LAS Q4 W1 STAT AND PROBCabudsanSNHS

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VIII – EASTERN VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CATBALOGAN CITY
Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET FOR QUARTER 4, WEEK 1

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Competencies:
1) Illustrates null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance, rejection
region and types of errors in hypothesis testing. (M11/12SP-IVa -1)
2) Identifies the parameter to be tested given a real life problems.(M11/12SP-IVa-3)
cGeneral Reminders: Use this activity sheet with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/sn any part
of the activity sheet. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. Read the directions
carefully before doing each task. Return this activity sheet to your teacher/facilitator once you are
through with it.
Explore (Review and Motivation)
In the earlier lessons, you have learned about the importance of the
random sampling as well as the properties of the normal curve and how to
compute the proportions of areas under it. This time, you will learn another important
aspect of Inferential Statistics which is the decision-making. We usually follow
processes in decision-making such as weighing alternatives, collecting evidences, making
a decision and making appropriate interpretation or undertaking an action. We follow
these basic processes in testing hypothesis in Statistics.
Try to do the following exercise to determine your readiness for this
lesson.
A. Determine whether each statement is true or false.
1) The area under the normal curve is 1.
2) The Central Limit Theorem states that as the sample size n increases, the
shape of the distribution of the sample means taken with replacement from a
population will approach a skewed distribution.
3) A sampling distribution of sample means is consists of means derived from all
possible random samples of specific size obtained from a population.
4) The percentage of the area under the normal distribution lies within 1
standard deviation below and 1 standard deviation above the mean is 90%.
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5) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
also known as the standard error of the mean.
If your answers in statements 1,3 and 5 are true ;and false for statements for 2
and 4; then, you are ready for this lesson.
Learn (What is it/Discussion of the Topic)
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method applied in making decisions using

experimental data. Hypothesis testing is basically testing an assumption that we
make about a population.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion, or assumption about a population

parameter or about the distribution of a random variable.
Here are the examples of questions you can answer with a hypothesis test:
• Does the mean height of Grade 12 students differ from 66 inches?
• Do male and female Grade 7 and Grade 12 students differ in height on
average?
• Is the proportion of senior male students’ height significantly higher than that
of senior female students?
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis
• The null hypothesis is an initial claim based on previous analyses, which the
researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify. It shows no significant difference
between two parameters. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑜.
• The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the null hypothesis, which shows that
observations are the result of a real effect. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑎.
You can think of the null hypothesis as the current value of the population
parameter, which you hope to disprove in favor of your alternative hypothesis.
Illustrative Example 1:
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the incoming Grade
11 students is 81. The teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests if
there is a significant difference between the batch mean score and the mean score of
students in her class.
Solution:
Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

Let 𝜇 be the population mean score and 𝑥̅ be the mean score of students in her
class.
You may select any of the following statements as your null and alternative
hypothesis as shown in Option 1 and Option 2.
Option 1:
𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81 or 𝜇 = 81.

𝐻𝑎: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is not 81 or 𝜇 ≠ 81.
Option 2:
𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has no significant difference with
the mean score of her students or 𝜇 = 𝑥̅.
𝐻𝑎: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has a significant difference with
the mean score of her students or 𝜇 ≠ 𝑥̅.
The owner of the factory that sells a particular bottled juice fruit claims that
the average capacity of a bottle of their product is 250 ml. State the null and
alternative hypotheses.
Answer:
𝐻𝑜: The bottled drinks contain 250 ml per bottle.

𝐻𝑎: The bottled drinks do not contain 250 ml per bottle.
Level of Significance
 The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the degree of significance in

which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.
The significance level α is also the probability of making the wrong decision when
the null hypothesis is true.
Notice that the most common levels of significance used are 1%, 5%, or 10%.

