PRACTICAL WORKSHEET

ANIMAL STRUCTURE

Name : Haris Raditya Subandrio Entorage/Group : D1/2

NIM : B1B019013 Day/Date : Friday, 20th November
2020
Class :D Asisstant : Eva Dita Pratiwi

PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 5
Anatomy 2 (Fejervarya cancrivora)

1. Mention and explain the differences between male and female frogs!
Answer:
The difference between male and female frogs is that there is a body shape, a saccus
vocalis, and the presence or absence of a nuptial pad. Male frogs have a smaller body
than female frogs. Male frogs have a saccus vocalis so they can make sounds to attract
the attention of females, whereas females are not found. This also applies to the
male's nuptial pad to grip the female's body during mating and in female frogs it is not
found.

2. Frogs only have 1 ventricle, this condition potentially lead to hypoxia problem, but
that never happened, how frog solved this hypoxia problem?
Answer:
The circulation of frogs includes double and closed circulation. Pulmonary blood
circulation, blood is pumped from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery, then
oxygen-rich blood will enter the left atrium. Systemic blood circulation, blood is
pumped from the ventricles into the aorta, arteries, capillaries, then nutrients and
oxygen are supplied to the cells. Carbon dioxide-rich blood returns to the heart
through the venules, veins and vena cava, and empties into the right atrium. This kind
of circulation is considered ineffective and efficient because oxygen-rich blood is
mixed with carbon dioxide-rich blood in the ventricles. The respiratory system in
frogs with lungs is not as good as the lungs in mammals. The blood circulation and
respiratory system of frogs using the lungs are not yet good, it does not rule out
hypoxia. To overcome hypoxia, the frog's body will experience physiological
adaptations, namely by increasing the heart rate. The respiratory system and the
cardiovascular system are interconnected. The respiratory system provides oxygen
while blood with its Hb supplies oxygen at the tissue and cell levels. When the body's
 activity is high, there is an increase in the heart rate, which is accompanied by an
increase in the respiratory rate. Increasing the frequency of the heart rate, it is hoped
that the blood supply containing O2 at the tissue level can be increased so that oxygen
homeostasis is maintained and hypoxic events can be avoided. Frogs will be more
adaptable to their environment, so that through this hypoxia can be overcome by
frogs.

3. Why is the skin surface of frogs is smoother than toads? Explain!

Answer:
Frog skin is smoother than that of toads. The skin of the frogs is always covered with
mucus, so the skin is always moist. Its function is as a place for gas exchange when
the frogs use the skin as a means of breathing, without the presence of mucus on the
frog's skin the diffusion process on the surface of the skin cannot occur. When the
frog is in a humid place or is in water, the frog's lungs cannot function, so the skin is
used as a substitute for the lungs to breathe in water. Blood will not flow to the lungs,
but will flow directly into the capillaries near the surface of the skin. On the surface of
the skin there is a process of gas diffusion where oxygen will enter the mucus and
pass to the skin until it is bound by blood capillaries under the skin surface, while
carbon dioxide will be released in the opposite way. That is why frog skin is always
wet, it is because frogs need mucous membranes to help the process of breathing
while in the water. This is also influenced by the place where they live, frogs are more
often in water while toads are more often in drier places. Both skin surfaces are
actually equipped with a number of glands that play a role in mucus secretion, but in
frogs it remains more moist. The skin in frogs is well vascularized so that it can be
used as a means of exchange and acts as a breathing apparatus previously described.

4. Female frogs don’t have saccus vocalis. Based on the fact, do female frogs can
produce sound? explain!
Answer:
Male frogs of many species have a succus vocalis (voice pocket) which opens on the
front of the ostium pharyngeum auditivae eustachil. The voice pocket can be
expanded and deflected to give rise to the sound which is usually used during kawi
season to attract females. However, female frogs were not found to have a saccus
 vocalis, so that female frogs could only produce sounds with small intensity, not
aligned and pitched like male frogs.

5. Do male and female frogs have corpus adiposum? Please describe the structure and
tell the function of corpus adiposum!
Answer:
Corpus adiposum is owned by both male and female frogs but is sometimes not
found. The corpus adiposum is a fat body surrounding the gonads, usually filling the
abdominal cavity, and visible from the lateral side. In male frogs, the testes number a
pair, yellowish white hanging by the mesortium. Caudally there is the corpus
adiposum, located posterior to the abdominal cavity. Then in females, the ovaries are
a pair, cranial a yellow fat tissue (Corpus adiposum). Both the ovary and the corpus
adiposum originate from the gametal plica, gonalis, and progonalis respectively. The
function of the corpus adiposum has a role including energy storage (in the form of
fat) to meet the daily needs of frogs, lipid metabolism, endocrine regulation, and
immunity.

