MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T.

GONZALES

1.) Find the 30th term of an Arithmetic Progression you can eliminate "log" if and only if there is
4,7,10 . . .
a single logarithm on the right and left of equation.
A n = A1 + ( n - 1 ) d [(x-1)(x+1)] = (x+2) 2
A1 = 4 and A n = A 2 = 7 x 2 -1 = x 2 + 4x + 4
A 2 = A1 + (2 - 1 ) d 4x = -5
7 = 4 + (2 -1 ) d -5
x=
Solve for "d" ===> d = 3 4
although this cannot be an answer to a real number
Or simply notice the numbers that they have a system in logarithms but this is acceptable in the
common difference of "3" . complex system.
You try to shift solve this one or substitute a value,
A30 = 30th term you will fail to get the correct answer.
A30 = 4 + (30-1) * 3
5.) Find the third proportional to -2 and 4.
A 30 = 91 Let us take a brief review on proportions.
2.) A stack of bricks has 61 bricks in the bottom layer, Mean proportional of two values a and b is:
58 bricks in the second layer, 55 bricks in the third a x
=
layer and so until there are 10 bricks in the last x b
layer. How many bricks are there together? Third proportion of two values a and b:
The numbers 61, 58, 55 form an arithmetic a b
=
progression with an observable difference of "-3" b x
Fourth proportion of three values a,b and c:
We need to determine what nth term number 10 is. a c
=
A n = A1 + (n -1 )d ===> 10 = 61 + (n -1 ) (-3) b x
For the problem, third proportion is being asked,
n = 18
-2 4
=
4 x
The number of bricks is the sum of the A.P, 16
n 18 Solving for x, x =
S= (A1 + A n ) = (61 + 10) -2
2 2 x = -8
S = 639
6) Determine the sum of the progression if there are
3.) Solve the inequality: 3−4t ≤ 8+t 7 arithmetic means between 3 and 35.
A.171 C.232
3 - 4t  8 + t B.182 D.182
There is really not much difference when
There are 7 arithmetic means between 3 and 35.
manipulating inequalities.
It means that if A1 = 3, having 7 numbers in
You try to transpose variables and constants.
between 3 and 35, then 35 will be A 9 .
5t  -5 ; dividing by 5
n
t  -1 Sum of arithmetic = (A1 + A n )
2
9
4.) Solve the equation: = (3  35)
log (x −1) + log (x+1)=2 log (x+2). 2
S = 171
log (x-1) + log(x+1) = 2 log (x+2)
Recall properties of logarithm like: 7.) Once a month, a man put some money into the
cookie jar. Each month he put 50 centavos more into
log a + log b = log (ab)
the jar than the month before. After 12 years he
log a - log b = log (a/b)
counted his money; he had P5436. How much money
c log a = log a c did he put in the jar in the last month?
2
log [(x-1)(x+1) ] = log (x+2)
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