Maria uses 5% level of significance in proving that there is no significant
change in the average number of enrollees in the 10 sections for the last two years. It
means that the chance that the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜) would be rejected when it is true is
5%.
𝛼 = 0.05 is actually the area under the normal curve within the
rejection region.
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
 When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided like 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-tailed
test. It is also called non-directional test.
 When the given statistics hypothesis assumes a less than or greater than value, it is
called one-tailed test. It is also called directional test.
A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the performance

of pupils. A class of 50 grade 1 pupils was used in the experiment. The mean
score was 83 and the standard deviation is 5. A previous study revealed that μ=82
and the standard deviation σ=10. State the null and alternative hypothesis and
determine if it is a one-tailed or two-tailed test.
Answer :
H o: The sample comes from a population whose mean μ is 82. ( H o : μ=82 ¿

H a : The sample comes from a population whose mean μ is not equal to the
population mean 82. ( H a : μ = 82 )
There is no clue as to the direction of the investigation. The phrase

affects performance implies either a decrease or an increase in performance. So,
this test is non-directional.
In problems that involve hypothesis testing, there are words like greater,
efficient, improves, effective, increases, and so on that suggest a directional test
particularly a right-tailed test. Words like decrease, less than, smaller, and the like
suggest also a directional test but a left-tailed test.

These are the graphical representations of the two-tailed test and the
one-tailed test.
Rejection Region
• The rejection region or critical region is the set of all values of the test statistic
that causes us to reject the null hypothesis.
• The non-rejection region or acceptance region is the set of all values of the
test statistic that causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test distribution that is

compared to the test statistic to determine if the null hypothesis would be
rejected.

According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media worldwide

of global internet users amounts to 142 minutes per day. Sofia conducts her own
survey among her friends to find out if their time spent on social media is
significantly higher (152 mins a day) than the global survey.
Now, let’s take a look at Sofia’s claim. She assumed that the average
online usage of her friends is the same as the global usage ().
She computed for the t -value using the formula 𝑡 = 𝑥̅−�𝜇 where 𝜇 = 142, 𝑥̅
√��
= 152, s = 19.855, and n=10. �
𝑥̅− 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛 Use a scientific
The t-- test formula calculator to
is used since n 152− 142 verify the
𝑡=
is less than 30 19.855 computed- t
√10 value.
𝑡 = 10
6.278
00
𝑡 = 017
1.593
0
This t-test formula is actually for z-values for the data for sample means in the
normal distribution but since the number of n is less than 30, which is actually just
10, so we can use it for t-test. This is our t-statistic formula.
From the table of t-values, determine the critical value. Usedf = n -1 = 9,

one-tailed test at 5% level of significance.
The critical t-value is 1.833.
How did we get that value?
Look at this illustration!
The table of
- t
can be found at the
-values
last part of this
LAS..

Now, you can sketch a t distribution curve and label showing the rejection area
(shaded part), the non-rejection region, the critical value, and the computed t-value.
This is how your t distribution curve should look like!
The computed value is less than the critical value.
𝐻𝑜: The average online usage of

her friends is the same as the
The computed t-
global usage. We fail to reject
value is at the
𝐻𝑎: The average online usage of the null
non-rejection
her friends is higher than the region. hypothesis, 𝐻𝑜.
global usage.
Therefore, we accept now the null hypothesis. The average online usage of her
friends same as the global usage.
A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a certain drug reduces

cholesterol level. Upon trial, the computed z-value of 2.715 lies in the rejection area .
The computed value is greater than the critical value.
𝐻𝑜: The certain drug is effective in We reject the

reducing cholesterol level by 60%. The computed null hypothesis,
z-value is at the
𝐻𝑎: The certain drug is not effective in 𝐻𝑜 in favour of
rejection region.
reducing cholesterol level by 60%. 𝐻𝑎.

Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
In hypothesis testing, we make decisions about the null hypothesis. When

we conduct a hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes. The following table
shows four outcomes. Note that the decision is focused on the null hypothesis.
Decisions about the H0
Do not Reject H0
Reject
(or Accept H0)
H0 is true. Type I error Correct decision

Reality
H0 is false. Correct decision Type II error
If the null hypothesis is true and accepted, or it is false and rejected, the
decision is correct. If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision is
incorrect and this is Type I error. If the null hypothesis is false and accepted,
the decision is incorrect and this is Type II error.
a. Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in fact, she is 32 years old.
What error is she committing?
Answer: Mary is rejecting the truth. She is committing a Type I error.
b. A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle believing that it

is a proof of his mettle. What type of error is this?
Answer: Hunting Philippine eagle is prohibited by law. Thus, it is not a good sport. It
is Type II error since it is against the law and he may find himself in jail if he goes out
hunting this bird.
Illustrative Example 8 :
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia’s conclusion. Identify if it is a Type I Error, Type II
Error, or a Correct Decision.
If Sofia finds out that her null hypothesis is …
1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits a ____________________.
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a _____________________.

