 74 OLEYL ALCOHOL 390 44 4.78 5.32 C15H23N102 P-AMINOBENZOIC ACIOIOCTYL ESTER
4875 N-HtPTANE 370 14 1.48 C15 H2 3N 103 P-AMINOSALICYL I C ACIDIN-OCTYL ESTER
4876 OLEYL ALCOHOL 473 3.54 4.11 C15H2 3N103 4-ET HO X Y BEN20 I C AC I O I 0 I E THY LAM 1NOE TH YL E STE R
4877 N-HEPTANE 370 14 1.01 C 15H2 3N 1 0 4 P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACI0.8-HYOROXYOCTYL ESTER
4878 OCTANOL 218 0.55 0.55 = C 15 H23N 1 0 4 CYCLOHEXIMIDE
4879 OCTANOL 276 4.19 4.19 = C15H23N302 2 - I O I E T A M I N O M E I - 6 - M E - 7 - N I T R O I E T R A H Y O R O ~ U I N O L I N E /9.6/
4880 OLEYL ALCOHOL 460 2.78 3.32 C15H24N202 P-AM INOBENZOlC ACI O V A t A-DIME-I)- i 01 € T A M I -ETHYL ESTEK
4881 OLEYL ALCOHOL 460 2.66 3.20 C15H24N202 P-AMINOBENZOIC A C I O I A I ~ - O I M E - B - ( O I € T A M I - E T H Y L ESTER
4882 OLEYL ALCOHOL 4 60 2.57 3.11 C15H24N202 P-AMINOBENZOIC A C I O ~ B ~ B - O I H E ~ 8 - I O I E T A M I E T H EY SLT E R
48 e3 OCTANOL 449 3.73 3.73 = C15H24N202 BENZUI C ACID, P-BU- AM I N 0 9 N P N-0 I M E THYLAMI NOE THY L ESTER
48 84 OIETHYL ETtER 461 3.04 2.79 A C15H24N202 BENZOIC A C I O ~ P - 8 U - A M I N O ~ N ~ N - O I M E T H Y L A M I N O E T H Y L ESTER
48f5 OILS 449 2.43 3.40 A C15H24N202 B E N Z O I C ACIDv P-8U-AM 1NO.N vN-DIME THYLAMI NOE THYL ESTER
4886 OILS 4 62 2.95 2.44 A C 1 5 H24N202 BENZOIC A C I 01P - B U - A M l N O , N , N - O I M E T H Y L A H I NOETHYL ESTER
48 €7 XYLENE 449 3.30 C15H24N202 BENZOIC A C I D v P - B U - A M I N O e N v N - O I M E T H Y L A M I N O E T H Y L ESTER
4888 DI-BUTYL ETHER 449 2.76 C15H24N202 BEN20 IC AC I 01P-BU- AM I NO t N t N- D I ME THY LAM I NOE THY L E S T ER
4889 DIETHYL E T t E R 378 44 0.63 1.49 B C15H24NZ02
4890 DIETHYL ETtER 378 44 0.78 1-62 8 C 15 H24N203
4891 DIETHYL ETkER 378 44 0.85 1.68 8 C15H24N203
4892 DIETHYL ETkER 378 44 0.78 1.62 8 C 15H24N203 N-P-ETHOXYPHENYLCARBAMIC ACIOIDIETAMINOET.ESTER
4853 CYCLOHEXANE 474 14 -0.07 C15H24N402S2 THIAMINE PROPYL DISULFIDE
4894 CHCL3 474 14 1.56 1.10 B C 1 5 H24N4 02 S 2 TH IAMINE PROPYL 01 SUL F IOE
4895 BENZENE 474 14 -1.85 C15H24N40252 THIAMINE PROPYL DISULFIDE
4896 EThYL ACETATE 474 14 0.88 0.89 C 15 H24 N4O2S 2 T H l AMINE PROPYL 01SULFIDE
4897 OCTANOL 373 0.46 0.46 C15H25CLlN201 N1-NONVLNICOTINAHIOE CHLORIDE
4858 OCTANOL 65 46 -1.53 -1.53 = C15H268RlN1 B E N Z V L O I M E T H Y L H E X Y L A M M O N I U M BROMIDE
4899 OCTANOL 65 53 -0.72 -0.72 = C15H268RlNl DECYLPYRIOINIUM BROMIDE
4900 DIETHYL Ell-ER 3 17 2.55 3.05 8 Cl5H26N2 SPARTEINE
604 Chemical Review s, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 A. Leo, C. Hansch, and D. Elkins
-
4924 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.11 ClbHlZN2Ol CYANOACETANILIOEIBENZAL
4925 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.69 C16H1201 1-INOANEONEp 2-BENZYL I O I N E
4926 OCTANOL 9 2.82 2.82 ClbH13CLlN201 DIAZEPAM