Adding a constant amount of money is forming an It is necessary to make the answer into its mixed
arithmetic progression of numbers. form , so that it will be easier to determine the
n remainder. In this case the remainder is 3.
S= (2A1 + (n-1) d)
2 NOTE: make sure that the denominator is 4 because
===> n = 12 years * 12months/year = 144 months you divided by 4, in any case that it is not 4, multiply
d = 50 cents = 0.5php a factor to both the numerator and denominator to
144 1 2 2
5436 = (2X + (144-1) 0.5) make the value become 4, like e.g. ( )  .
2 2 2 4
X = A1 = 2php 1 2
A n = A1 + (n-1) d is equal to .
2 4
A144 = 2 + (144-1) (0.5)
A144 = 73.5 php ; A144 is last month money Remainder is 3.
and the third digit in the pattern 1 ,7 ,8 ,5
8.) In the expansion of (x+4y) ^(12), what is the is 8
numerical coefficient of the 5th term?
10.) A and B working together can finish painting a
If you forgot everything about binomial expansion, house in 6 days. “A” working alone can finish it in five
then let us recall some fundamental ideas. days less than B. How long will it take B to do the job
alone?
(a + b) n
To get the ith term; i = the nth term you need 1 job
n-r r
Work Rate is .
nCr (a) (b) ; r = i - 1 time
1 job
For example, finding the 5th term of (x+4y)12 Rate of A is , and rate of B
"A" amount of time
n = 12 1 job
ith term = 5th term , therefore "i = 5" is .
"B" amount of time
r = i -1 = 5 - 1 = 4 A can finish it in 5 days less than B in mathematical
nCr (a) n-r (b)r equation is , A = B - 5
 12C4 (x)12-4 (4y) 4
Remember that working together has an equivalent
 12C4 (4)4 x 8 y 4
1 1 1
The question is asking about the numerical equation of + =
A B total time
coefficient of the 5th term. 1 1 1
+ = ; total time = 6 days
5th term = 12C4 (44 ) x 8 y 4 A B total time
coefficient = 12C4 (4) 4 = 126, 720 1 1 1
+ = (SHIFT SOLVE for B)
B-5 B 6
9.) Find the 1987th digit in the decimal equivalent to B = 15 NOTE: DO NOT forget to Bias because
1785/9999 starting from the decimal point. there are 2 possible answers here, 2 and 15.
But if B = 2 , A = B - 5 = 2 - 5 = -3, you cannot
This type of problems require a certain pattern. have B = 2 because A will become negative.
1785
Try to get the answer of , which is 0.1785...
9999 11.) A merchant has three items on sale, namely a
Notice that the number 1 , 7 ,8 and 5 just repeats radio for P50, a clock for P30, and a battery for P1. At
in a orderly manner. the end of the day, he has sold a total of 100 of the
If you wanted to get the value of the 1987th digit, three items and has taken P1000 on the total sales.
How many radios did he sell?
then you need to divide it by 4 because there are
4 different digits that appear after the decimal point.
1987 3
= 496 +
4 4
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

Let r = quantity of radios x 2 - (x-1) 2 = 7

c = clock and b = battery. x 2 - (x 2 -2x +1 ) = 7
2x - 1 = 7
r + c + b = 100 (quantity) eq.1 x = 4, and y = x - 1 = 4 -1 = 3
50r + 30c + b = 1000 ( cost ) eq.2
Sum of areas = x 2 + y 2 = 42 + 32 = 25
Subtract eq.1 from eq.2
50r + 30c + b = 1000 13.) If tan x = ½, tan y = 1/3, what is the value of tan
- (r + c + b = 100) (x+y) ?

 49r + 29 c = 900 1 1


tan x + tan y
tan (x+y) = = 2 3 = 1
1  tan x tan y 1- 1 ( 1 )
As you noticed, there are 2 equations but 3
2 3
unknowns.
This is a case of DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS.
14.)A telecommunications tower and a monument
Diophantine Equations have only integer solutions! stand on a level plane. The angles of depression of
The only way to solve this is to have trial and error the top and bottom of the monument viewed from
by substituting values from the choices and the the top of the tower are 13deg and 35 deg
one that gives integer answers is the possible answer. respectively. If the height of the tower is 50m, find
the height of the monument.

49r + 29c = 900

900-49r 900 - 49 X
c= =
29 29
Find the value of X from the choices that will
give an integer value for c.

Letter C = 16 radios will give an integer value for

900 - 49 (16)
"clocks". c = =4
29

Therefore, 16 radios were sold.

Recall that the angle of depression has an
12.) The areas of two squares differ by 7 and their equivalent angle of elevation, because of the
perimeters differ by 4. Determine the sum of their concept of transverals in plane geomtery.
areas. Applying Trigonometric identities in triangles:
Let x and y be the sides of the 2 squares. 50-h 50
tan (13) = [eq.1] , tan (35) = [eq.2]
A1 = x 2 and A 2 = y 2 x x
Using eq.2, x = 50/ tan(35) = 71.407 m
P1 = 4x and P2 = 4y

Using eq.1 :
A1 - A 2 = 7
tan(13) * x = 50 - h
x 2 - y 2 = 7 (eq.1)
h = 50 - tan(13) * x ; Substitute value of x
P1 - P2 = 4
h = 50 - tan (13) (71.407)
4x - 4y = 4 , x - y = 1
h = 33.514m
y = x - 1(eq.2)
15.) The sides of a parallelogram and an included
angle are 6, 10 and 100deg respectively. Find the
Substitute eq.2 to eq.1 length of the shorter diagonal.
x 2- y 2 = 7
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

