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Mems by Mama
Mems by Mama
Mems by Mama
RF MEMS SWITCH
Introduction:-
The Holy Grail of MEMS devices is the micromechanical switch. For more than a
decade, researchers have endeavored to perfect the development of microminiature relays
using micromachining techniques. With the recent boom in wireless communications,
research has intensified in the quest to develop low cost, ultra-low loss switches. The
goal is to have these switches replace traditional FETS for reduced loss and improved
linearity in key components. There are fundamentally two types of switch contact
mechanisms – ohmic contact and capacitive contact. With ohmic switches, two metal
electrodes are brought into contact to create a low-resistance connection. In capacitive
switches, a metal membrane is pulled down onto a dielectric layer, usually by
electrostatic means, to form a capacitive sandwich. At high frequencies, the capacitive
suseptance of this sandwich acts like a short circuit. In either case, the mechanical action
of the switch causes the switch to efficiently change from high impedance to short circuit.
1958 First integrated circuit (IC) (J.S. Kilby 1958 / Robert Noyce 1959)
1970’s Bulk etched silicon wafers used as pressure sensors (Bulk Micromaching
Process)
1996 Richard Smalley develops a technique for producing carbon nanotubes of uniform
diameter
3.1Actuation Mechanisms:
The actuation forces required for the mechanical movement can be obtained using
electrostatic, magneto-static, piezoelectric or thermal designs. To date, only electrostatic-
typeswitches have been demonstrated at 0.1-100GHz with high reliability at low RF
powers for metal contact and medium power levels for capacitive contacts (100Million to
50 Billion cycles depending on the manufacturer) and wafer-scale manufacturing
techniques.Other switches which have demonstrated excellent performance are the
Microlab Latching switch (up to 100 Million cycles) using magnetic actuation, and the
thermal switches developed independently by Cronos Microsystems and the Univ. of
California, Davis. It is hard to test thermal switches for long cycle times due to their slow
switching response (1-3ms).
3.2 Switching Time:
Electrostatic switches can be made small and with a very fast switching time (2-30 μs)
while thermal/magnetic actuation requires around 100-2, 000 μs of switching time. An
excellent metal-contact switch developed by LETI using thermalactuation but with an
electrostatic hold, thereby requiring very little switching energy and virtually zero hold-
down power. However, its switching time is still relatively slow (300 μs). The LETI
switch has been tested to more than 100 million cycles.
Fig. An SPDT switch packaged using a gold-to-gold seal ring (courtesy of Microassembly, Inc.). The
topcover is taken off so as to show the seal ring .
Fig. 4 presents a 4-bit miniature RF MEMS phase shifter developed jointly by the Univ.
of Michigan and Rockwell Scientific. It is based on the Rockwell metal contact switch
and on CLC delay lines for miniaturization. The phase shifter results in an average loss of
1.4dB at 10GHz, a ±3◦ phase error, and is matched to −13 dB at the input and output
ports from 6-16GHz. This phase shifter represents the smaller design using RF MEMS
to-date, and with excellent response. an 885-986MHz 5-pole tunable filter using
switched MEMS capacitors developed by Raytheon Systems Co. In this case, capacitive
switches are used to switch fixed-value metal insulator- metal capacitors in the
transmission line. The filter employs 18 switches and is a very complicated circuit with
variable resonators and impedance inverters. Its measured response is nearly ideal, with
excellent frequency tuning capabilities, very high linearity (in terms of measured IIP3)
and a loss of 5-6 dB due to the finite Q of the planar inductors used (Q = 30 at 0.9GHz).
Fig. 4. The 4-bit miniature X-band phase shifter developed
by the Univ. of Michigan and Rockwell Scientific. The
size is 3.2 × 2.1mm2.
Fig. 5. An 885-986 MHz 5-pole tunable filter using switched MEMS capacitors
developed by Raytheon Systems Co. The size is 3.5 × 14mm2.
• W=90 μm
• L=150 μm
5.1.2 Results
• Switching time = 1 ms
• Maximum tip deflection = 0.4 μm
• Maximum von-miss stress = 28 MPa
Figure 7: Cantilever Deflection
The summary of the steps proposed for the fabrication are as follows (figure 8) [7]:
• Deposit the silicon nitride (SixNy) as an insulating layer using chemical vapor
Deposition (CVD)
• Using positive photo-resist, the sacrificial layer is exposed to ultra violet rays
through a mask
• The first layer of metal (Au) is deposited using sputter deposition -2-
• Use lithography to pattern the SiO2 then deposit the first Nitinol TiNi alloy metal by
sputter deposition and repeat same process to deposit the second Au metal contact –
see 5-
• _ Pattern the SiO2 layer to deposit the second TiNi alloy metal
• Selective etch the SiO2 layer in hydrofluoric acid (HF) leaving a free standing micro
structure SiO2 SixNy
SiO2 SixNy
(a)
Au
(B)
Heat Sink
(C)
Polyimide
(D)
(E)