4927 OCTANOL 218 2.44 2.44 = C16H14CLlN301 L I BR IUM
4928
4929
4930
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
OCTANOL
469
469
276
1.91
0.59
2.58
1.91
0.59
2.58
=
=
=
C16H14N202
ClbH14N203S1
C16Hl401
W INAZOLIN-2-ONEv 6-HETHOXY
OIBENZOCYCLOOCTANE-5-ONE
-
W I NA Z OL I N- 2 -0 NE t 1-HE- 4- PHENYL 6- HET H Y L S UL F ONY L
4951 HEXANE 456 0.62 ClbH15CL 1 0 5 7-CL-4rb-DIMEO-ba-flEGRIS-2'-EN-3r4'-DIONE
4932 OCTANOL 276 2.33 2.33 = C16H16 CY CLOP H ANE
4933 DIETHYL ETtER 457 62 1.65 1.57 A ClbHl6N202 I~~-NAPHTHOPUINONEI2-CYCLOHEXYLHYORAZINO
49 34 DIETHYL ETCER 457 62 1.64 1.56 A C16HlbN202 ~~~-NAPHTHOPUINONEI~-CYCLOPENTYLHETHYLHYORAZINO
4935 OCTANOL 56 -0.28 -0.28 = ClbHlbN205Sl CEPHALOSPORANIC A C I O ~ 7 - ~ P H A N O E L A H I O O I - O E S P C E T O X Y
4936 N-HtPTANE 416 14 1.49 ClbH16N206 BISIP-AMINOSALICYLIC A C I D ) ETHYL ESTER
49 37 01 ETHYL ETtER 143 62 4.76 4.30 A C16H1603 2-HYOROXYNAPHTWQUINONE13-CYCLOHEXYL
4938 DIETHYL ETHER 465 62 2.40 2.23 A C16H1605 2-~OROXYNAPHTHOPUINONE~3-~2-HE-3-CAR8OflETHYOXYPROP
4939 DIETHYL ETtER 143 62 2.53 2.34 A C16H1605 2-HYOROXYNAPHTHOQUINONE~3~~-CAR8OflETHOXY8UTYL~
4940 OOOECANE 415 4.45 ClbHl7CLlNZSl ETHYL "CHLORPROHAZINE"
4941 N-HEPTANE 370 14 2.19 Clbrl17N103 P- AM INOS AL I CYL I C AC I O v G- PHENYL PROP Y L E STER
4942 OCTANOL 141 2.07 2.07 = C16H17k10351 1.4-NAPHTHOQUINONEv 2-ACETAflfDO-3-8UTYLTHIO
4943 CYCLOHEXANE 141 1.28 Clbrl17N103Sl 1~4-NAPHTHOQUINONErZ-ACETAHIO0~3-8UTYLTHIO
4944 CYCLOHEXANE 141 0.49 C16ti18N203 lr4-NAPHTHOQUINONE~2-ACETAMIOO~3-8UTYLAHINO
4945 OCTPNOL 127 1.83 1.63 = C16H18N204SI BENZYLPENICILLIN
4946 DIETHYL ETtER 106 1.93 1.82 A ClbH18N204Sl BENZYLPENIC I L L I N
4947 I-BUTANOL 130 12 0.20 -0.22 ClbHl8N204Sl BENZYLPENICILLIN
4948 ETHYL ACETATE 476 1.59 1-66 C16H18N204S1 BENZYLPENICILLIN
4949 N- @UTYL PC ETATE 476 1.60 1-60 C16 H18 N204S1 BENZYLPENICILLIN
4950 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 1.38 1.93 C16Hl8NZ05 MALONYL UREArETHYL-(2-HEO-4-ALLYLPHENOXYl
4951 OCTANOL 127 1.40 1.40 = C16H18N205Sl P E N I C I L L I N I A-HYOROXYEENZYL
4952 OCTANOL 127 2.09 2.09 = ClbHldN205Sl PHENOXYPENICILLIN/PENlCILLIN V/
4953 I-E(;T&NOL 130 0.12 -0.34 C16H18N20551 PHENOXYPENICILLIN/PENICILLIN V /
4954 OCTANOL 263 65 0.87 0.87 * C16H18N402 NIALAflIOE
4955 DIETHYL ETHER 143 62 4.90 4.41 A C16H1803 2-HY OROXYNAPHTHOOUINON E, 3-HE X Y L
4956 OCTANOL 438 0.76 0.76 = C16H1806 GLUCOPYRANOSIOEI~-NAPHTHYL (BETA1
4957 HEXANE 456 -0.41 C16H19CL104 ~-CL-~'-OH-~I~-DIHETHOXY-~'~HEGRISAN-~-ONE
4956 HEXANE 456 -2.82 ClbHl9CL105 7-CL-4'rb'-OI-OH-4~6-OIHEO-21~HETHYLGRISAN-3-ONE
4959 CHCL3 396 31 3.35 2.64 8 C16H19N1 BENZYLAHPHETAMINE
4960 N-HEPTAN E 396 31 2.04 C16H19N1 BENZVLAHPHETAHINE
4961 PARAFFINS 316 -0.58 C 16H 19N102 NI N-01-8-HY DROXYETHYL-4-AH I N 0 8 I PHE NYL
4962 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.79 C16Hl9N103 ETHYLCYANOACETATEI~-BUTOXYBENZAL