A = 16 (16-8) (16-10) (16-14) = 39.19

A 39.19
inradius = = = 2.45
s 16
abc 8 (10) (14)
circumradius = = = 7.14
4A 4(39.19)
Let us first get the value of x in the figure shown.
19.) A quadrilateral has sides equal to 12,20, 8 and
In parallelograms, consecutive angles are
16.97m respectively. If the sum of the two opposite
supplementary. Thus, x + 100 = 180 angles is equal 225, then the area of the quadrilateral
x = 80 is

Given two sides and an included angle, we use I think this is the time to open your index cards,
cosine law to determine the side oppositve to if you have one or try to start writing down all
the included angle. the formulas. Given four sides and sum of
d 2 = 62 + 102 - 2 (6) (10) cos (80) opposite angles suggests that the best option is
to use Bramaguptha's Formula:
d = 10.73m
A = (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) (s-d) - abcd (cos ) 2
16.) How many degrees is 4800 mils?
where  is sum of opposite angles.
Remember that one full circle has 360,2 rad,
If the quadrilateral is cyclic then
400 grad or gon and 6400 mils.
Using this information we can now convert from A = (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) (s-d)
one unit to the other. The quadrilateral is NOT cyclic so we use the
360 longer version.
4800 mils = 270
6400 mils 12  20  8  16.97
s= = 28.5
2
17.) If the sides of the triangle are 195, 157, and 210,
respectively. Find the area of the triangle. (28.5-12) (28.5-20) (28.5-8) (28.5-16.97)
A=
If we have three sides given already, then we - (12)(20)(8)(16.97) (cos225) 2
probably should use Heron's formula: A = 129
Area = s (s - a ) (s - b) (s - c) 20.) From the point inside a square the distances to
a+b+c the three corners are 4,5 and 6m respectively. Find
where s is semi-perimeter = the length of the side of the square.
2
195+157+210
s= = 281
2
Area = (281)(281 - 195)(281 - 157)(281 - 210)
Area = 14,586 m 2

18.) The sides of a triangle are 8cm, 10cm, and 14cm. You can see two triangles formed.
Determine the radius of the inscribed and 6-4-x and 5-4-x triangles.
circumscribing circle. Using cosine law in 6-4-x triangle:
Recall these formulas. 62 = 42 + x 2 - 2(4)(x) cos A
abc 62 - (42 + x 2 ) 20 - x 2
Triangle inscribed in a circle: A= cosA = = (eq.1)
4R -8x -8x
Triangle circumscribing a circle: A = rs Using cosine law in 5-4-x triangle:
Given a=8, b=10, and c=14, we can get first the 52 = 42 + x 2 - 2(4) (x) cos (90-A)
area of the triangle. cos(90-A) = sin A [they are complementary]
Using Heron's Formula, A= s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c). 52 = 42 + x 2 - 2(4) (x) sin(A)
a + b + c 8 + 10 + 14 52 - (42  x 2 ) 9 - x2
s= = = 16 sinA = = (eq.2)
2 2 8 x 8 x
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

Remember (cosA) 2 + (sinA) 2 = 1 shaded redgions.

20-x 2 2 9-x 2 2 3 c 2  a 2  b2
( ) +( ) =1 Area = + + ; a = 6, b = 11, c =41
-8x 8 x 4 4 4
You can simplify or quit being a hero by using 3 (41) 2  (6) 2  (11) 2
Area = + +
SHIFT SOLVE but DONOT forget to BIAS :) 4 4 4
x = 7.53 Area = 4084.07
22.)How many sides are in the polygon if each
interior angle is 165deg?
Assume a regular polygon.
(n-2) 180
interior =
n
( x  2) 180
You can see another 2 triangles formed. 165 
x
6-5-x and 5-4-x triangles. Shift Solve for x, x = 24
Using cosine law in 6-5-x triangle:
23.) A cubical container that measures 2 in on a side
62 = 52 + x 2 - 2(5)(x) cos A
is tightly packed with marbles and is filled with
62 - (52 + x 2 ) 11 - x 2 water. All the 8 marbles are in contact with the walls
cosA = = (eq.1)
-10x -10x of the container and the adjacent marbles. If all
Using cosine law in 5-4-x triangle: marbles are the same in size, find the volume of
42 = 52 + x 2 - 2(5) (x) cos (90-A) water in the container.
cos(90-A) = sin A [they are complementary] Volume of water in container = Vcube - 8Vmarbles
4 4
42 = 52 + x 2 - 2(5) (x) sin(A) Vwater = s3 - 8 (  r 3 ) = 23 - 8(  (0.5)3 )
3 3
42 - (52  x 2 ) -9 - x 2
sinA = = (eq.2) Vwater = 3.811 in 3
10 x 10 x
Remember (cosA) 2 + (sinA) 2 = 1 Note : The value of r = 0.5 because if you look
11-x 2 2 -9-x 2 2 at one face of cube which is a square, you will
( ) +( ) =1
-10x 10 x see four circles tangent to each other.
You can simplify or quit being a hero by using The side of the square is equal to two diamaters
SHIFT SOLVE but DONOT forget to BIAS :) of a circle. 2d = 2 , 2(2r) = 2, r = 0.5
x = 7.07
24.) Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from
a sector having a diameter of 72 cm and a central
21.) A goat is tied to a corner of a 30ft by 35 ft angle of 150 deg.
building. If the rope is 40ft long and the goat can
reach 1 foot farther than the rope length, what is the
maximum area the goat can cover?

