Physics 42  Electricity &

Magnetism

Instructor: Unofre B. Pili

References: Cutnell & Johnson, Physics 7th Edition

Young & Freedman, University Physics

13th Edition
TOPICS
• ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD
• GAUSS’S LAW
• ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
• CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS
• CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND ELECTROMOTIVE,
FORCE
• DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS
• MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCES
• SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
• ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• INDUCTANCE
• ALTERNATING CURRENT
 GRADING SYSTEM

Long Examinations: 20%

Midterm Examination: 25%

Final Examination: 55%

-Short Quizzes and assignments to be added together into a

long quiz)

- Passing rate: 60%

Note: This grading system is tentative since this is based on the traditional
face-fo-face classes. There might be some changes to be made..
What is Electric Charge?

• An intrinsic property of protons

and electrons, which make up
all matter, is the electric charge.

• A proton has a positive charge,

an electron has a negative
charge, and a neutron has no
charge.
 (a) (b)

(a) Plain plastic rods neither repel nor attract each other. (b) After
being rob with fur, the rod repel each other.
 (a) (b)

(a) Plain glass rods neither repel nor attract each other. (b) After
being rob with silk, the rod repel each other.
 (a) (b)

(a) The fur-rubbed plastic rod and the silk-rubbed glass rod attract
each other. (b) The fur and silk each attracts the rob it rods.
 Fundamental Charge: The charge of one electron

The SI unit of the electric charge is the Coulomb (C)

Masses of the elementary particles

 Properties of the Electric Charge

• Two types of electric charge, positive (shortage of

electrons) and negative (excess of electrons).

• The electric charge is said to be quantized. Any electric

charge q, occurs as integer multiples of the
elementary charge e.

• Conservation of charge: the net charge of a closed

system is constant.
Properties of the Electric Charge

Two electrically charged objects exert a

force on one another, called as
electrostatic force: like charges repel
and unlike charges attract each
other.
Example 1: A lot of electrons

How many excess electrons are there in one Coulomb of

negative charge?

Solution:
Conservation of electric charge
It is possible to transfer electric charge from one object to another.
Usually electrons are transferred, and the body that gains electrons
acquires an excess of negative charge. The body that loses electrons
has an excess of positive charge.

During any charging process, the net electric charge of an entire

isolated system remains constant (is conserved). This is referred to
as the law of conservation of electric charge.
Conductors and Insulators
Not only can electric charge exist on an object, but it can
also move through an object.

• Substances that readily conduct electric charge are

called electrical conductors.
• Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are known
as electrical insulators.
• Semiconductors are materials that are intermediate
between conductors and insulators
Charging by Contact
 Charging by Induction
- is a different technique in which the plastic rod can give
another body a charge of opposite sign without losing any
of its own charge.
Electric forces act at a distance
Like charges repel

F F
+ +

Unlike charges attract

F F +
-
COULOMB’S LAW
- states that the electrical force between two charged objects is
directly proportional to the product of the quantity of charge on the
objects and inversely proportional to the square of the separation
distance between the two objects.

(equation in vector form)

 (equation in magnitude form)

(Coulomb constant)

(permittivity of vacuum)

(Charge on object 1)

(Charge on object 2)

(distance between objects 1 and 2)

Example 2
Two charges are separated by a distance r and exert an electric force F
on each other:

F F
q1 q2

(a). If r is doubled, what is F?

(b). If q1 is doubled, what is F?

(c). If q1 and q2 are doubled and r is halved, what is F?

solution
(a). If r is doubled, what is F?
We let the new F be F’:
F

(b). If q1 is doubled, what is F?

We let the new F be F’’:

 F

(c). If q1 and q2 are each doubled and r is halved, what is F?

We let the new F be F’’’:

F
Example 3
Two 40.0 gram masses each with a charge of 3.00μC are placed 50cm
apart. Compare the gravitational force between the two masses to the
electric force between the two masses. (Ignore the gravitational force of
earth on the two masses.)

3.00μC 3.00μC
40.0g 40.0g

50.0cm

Given and Required Quantities

Computation of the gravitational force:

Computation of the electrostatic force:

Thus , gravity is many times weaker than the electrostatic force.

THE FORCE ON A POINT CHARGE DUE TO TWO OR MORE POINT
CHARGES
• There are three charges q1, q2 and q3.What would be the net force
on q1 due to both q2 and q3?

• First, find the magnitude and direction of the force F12 exerted on q1
by q2 (ignoring q3).

• Next, determine the force F13 exerted on q1 by q3 (ignoring q2).

• The net force on q1 is the vector sum of the forces F12 and F13.

• The same patterns apply for n number of charged particles

 THE FORCE ON A POINT CHARGE DUE TO MANY POINT
CHARGES

- if we have n charged particles, they interact independently in pairs,

and the force on any one of them, let us say particle 1, is given by
the vector sum.
qn
What is the magnitude and direction
of the force on the point charge q1?
q4
r1n (magnitude)
q3
r14
r13
(direction)
r12 q2
q1
 To operate the equation above we will apply the component method.

y
θ13

θ12
( resultant force on q1)
x
θ14

( gives the direction of the

resultant force on q1)

-the angles are measured counterclockwise

from the +x-axis.
where

or

and

or