4963 I-BUTANOL 130 -0.23 -0.83 C 16H19N3 0 4 5 1 AH P I C I L L I N
4964 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.35 Cl6H2005 OIETHYLMALONATE~3-ETHOXY8ENZAL
4965 CYCLOHEXANE 304 2.33 C16 H2006 0 IET HY LHALONAT Et 3s 4-0 I ME THOXYB E NZA L
4966 CYCLOHEXANE 304 3.22 Cl6H2006 DIETHYLMALONATEI 3.5-DIHETHOXYEENZAL
4967 OCTANOL 206 4.38 4.36 = C16H2 1F3N2 BENZIH IOAZOLEr 5-OCTYL-2-( TRIFLUOROHE THYL I
49 68 CYCLOHEXANE 446 2.04 C16H21N101 N-CYCLOHEPTYLCINNANAMIOE
4969 CYCLOHEXANE 4 46 2.46 C16H21N101 N.N-HEPTAt4ETHYLENECINNAHAMIOE
4910 CHCL3 405 31 2.86 2.21 8 C I 6 H2 1N 1 0 3 HOHATROP I N E
4911 N-CEPTANE 471 -3.00 ClbH21N103 HOflATROPINE
4912 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 1.20 1.75 C16H2 1N104 2-HETHOXY-4-ALLYLPHENOXYACETYLMORPHOLl"
4913 B E N 2 €NE 137 1.46 2.81 ClbH22N102 2-ME-5-PH-5-CARBETHOXY-2-AZAEICYC( 2 I 21 1lHEPTANE/EXO/
4914 BENZENE 137 1.46 2.81 C16H22N102 2-HE-5-PH-5-CAR8ETHOXY-2-AZAEICYC~2~2~llHEPTANE/ENOO/
4915 DIETHYL ETHER 3 1.21 1.17 A C16H22Oll GLUCOSE PENTA- A t E TA TE
4976 BENZENE 405 31 2.19 2.07 8 Cl6H23CLlN202 2-ALLYLOXYL-4-CL-N~Z-O1ETAHINOET)-BENZAMIOE
4977 OCTANOL 283 -1.31 -1.31 = C16H23NlOl.HCL 2r 9-01 METHYL-5-ET-2'-OH-6~ 7-8ENZOHORPHAN/hIH17938
4978 OC TANOL 2 83 -1.52 -1.52 = C16H23NlOl.HCL 2~5~OIHETHYL~9~ET-2'~O~~6~7~8ENZOHORP~AN/hIH#795l
4979 CYCLOHEXANE 446 2.72 C16 H2 3N 101 N-HEPTYLCINNAHAM IOE
4980 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 1.46 2.01 C16H23N102 2 - H E T H O X Y - 4 - A L L Y L P H E N O X Y A C E T A H I O E ~ N-HE-N-PROPYL
4981 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 2.51 3.05 C16H23N103 2-HETHOXY-4-ALLYLPrlEkOXYACETAHIOE~N~N-OIETHYL
4982 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 1.82 2.37 C16H23N103 2-HETrlOXV-b-ALLYLPHENOXYACETAHIOE~~~N-OIETrlYL
4983 HIXEO SOLVX1 433 2.28 C16H23N304 8ARBITURIC A C I O ~ 1 - ~ N ~ N - O I E T - C A R 8 A M V L f l E l - 5 ~ S - O I A L L Y L
4984 N-HEPTANE 416 14 1.48 C16H24CLIN103 P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACIO*9-CHLORONOhYL ESTER
4985 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 0.55 1.01 C16H24N105 2 - H E T r l O X Y - 4 - E T H O X Y C A R B O h Y L P H E N O X Y A C E T A H I O E 1N.N-01 E T
4986 OCTANOL 436 1.07 1.07 = C16H2406 GLUCOPYRANOS 1 DE. 2- I SOPROP YL- 5-MEPHEkYL I 8 E T A I
4907 OCTANOL 438 1.01 1.01 = C16H2406 GLUCOPYRANOSIOE.3T-EUTVLPHENYL (BETA)
4900 N-H E PTAN E 37 0 14 1.76 C16H25N103 P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDIN-NONYL ESTER
49 89 OLEYL ALCOHOL 142 2.70 3.24 C16H25N103 2-METHOXY-4-PROPYLPHENOXYACETAHIOE~N~N-OIETHVL
4990 N-HEPTANE 3 70 14 1.15 C16 H25N 104 P-AHIFtOSALICYLIC ACIOI~-HYOROXYNONYL ESTER
4991 OLEYL ALCOHOL 473 2.81 3.38 C16H25N104 3-HEO-4-ETO-8ENZOIC ACIO~OIETHYLAflINOETHYLESTER