The arc length of the sector becomes the

circumference of the base of the cone.
72cm 
For Sector: S = r = (150 )
2 180
S = 30
You can see three different portions of circle.
For base of cone is equal to arc length of sector:
One 3/4 circle and two 1/4 of a circle.
C = S ==> 2 x = 30 , x = 15
The radius of the smaller 1/4 circle is "41-35" or 6.
The radius of the bigger 1/4 is "41-30" or 11.
You should also notice that the radius of the sector
The radius of the 3/4 circle is 41.
becomes the slant height of the cone.
Area that the goat can cover is all the colored or
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES
Using pythagorean on a triangle: Substitute eq.1 to eq.2:
2 2 2 2 2
h + x = r , h + 15 = 36 2
7 1 1 1
+9( - ) = , Shift Solve for M
h = 32.73 M 15 M 2
Note: Replace "M" with "X" before shift solve.
 x 2 h  (15) 2 (32.73)
Volume of cone = =
3 3 M=20 days
V =7711.82
28.) A boat going across a lake 8 km wide proceeds
2km at a certain speed and then completes the trip at
25.) A person draws 3 balls in succession from a box a speed of ½ km/hr faster. By doing this, the boat
containing 5 red, 6 yellow balls, and 7 green balls. arrives 10 minutes earlier than if the original speed
Find the probability of drawing the balls in the order had been maintained. Find the original speed of the
red, yellow and green. boat.

Total balls = 5 red + 6 yellow + 7 green = 18 If boat travelled with a speed "v", then let us call
Read the problem and watch out for keywords time "T" . At a distance of 8km, V = 8/T.
like "in succession". 8
Thus T = (eq.1)
V
In succession means without replacement.
If there had to be some arrangements with the
Taking out balls without returning them to the box.
velocity in its travel, then the time taken to
Another instruction is to draw them in ORDER.
move across the lake will be changed.
5
Probability of First draw that is a red ball =
18
6 10
Pr obability of 2nd draw that is yellow = Total time if that happens is T - hr.
17 60
7 2
Probability of 3rd draw that is green = For the first 2km, t1 = . Recall v = d/t.
16 V
Notice that the denominator of the fraction changes 6
For the remaining 6km, t 2 = .
V + 0.5
because you cannot return the ball back to the box.
1
5 6 7 Total time is t1 + t 2 and is equal to T - .
Probability (red,yellow,green) = ( )( ) 6
18 17 16 1
 0.04289 t1 + t 2 = T - ( Convert equation to velocity)
6
2 6 8 1
26.) If thrice the smaller number exceeds the larger + = - ; SHIFT SOLVE "V"
by 12. Find the larger number if the two numbers are V V + 0.5 V 6
consecutive odd integers. V = 4km/hr
let x be the smaller number and y the larger
29.) In how many ways can a party of 6 people be
Then 3x -y = 12 (thrice smaller exceeds larger by 12)
seated on a row of 6 seats if a certain 2 refuse to sit
y = x + 2 (larger is higher consecutive number to x) next each other?
One thing I always do in this kinds of problem
Subtitution: 3x - y = 12 , y = x + 2 or x = y - 2 is to manipulate first "iyong maarte" .
3 (y-2) - y = 12 There are 2 people who had their frienship over,
3y - 6 -y =12 ===> 2y = 18 , therefore y = 9 so "tayo mag adjust" .
27.) A man and a boy can do in 15 days a piece of To make things less chaotic, let us first make the
work which would be done by 7 men and 9 boys in 2 four peaceful people sit.
days. How long would it take one man to do it alone? We can arrange the four in 4! ways or 24.
Remember rate problems when working together But how about the two who refused to sit next
1 1 1 1 1 1 each other?
+ =  = - (eq.1)
M B 15 B 15 M Well its very simple. Let us call A,B,C and D
if 7 men and 9 boys can do the work in 9 days, the four who can just sit anywhere.
1 1 1
then 7* + 9* = (eq.2)
M B 2
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