3. false and she fails to reject it, then she commits a __________________.
4. false and she rejects it, then she commits a _____________________.
Answers should be: 1) Correct Decision, 2) Type I Error, 3) Type II
Error, and 4) Correct Decision.
Identifying Parameters to be Tested
Parameters in statistics are important component of any statistical analysis. In

simple words, a parameter is any numerical quantity that characterizes a given
population or some of its aspects. This means the parameter tells us something about
the whole population.
However, the numerical measure that is calculated from the sample is called
statistic. Statistic is a known number and a variable that depends on the portion of
the population.
A parameter denotes the true value that would be obtained if a census
rather than a sample was undertaken.
Examples of parameters are the measures of central tendency. These tell us
how the data behave on an average basis. For example, mean, median, and mode are
measures of central tendency that give us an idea about where the data concentrate.
Meanwhile, standard deviation tells us how the data are spread from the central
tendency, i.e. whether the distribution is wide or narrow. Such parameters are often
very useful in analysis.
In the normal distribution, there are two parameters that can characterize a
distribution - the mean and standard deviation. By varying these two parameters,
you can get different kinds of normal distribution.
Different symbols are used to denote parameters. Symbols are grouped as
indicated in the table below.
Measure Statistic Parameter

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑥̅ (x-bar) 𝜇 (myu)
2 2
𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 s 𝜎 (sigma squared)
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑠 𝜎 (sigma)
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑝̂ (p hat) 𝑝
Illustrative Examples 9:
1. The average height of adult Filipinos 20 years and older is 163 cm for males.

Parameter: the average height of adult Filipinos 20 years and older In
hypothesis testing, the parameter will be translated into symbols such as 𝛍 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑
where 𝛍 is the symbol for mean/average and 163 is the value that pertains to the
average height.
2. A Grade 11 researcher reported that the average allowance of Senior High School
students is ₱100. A sample of 40 students has mean allowance of ₱120. At 𝛼 = 0.01
test, it was the claimed that the students had allowance of ₱ 100. The standard
deviation of the population is ₱50.
Parameters: the average allowance of Senior High School students is ₱100 or 𝝁
= ₱𝟏𝟎𝟎
3. According to a survey, 63% of the parents are willing to spend extra money for their
children’s health and education matters.
Parameter: the percentage/proportion of parents willing to spend extra money
in their children’s health and education matter or 𝒑 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟑
Practice Exercises/Activity
I. State the null and the alternative hypotheses of the following statements.
1. We want to test whether the general average of students in Math is different from
80%.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________
2. We want to test whether the mean height of Grade 8 students is 58 inches.

𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________
3. We want to test if it takes less than 60 minutes to answer the quarterly test in
Calculus.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________
II. Illustrate the rejection region given the critical value and identify if the t-values lie
in the rejection region or acceptance region.
1. critical t-value of −1.671 computed t-value of −2.45
The computed t-value is at the __________ region.
2. critical t-value of 1.725 computed t-value of 2.14

The computed t-value at the _________ region.

III. A quality control expert wants to test the null hypothesis that an imported
solar panel is an effective source of energy.
1. What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this context?
They do not conclude that the They do not conclude that the
solar panel is effective when it is solar panel is effective when it is
not actually effective. actually effective.
They conclude that the solar They conclude that the solar panel
panel is effective when it is is effective when it is not actually
actually effective. effective.
2. What would be the consequence of a Type II error?

They do not conclude that the They do not conclude that the solar
solar panel is effective when it is panel is effective when it is actually
not actually effective. effective.
They conclude that the solar They conclude that the solar panel
panel is effective when it is is effective when it is not actually
actually effective. effective.
IV. Determine the notation of the given parameter, inequality symbol, or value of the
parameter.
Notation Symbols Value

Parameter (µ, 𝜎, 𝑝, (=, ≠, <,
𝜎2) >, ≤, ≥)
1. Average salary of Polytechnic University of
the Philippines (PUP) graduates is at most ≤
₱324,000. _____ _____
2. The standard deviation of adults riding a
bus is 1.5. _____ = _____
3. Filipino employers offer a mean of 15 days of
paid vacation for sick leave. _____ _____ 15
4. Survival rate of breast cancer in the
Philippines is below 50%. _____ _____ .50
5. Mean number of vehicles in households is at
most 1.9 personal vehicles. µ _____ _____