4992 OLEYL ALCOHOL 473 2.39 2.96 C16H25N 105 3 ~ 4 . 5 - T R I H E T ~ X Y 8 E N Z O I C ACIOiOIETHYLAHINOETHYL ESTER
4993 OLEYL ALCOHOL 460 3.43 3.96 Cl6H26N202 P-AHINO8ENZOIC A C I O ~ A ~ A ~ 8 - T R I M E - 8 - ~ O I E T A M I - E T H Y LEST.
4994 OLEYL ALCOHOL 460 3.48 4.04 C1 6 H2 6N202 P-AMINOBENZOIC A C I D . A . B . B - T R l M E - B - I O I E T A H I - E T H Y L EST.
4995 OCTANOL 449 4.14 4.14 = C16HZbN202 BENZOIC AC IO, P-AMYL AH IhO r N r N-01MEAHl NOEThYL ESTER
4996 OILS 449 2.79 3.72 A C16H26NZ02 BENZOIC A C I 0 . P - A H Y L A M I N O I N ~ N - O I H E A H I N O E T H V L ESTER
4997 XYLENE 449 3.92 ClbHZbNZOZ BENZOIC ACID.P-AMYLANINO~k.N-DIMEAMINOE1HVL ESTER
4998 01-BUTYL ETHER 449 3.33 ClbH26NZ02 BENZOIC ACIO; P-AWL AMINO 9N.N-01 MEPMINOETHYL ESTER
4999 . OCTANOL 373 1.12 1.12 = ClbH27CLlN201 N1-OECYLNICOTINAHIOE CHLORIOE
5000 BENZENE 476 -1.52 -0.51 8 C16H32N201 PdPERIDINE~l-DECYL~3CAR8AMVL
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 605
- - .
5 7 5 1 f > I - I - P R . ETtFP
5 7 5 2 '4 E I aU T K E T'iN E
5 7 5 3 7CTAN;)L
519
519
5 19
50
50
P.63
1-16
1.44
1.28
1.16
1.44 =
C 17H67N1013
C77 H67 N 1 0 13
C3 7H67 Y l P l 4
5794 'ICTAN'IL 65 56 -2.in -2.1R = C311H42N2Ch
5755 3CTANOL 519 55 3.11 3.11 = C3P H6 5N1C 1 4
57Sh TOLUEYE 148 2.44 2.44 R C39 H33F E 1 N 1 2 O 3
5 7 5 7 OCTANOL 519 3.32 3.32 = C39Hb9Y1013
5 7 5 8 3C.TONOL 226 54 -1.27 -1.27 = C41 ti481120R
5799 I-PUTAYOL 130 1.59 1.73 C41 H64O13
5800 3CTPYOL 65 46 -1.60 -1.tC = C43 H43 N7C7 S 2
Partition Coefficients and Their Uses Chemical Reviews, 1971, Vol. 71, No. 6 613
1 pH 1.1, 37”. At pH = PI net charge = zero. In n-pentyl acetate. Calculated log Penal = 1.48; log &to = 0.04; intramolecular H
bonds indicated. 5 P reported constant between pH 2 and 6. No log Pactvalues were calculated because the H-bonding capabilities of boronic
acids were greatly influenced by the u constant of substituents. pH 2.0. The large difference between the 3 and 4 isomers is explained in ref
478. 9 Compounds with active hydrogens show unusually high 10gPbenzenevalues. At pH 7.4 plus hexadecylamine; the addition compound is
also partitioning. l 1 Some lactone also present. l 2 This value appears “out of line”; it was not used in the regression equation. l 3 P u n - i o n i z e d =
P*/(1 - where a = degree of dissociation calculated from pK,. l 4 pH 7.4 +
phosphate buffer; not ion-corrected. pH 3.5. 16 pH
-1.0, 17 Apparent P reported; not buffered or ion-corrected. pH 7.05 +
octadecylamine; addition compound is also partitioning. 19 pH
+
1.0 using HCI. 2o pH -0.22 using HCl. 2 1 pH 7.1 octadecylamine; addition compound also partitioning. 2 2 Value is ratio of solubilities,
not a true P, but the activity of an inert gas is nearly unity even at saturation. 2 3 pH 7.3; ion-corrected 2 4 pH 7.3; estimated pK, = 4.9; ab-