The 2 who don't like each other can sit in between
the four.
_A_B_C_D_
The spaces represent where the two can possibly
sit to make sure that atleast one is in between them.
How many ways can you arrange the two in the
five spaces? The answer is 5P2.
Total arrangements = 4! * 5P2 = 480ways
30.) In how many ways can 10 different books be
divided among A,B, and C so that A gets 5 books, B 3
books and C 2 books?
So first determine if this is a permutation or a
combination.
If you are going to give books to some friends,
obviously you are not doing permutation, so it's
a combination.
32.) If the sides of the triangle are 2x+3, x2 + 3x+ 3,
and x2 + 2x, find the greatest angle.
Obvious conclusion is that the largest angle is
the angle opposite to x 2  3 x  3.
Let us assume angle "A" opposite to the
longest side.
Using cosine law: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
(x 2 + 3x + 3) 2
= (2x+3) 2 + (x 2  2 x) 2
- 2(2x+3) (x 2 + 2x)cosA
(x 2 +3x+3) 2 - (x 2  2 x) 2 - (2x+3) 2
cos A =
- 2(2x+3) (x 2 + 2x)
Using a 2 - b 2 = (a-b) (a+b) ,
a= x 2  3 x  3 and b = x 2 + 2x
cos A
(x 2  3 x  3  x 2 - 2x) (x 2  3 x  3 + x 2  2 x)  (2 x  3) 2
=
2(2 x  3)( x 2 +2x)
( x  3)(2x 2 +5x+3) - (2x+3) 2
 ; 2x 2 +5x+3 =(2x+3)(x+1)
2(2 x  3)( x + 2x)
2

Simple idea is to start with a smaller number, (x+3)(2x+3)(x+1) - (2x+3) 2

let's say I have books named "A" and "B" . = ; Cancel (2x+3)
2(2 x  3)( x 2 +2x)
If I give my friend two books A and B, then it (x+3)(x+1) - (2x+3) x 2  4 x + 3 - 2x - 3 x2  2x
= = =
is the same thing if I gave him books B and A. 2( x 2 +2x) 2 (x 2 + 2x) 2( x 2 +2x)
Order does not matter proving it to be more of 1

a combination type than permutation. 2
First choose 5 books from 10, that's 10C5.
If you have given 5 books already, then you only 1
cos A = - ===> A = 120
have 5 left, choosing 3 books is 5C3. 2

Then finally, choosing 2 books from the available 33.)The sides of a triangular field which contains an
area of 2400 sq. cm are in continued proportion of
2, is 2C2.
3:5:7. Find the smallest side of the triangle.
Doing this in sequence is 10C5 * 5C3 * 2C2
The sides are in 3:5:7 proportion.
= 2520 ways
Let us make "x" the constant of proportionality.
31.) Ten books consisting of 5 mathematics books, 3
Therefore the three sides can be 3x, 5x, and 7x.
physics books, and 2 chemistry books are paced in a
Given three sides, we can use heron's formula to
bookcase at random. What is the probability that the
books of each kind are all together? find area.
If the books of the same kind are to be together, a+b+c
A = s (s - a) (s - b) (s - c) ; s =
then we will have 3 general kinds to arrange, 2
3x + 5x + 7x 15x
and that is 3! or 6 ways. s= = = 7.5x
2 2
(M1M 2 M 3M 4 M 5 )(P1 P2 P3 )(C1C 2C3 )
A 2 = s ( s - a ) ( s - b) (s - c)
The math books can be arranged in 5! ways.
24002 = 7.5x (7.5x - 3x) (7.5x - 5x) (7.5x - 7x)
The physics books can be arranged in 3! ways.
Shift solve for x, you will have x = 19.22
The chemistry in 2! ways.
Total ways to do this is 3! (5!) (3!) (2!).
smallest side = 3x = 3 (19.22) = 57.67
If there were no conditions, there could have been
n! ways or 10! ways. 34.) Simplify the equation Sin2x (1+ cot2x)
3! * 5! * 3! * 2! 1
Probability = =
10! 420
 MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