Engage (What I Learned/Generalizations)
This activity will enable you to reflect about the topic and activities you underwent. Reflect on the
activities you have done by wring a short paragraph. Write your answers on your journal
notebook. The beginning sentences are as follows:
I learned that _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
I discovered that __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
I was surprised that I _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
I was pleased that I _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
Apply (What I Can Do)
I. Cite a situation in your community where you can apply hypothesis testing. Then,
just choose one situation and:
1. create a problem statement;

2. formulate the null and alternative hypothesis;
3. select the level of significance and sketch the rejection region; and
4. state the possible Type I and Type II errors.
II. List down two (2) different real-life situations where hypothesis testing can be
done. Identify the parameter to be tested in each situation.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
Post Test

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements.
1. It is the statistical method used in making decisions using experimental data.

A. observation C. analytical testing
B. simple analysis D. hypothesis testing
2. What term is being used to describe a proposed explanation, assertion, or
assumption about a population parameter or about the distribution of a random
variable?
C. statistic B. decision C. hypothesis D. probability
3. It is also referred to as a probability of committing an incorrect decision about the
null hypothesis.
A. level of error C. level of acceptance
B. level of hypothesis D. level of significance
4. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis?
A. The mean of a sample is equal to 80.
B. The mean of a population is equal to 80.
C. The mean of a population is not equal to 80.
D. The mean of a population is greater than 80.
5. Which of the following describes a null hypothesis using two-tailed test?
A. 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 𝜇0 B. 𝐻0: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 C. 𝐻0: 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇0 D. 𝐻0: 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇0
6. Which of the following describes an alternative hypothesis using two-tailed test?
A. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 50 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 B. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 50 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 C. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 50 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑
D. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 = 50 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑
7. Which of the following is a Type I error?

A. 𝐻0 is true; reject 𝐻0. C. 𝐻0 is true; fail to reject 𝐻0.
B. 𝐻0 is false; reject 𝐻0. D. 𝐻0 is false; fail to reject 𝐻0
8. The numerical measure that describes the certain characteristics of a population is
called ______________.
A. sample B. statistics C. parameter D. population
9. What are the two common parameters of normal distribution?

A. 𝜇 and 𝜎 B. 𝜎 and 𝑝 C. 𝑝 and 𝜇 D. 𝑝̂ and 𝑝
10. Anna wants to estimate the average shower time of teenagers. From the sample of
50 teenagers, she found out that it takes 5 minutes for teenagers to shower. What is the
parameter?
A. sample of 50 teenagers C. average shower time of teenagers
B. 50 teenagers in 5 minutes D. took 5 minutes for teenagers to shower


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Republic of the Philippines

LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET FOR QUARTER 4, WEEK 1

Explore (Review and Motivation)

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Maharlika Highway, Catbalogan City, Samar

Learn (What is it/Discussion of the Topic)

Hypothesis testing is a statistical method applied in making decisions using

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion, or assumption about a population

The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81 or 𝜇 = 81.

𝐻𝑜: The bottled drinks contain 250 ml per bottle.

 The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the degree of significance in

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test

A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the performance

H o: The sample comes from a population whose mean μ is 82. ( H o : μ=82 ¿

There is no clue as to the direction of the investigation. The phrase

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

• The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test distribution that is

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

According to a survey, the average daily usage of social media worldwide

From the table of t-values, determine the critical value. Usedf = n -1 = 9,

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

The computed value is less than the critical value.

𝐻𝑜: The average online usage of

A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a certain drug reduces

The computed value is greater than the critical value.

𝐻𝑜: The certain drug is effective in We reject the

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

In hypothesis testing, we make decisions about the null hypothesis. When

Decisions about the H0

H0 is true. Type I error Correct decision

Answer: Mary is rejecting the truth. She is committing a Type I error.

b. A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle believing that it

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

Identifying Parameters to be Tested

Parameters in statistics are important component of any statistical analysis. In

Measure Statistic Parameter

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

2. We want to test whether the mean height of Grade 8 students is 58 inches.

1. critical t-value of −1.671 computed t-value of −2.45

The computed t-value is at the __________ region.

2. critical t-value of 1.725 computed t-value of 2.14

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

2. What would be the consequence of a Type II error?

Notation Symbols Value

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

Apply (What I Can Do)

1. create a problem statement;

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

1. It is the statistical method used in making decisions using experimental data.

7. Which of the following is a Type I error?

9. What are the two common parameters of normal distribution?

Address: Purok 4, Barangay Payao, Catbalogan City, Samar

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