16CO2 

+ 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

2 glucose is in phase two

Light is in phase one and two light is used for light dependent reaction

In phase two water is used

Oxygen and c02 are end product Carbohydrates are broken down using all three stages of
respiration (glycolysis, citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain).

Autotrophs are plant because they make food

2 steps There are two main stages of photosynthesis: the light-dependent reactions and the
Calvin cycle.

Cellular respiration is the process that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and
plants) to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of
ATP. This process releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular
level. 
If a cell needs to spend energy to accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its three
phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. The energy holding that
phosphate molecule is now released and available to do work for the cell.
When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a
process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate
(ADP). ... This free energy can be transferred to other molecules to make unfavorable reactions
in a cell favorable.

Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules,
a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH.

Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH.
Review: The energy investment phase of glycolysis involves the investment of two ATP molecules
and results in the formation of two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate.

During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is
derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP
+ 2 H2O). The hydroxyl groups allow for phosphorylation. The specific form of glucose used in
glycolysis is glucose 6-phosphate.
In glycolysis, the net gain of ATP molecules is 2. Two ATP per glucose molecule are required to
initiate the process, then a total of four ATP are produced per molecule of glucose.

Glycolysis, as we have just described it, is an anaerobic process. None of its nine steps
involve the use of oxygen. However, immediately upon finishing glycolysis, the cell must
continue respiration in either an aerobic or anaerobic direction; this choice is made based on the
circumstances of the particular cell.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the mitochondrion, the citric acid cycle occurs
in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative metabolism occurs at the internal folded mitochondrial
membranes (cristae).
Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back
to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through acetyl-CoA.
It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine, and it can be converted into ethanol.

Now the molecule is ready to accept another acetyl-CoA molecule to begin another turn of the cycle.
All told, the Krebs cycle forms (per two molecules of pyruvic acid) two ATP molecules, ten NADH
molecules, and two FADH2 molecules. The NADH and the FADH2 will be used in the electron
transport system.

While the Krebs cycle does produce carbon dioxide, this cycle does not produce significant
chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) directly, and this reaction
sequence does not require any oxygen. ... For this reason, the Krebs cycle is considered
an aerobic pathway for energy production.

In eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix, a dense solution
that surrounds the mitochondria crests: in addition to water, the matrix contains all the enzymes
necessary for the biochemical reactions of the cycle, coenzymes, and phosphates.

The electron transport chain is the last stage of the respiration pathway. It is the stage that
produces the most ATP molecules. The electron transport chain is a collection of carrier
proteins found on the inner membrane of mitochondria. ... The oxygen combines with the
hydrogen ions and electrons to form water.
In cellular respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Oxygen accepts the electrons after
they have passed through the electron transport chain and ATPase, the enzyme responsible for
creating high-energy ATP molecules

38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2
from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).
The electron transport chain ETC requires oxygen, which means that it is an aerobic process.
It takes place in the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. These folds are called
cristae. In this step, electron carriers NADH and FADH2 drop off the electrons they've carried
from the citric acid cycle.
The electron transport chain activity takes place in the inner membrane and the space
between the inner and outer membrane, called the intermembrane space.
 The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce more amount of
energy is called as aerobic respiration. The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to
produce energy is called as anaerobic respiration. ... It requires Oxygen and glucose to produce
energy.

Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence

of beneficial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through
fermentation

Fermentation is another anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking down glucose,

one that's performed by many types of organisms and cells. In fermentation, the only energy
extraction pathway is glycolysis, with one or two extra reactions tacked on at the end.

There are two types of fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

Our cells can only perform lactic acid fermentation; however, we make use of both types of
fermentation using other organisms.
Yeast (single-celled eukaryotic organisms) perform alcoholic fermentation in the absence of oxygen.
The products of alcoholic fermentation are ethyl alcohol (drinking alcohol) and carbon dioxide gas.
This process is used to make common food and drinks

Alcoholic fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which yeasts convert sugars to

ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts that contribute to the chemical
composition and sensorial properties of the fermented foodstuffs.

Lactic acid fermentation is common in muscle cells that have run out of oxygen.

Lactic acid fermentation creates ATP, which is a molecule both animals and bacteria need for
energy, when there is no oxygen present. This process breaks down glucose into two lactate
molecules. Then, lactate and hydrogen form lactic acid

Your muscle cells can produce lactic acid to give you energy during difficult physical activities.
This usually happens when there is not enough oxygen in the body, so lactic acid fermentation
provides a way to get ATP without it. ... It causes symptoms such as muscle aches, pain,
cramps, nausea and weakness.
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular
respiration or aerobic respiration is a series of chemical reactions which begin with the reactants
of sugar in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP.
The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or
Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

The main organelle involved in respiration is the mitochondria. It's known as the

powerhouse of the cell due to the fact that 38 ATP molecules are created from this
organelle.
Auto – self

Hetero-different

Photo – light

Troph-eat

a/an without

aero-air

light reactions in thylakoid

Calvin cycle in stroma

glycolysis , kreb cycle, ETC