sin 2 x (1 + cot 2 x) 2 1
P( A and B ) = =
6 3
Recall the trigonometric identities.
3 1
1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x P (B) = Probability of even number = =
6 2
Therefore sin 2 x(1  cot 2 x) = sin 2 x(csc 2 x)
sin 2 x and csc 2 x are reciprocal to each other. 1
P(A and B) 2
= 3 =
2 2
sin x (csc x) = 1 Therefore, P(A|B) =
P(B) 1 3
35.) Assuming the earth to be a sphere of radius 2
3960mi, find the distance of a point 36deg N from
equator. or a better option is to list down the possible
sample space.

If you already know that it is an even number

then you can only select from 2, 4 and 6.
The problem is asking the probability of
getting numbers less than 5.
Out of 2,4 and 6, only two numbers are less
As you can see that 36 is just a portion of the
than 5.
circumference of the major circle.
2
Circumference = 2 r = 2 (3960) Therefore probability is .
3
36 38.) Find the gradients of the tangents drawn to the
distance = Circumference ( )
360 circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y = 3 at x = 2.
distance = 2 (3960) (1/10) = 2488mi Gradient in calculus is same as slope.
36.) Two cities 270 miles apart lie on the same Find slope of x 2 + y 2 -2x - 2y = 3 at x =2.
meridian Find their difference in latitude. Slope is 1st derivative of a function.
It is the same concept of problem no.35. Let us differentiate implicitly with respect to x.
(difference in  ) 2x + 2y y' - 2 - 2y' = 0
difference in distance = 2 (3960)
2 y' (2y - 1) = 2 - 2x
3 2 - 2x
 = rad y' = (eq.1)
44 2y - 1
Note: As you can see I used 2 instead of 360, We know x = 2, but what is the value of y?
because the choices are in radian. :) Good thing you have your calculators with you,
Type in X 2 + Y 2 - 2X - 2Y = 3 , Y
37.) Find the probability that a number less than 5
will result in a single toss of a die given that the toss This is the syntax for shift solve Y. Let x = 2.
resulted in an even number. You should get Y = -1, you can either choose to
This is an example of simple conditional probability. store that to alpha Y or just remember it.
P(A and B) 2 - 2x 2 - 2(2) 2
P(A | B) = y' = = =
P(B) 2y - 1 2(-1) - 1 3
In using formulas in probability, it is really better
to be more organize by declaring variables and 39.) A television antenna 20m high stands on top of a
assigning them their functions or values. house which is 12m high. At what distance from the
"A | B" is read as Event A given that Event B occured. base of the house will the antenna and the house
Event B in this problem is "even number" because subtend equal angle?
that is what you already know.
Event A is a number less than 5.
numbers less than 5 and are even
P( A and B) =
total numbers in a die
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES

Let y = sinx,
8 y 2 + 2y - 1 =0 ===> (4y - 1 ) (2y +1 ) = 0
1 -1
y = and y = ;Remember y = sinx
4 2
1 -1
sinx = and sin x = .
4 2
Among the choices only will give a correct
You will see two triangles, one with angle "A"
facing "12m" and another with "2A" facing answer. 210
"12m + 20m" or 32m.
42.) Box 1 contains 30 red and 70 white balls, box 2
The two triangles have the same base "x".
contains 50 red and 50 white balls, and the box
These must be right triangles for us to use contains 75 red and 25 white balls. The three boxes
tangent. are all emptied into a large box, and a ball is selected
12 at random. If the selected ball is red, what is the
For smaller triangle: tan A =
x probability that it came from box 1?
32 tan A + tan A This is one of the complicated topics in probability
tan 2A = ; also tan 2A =
x 1 - (tanA)(tanA) but after you solve quite a few, this becomes one
12 12 of the easiest. :)
+
32 x x ; SHIFT SOLVE for "x"
= The problem is an example of Bayes' Theorem.
x 12 12
1- ( ) P(E1 )  P(A | E1 )
x x P(E1 | A) =
NOTE: Do not forget to bias using choices P(E1 )  P(A | E1 ) +P(E 2 )  P(A | E 2 ) + . . .
because that willmake your calculator shift
solve a bit faster and sometimes really fast. A = is the given condition which is the event the
ball is red.
x = 24
E1 = event that it came from box 1 (what is asked)