solute values not very reliable but comparison within series valid. 26 Corrected for ionization and dimerization by method of ref 29. 26 Ap-
proximate value. 27 pH 7.3 in ref 489; pH 7.0 in ref 206; both ion-corrected. 28 pH 6.3, ion-corrected. 28 pH 5.9. 30 pH 6.9. 3 1 pH 7.4; ion-cor-
rected from pK.. Absolute values not reliable, but comparison within series valid. 3 2 pH 5.4. 3 3 pH 7.8. 3 4 pH 6.0. 36 pH 7.1. 38 pH 6.5
+
using 1 M phosphate buffer; method = countercurrent extraction. 37 pH 7.1 using 0.1 M phosphate 1 M NaCI. 38 pH 6.6 1 M phos- +
phate. 39 pH 6.9 using phosphate buffer. 40 pH 5.6 using phosphate buffer; ref 504 also lists values at pH 2.1-8.5. 4 1 This reference also lists
+
values for decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl ion pairs. 4 2 May be dimerized in organic phase. 4 3 pH 7.5 0.2 Mphosphate. 4 4 pH 7.4 using phos-
phate buffer, ion-corrected. 4 6 Calculated from the mole fraction partition coefficient (PMF) by the expression P = (PxF) X 18(do)/MW,,
where do = density of organic solvent and MW, = its molecular weight. 46 Ion pair. 47 Calculated from ratio Cw/(Co)l/zand the Kdimerfrom
ref 139. 4 8 At isoelectric point, pH 5.35. 4 9 pH 5.8; ion-corrected using pK. = 4.8. 50 Classification by regression equation appears anoma-
lous. 6 1 0”. E 2 Aqueous phase is 5 % HCl. 5 3 In plastic containers. In alkylpyridinium series, adsorbtion to glass gives values lower by 0.15
(decyl), 0.3 (hexyl), and 0.8 (butyl). 5 4 Dissolved in HCl, adjusted to pH 6.5. 5 6 Subject of U. S . Patent 3,417,077 issued to Eli Lilly & Co.
5 6 pH 4.0. 57 pH 8.0 using 0.02 M phosphate-citrate buffer. 58 Assay procedure: J . A g r . Food Chem., 8, 460 (1960). 59 Commercial material:
96% pure. pH 11 using Sorenson’s buffer. pH 4.7; log P* = -2.00 at pH 2.2. B z Calculated as log P = (pi5 2) - pK.. 6 3 pH 6.4, ion-+
corrected. Log P’s calculated from ir values listed and log P C H C=I ~- 1.40 and log Po,$= -0.70 for sulfanilamide. 6 4 pH 5 . 5 ; phosphate
buffer; largely as anion; some polymer possible. G 5 pH 7.4 using phosphate buffer; not ion-corrected. 66 pH 8.93 using carbonate buffer; ion-
corrected. 67 pH 9.2 using carbonate-bicarbonate buffer; ion-corrected. 68 pH 1.0; approximately half of phenothiazine ring nitrogens pro-
tonated. 69 pH 7.6; where solute has two alkyl N atoms, some diprotonation probable. Entered twice: once as enol, once as keto tautomer.
j 1 pH 12.8; not ion-corrected; -0.0001 in neutral form. 7 2 pH 7.32; not ion-corrected; ~ 0 . 1 in neutral form. 7 3 pH 10.15 using car-
bonate-bicarbonate buffer. 7 4 pH 13.7; not ion-corrected; -0.01 % in neutral form. 75 pK, measured in acetonitrile which accentuates base
strength. 77 Log P at infinite dilution calculated by regression analysis; s = 0.03, r = 0.995. Note: mixed solvent 81 is 67 % (by volume) ethyl
ether and 33 petroleum ether.
~~
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