40.) If f(x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) = -2x – 4, find (g o f) (3) .

E 2 = similar events to E1 , it came from box 2
E 3 = event it came from box 3
(g  f ) (3) = g( f(3) )
This is a composite of functions. First substitute If you empty three boxes and poured it to a larger box,
the value to the closer function which is "f". then you should better illustrate how many balls
f(x) = 3x + 1 ; f(3) = 3(3) + 1 ; f(3) = 10 are there in all boxes before and after.
Then g( f(3) ) = g(10) BOX 1: 30R and 70W, total of 100 balls
g(x) = -2x - 4 ; g(10) = -2 (10) - 4 = -24 BOX 2: 50R and 50W, total of 100 balls
BOX 3: 75R and 25W, total of 100 balls
41.) Solve the equation 8 sin 2x + sin x – 1 = 0, for BIGBOX: 155R and 145W, total of 300 balls
π < x < 3π/2 .
The fastest way to solve this is to use function
Probability that ball will come from box 1 = P(E1 )
"CALC" in your calculator.
total balls in box 1 100 1
If you can solve a problem using reverse P(E1 ) = = =
total balls in larger box 300 3
engineering method via "CALC" , then do it.
1
That is faster in some cases than SHIFT SOLVE w/c Surprisingly P(E 2 ) and P(E 3 ) are also .
3
takes too much time. But we solve this using less Probability it is red given it came from box 1
dependence on your calculator. no. of red in box 1 30 3
= P(A | E1 ) = = =
Tricky part is that letter A will satisfy the total balls in box 1 100 10
equation but you should also satisfy the inequality. I will leave P(A|E 2 ) and P(A|E 3 ) to you to figure
Sometimes there is an error in how equations out.
are presented in exam papers so get used to it. :) 1 3
P(A|E 2 ) = and P(A|E 3 ) =
2
This is actually 8sin x + 2 sinx - 1 = 0. 2 4
 MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES
P(E1 | A)
P(E1 )  P(A | E1 ) Recalling that a tangent line is always perpendicular
=
P(E1 )  P(A | E1 ) +P(E 2 )  P(A | E 2 ) +P(E 3 )  P(A | E 3 ) to the line from the center of circle.
1 3
( )
The triangle formed is a right triangle.
3 10 6
=
1 3 1 1 1 3
= = 0.193 Using pythagorean theorem:
( )+ ( )+ ( ) 31
3 10 3 2 3 4 R 2 = r 2 + 252 ===> R 2 - r 2 = 625 (eq.1)
Area bounded by two circles is the difference of
43.) If the probability that a baskwetball player sinks
the areas of the concentric circles.
the basket at 3-point range is 2/5, determine the
probability of shooting 5 out of 8 attempts. Area =  R 2 -  r 2 =  (R 2 - r 2)
Eq.1 has a value for R 2 - r 2 , which is 625.
The player either sinks the basket or not.
There are only two outcomes and a Thus Area =  (R 2 - r 2) = 625
fixed probability of 2/5.
46.) A lune has an area of 30 square meters. If the
This is an example of a binomial distribution,
angle of the lune is 90 degrees. What is the area of
where p is success and q is failure and p+q = 1. the sphere?
2 3 Area of the lune is a portion of the total surface
p or success is and q or failure is .
5 5 area of the sphere.
r n-r
Probability = nCr p q Let us derive Area of the lune,
"n" is total attempts and "r" is scored attempts
Surface Area = 4 r 2 , the angle of one
2 3
P = 8C5 ( )5 ( )3 = 0.124 or 12.4% revolution is 360.
5 5
Let Area of lune be A lune , and  is the dihedral
44.) A swimming pool is constructed in the shape of
angle of the lune.
two partially overlapping circles, each of radius 9m. If
the center of each circle lies on the circumference of Using ratio and proportion:
the other, find the perimeter of the swimming pool. A lune 4 r 2  r 2
= ===> A lune =
 360 90
 r (90)
2
30 = ===> r 2 = 9.55
90
Surface Area =4 r 2 = 4 (9.55) = 120

47.) A cylindrical glass 5 inches in diameter and 8

The quadrilateral formed because of the overlapping
circles are actually two equilateral triangles.
The angles of the quadrilateral are 60 and 120.
The Perimeter of the swimming pool is twice the
circumference minus twice the arc length facing
the 120 central angle.
Perimeter = 2(2 r) - 2r rad
120
= 4 (9) - 2(9) = 75.4m
180
45.) Two circles of different radii are concentric. If the
length of the chord of the bigger circle that is tangent
to the smaller circle is 50cm, calculate the area
bounded by the two circles.
inches in altitude is filled with ice tea. It is then tilted
to a position enough for the ice tea level to coincide
with the center of the base. How much ice tea is
drained from the glass?
This is an example of a Prismatoid.
H
Prismatoid Formula = (A1 + A 2 + 4A m )
6
Note: H is taken normally from point to point
so that A1 = A 2 = 0 because area of a point
is zero. H is the diameter of cylinder which is
5 inches.
A m = Area in the middle of the prismatoid
which is a triangle of base equal to radius
and height equal to altitude of cylinder.
MATH NOTES PREPARED BY: ENGR VAN RENZO T. GONZALES
1 1 5 Case 2: If you answer 5 out of 5
Am = bh = ( )(8) = 10
2 2 2 To choose 5 out of 5 is 5C5, for the next half,
you need to choose a remaining of 3 in order
5 to answer a total of 8 questions. Choosing 3 out
Volume of Prismatoid = [ 0 + 0 + 4(10)]
6 of 5 is 5C3. Doing this you have 5C5* 5C3 ways.
Volume = 33.33

If you have many options or cases to follow,

Volume drained = Vcylinder - Vprismatoid
the totality is the addition of all the cases
=  r 2 h - 33.33 =  (2.5) 2 (8) - 33.33
Total = 5C4*5C4 + 5C5*5C3 = 35 ways
= 123.75

48.) A man is dealt a poker hand from an ordinary ANSWERS TO NUMBERS 51-100:
deck of playing cards. In how many ways can he dealt
51. A 76.A
with a straight flush?
52. B 77.A
Write down first all the ways you can get a 53. B 78.C
straight. From A, 2, 3, 4 ,5 to 10, J , Q , K , A , 54. B 79.D
there are 10 ways to represent a straight. 55. C 80.D
56. B 81.B
Straight Flush is both consecutive and same suit.
57. C 82.A
There are 4 suits available in an ordinary deck. 58. B 83.C
Therefore number of straight flushes including 59. C 84.A
the royal flush is 10 * 4 = 40 ways 60. C 85.A
61. B 86.A
49.) How many patterns are there in a standard 62. B 87.A
multiple choice exam with 10 items? 63. C 88.A
64. A 89.C
Recall the fundamental counting principle, that
65. A 90.A
if you can do one thing in "n" ways and another in 66. A 91.A
"m" ways, then you can do both in "n x m" ways. 67. C 92.C
Standard multiple choice question has 4 choices. 68. C 93.B
If you have 4 choices per question then the 69. D 94.A
number of answer patterns is 4^(10) 70. A 95.A
71. D 96.A
= 1,048,576 72. B 97.A
73. B 98.C
50.) A student is to answer 8 out of 10 questions on 74. C 99.C
an exam. How many choices does he have if he must 75. A 100.C
answer atleast 4 of the first 5 questions?
The conditions are simple, one can only answer
8 of 10 questions, and atleast 4 of the first 5.
The words atleast and atmost are very significant
in probability and combinatorics.
Atleast 4 means, 4 or maximum of 5 out of 5.
There are actually two cases to consider.
Case 1: If you answer 4 out of 5
To choose 4 out of 5 is 5C4, but you need to
answer 8 out of 10 in total. Since you already
have answered 4 questions, in the next 5,
you need to answer 4 more which is another 5C4
to get a total of 8. Doing this both is 5C4 *5C4