6. Explain the dissection process on frog!

Answer:
Before surgery for the frogs, the frogs to be used are killed by being sedated with
chloroform and put in a closed container and waiting for the frog to die. The scissors
are held using the right hand while the tweezers are used with the left hand. The
starting point of surgery is near the cloaca, where the skin is clamped. Then it is
operated in the direction of the anterior lateral. Its direction is anterior to its end point
until it approaches the mandibulla or mandible. Once the skin is exposed, it can be cut
to make it easier to observe. Surgery of the muscles of the posterior limb. First make a
small incision in the femur, then skin the femur first. The direction is posteriorly from
the femur to the crus, use tweezers to make it easier to peel the frog's skin but don't
damage or hit the muscles because that is what we will observe. Do it on both sides.
When finished peeling the posterior extremities. We can observe the anatomy of the
muscles. The second surgery is on the in-situ viscera to continue the initial steps. We
pinch the ventral muscles using tweezers, then cut or surgery from the one near the
cloaca in the direction of the anterior lateral until it approaches the mandibulla or the
lower jaw of the frog. If the blade is cut completely, the muscle can be cut and
 removed to make viewing the in-situ viscera easier. Observe the organs contained in
it.

7. Why can frogs jump higher than the toads? explain!

Answer:
Frogs can jump higher than toads because frogs have limbs or posterior extremities
that are stronger, slender, and longer than toads, whose hind limbs are fuller and
shorter. The frog's jump can be longer than its body. Toads usually move on all fours.
If jumping, the jump is shorter than the length of the body. The strong and long legs /
extremities of the posterior make it easier for the frog to move when jumping.

8. Tell the different between frogs and toads

Answer:
No. Characteristic Frog Toad
1. Skin surface Moist & smoother Tends to be drier &
pimples
2. Parotid glands do not have Have
3. Posterior extremity Longer Shorter
measures
4. Web Have A few species only
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Morphology of Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Drawing details:

1. Caput
2. Palpebra superior
3. Nares eksterna
4. Cavum oris
5. Membrana nictitans.
6. Organon visus.
7. Palpebra inferior
8. Tympanic membrane
9. Truncus
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Morphology of Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Drawing Details:

1. Digiti anterior
2. Brachium.
3. Antebrachium.
4. Mannus.
5. Femur
6. Crus
7. Pes
8. Web
9. Digiti posterior
10. Anterior extremity
11. Posterior extremity
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Mouth Anatomy of Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Drawing Details:

1. Nares interna.
2. Os. Vomer.
3. Palatum durum.
4. Tuba eustacius (Choane).
5. Esophagus
6. Glottis.
7. Palatum molle.
8. Lingua
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Digestive System of Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Drawing Details:

1. Ductus hepaticus.
2. Esofagus (Esophagus).
3. Ductus cysticus.
4. Vesica fellea.
5. Ductus choleodochus.
6. Pankreas.
7. Gastrum.
8. Deudenum.
9. Intestine.
10. Colon.
11. Rectum.
12. Cloaca
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Viscera In-situ Anatomy of Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Drawing Details:

1. Atrium.
2. Ventrikel.
3. Pulmo.
4. Hepar.
5. Corpus adiposum.
6. Gastrum.
7. Intestine.
8. Ovisac.
9. Cloaca
10. Vesica urinaria.
11. Cor
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Muscle Anatomy of Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)

Drawing Details:

1. Musculus deltoideus.
2. Musculus pars epicoracoid.
3. Musculus pars sternalis.
4. Musculus pars abdominalis.
5. Inscriptio tendinae
6. Musculus rectus abdominis.
7. Musculus obliqus internus.
8. Linea alba.
9. Musculus obliqus externus.
10. Tulang femur (Femur bone).
11. Musculus tricep femoris.
12. Musculus Sartorius.
13. Musculus gracilis mayor.
14. Musculus gracilis minor.
15. Musculus adductor magnus.
16. Musculus gastrocnemius.
17. Musculus tibialis posticus
18. Musculus tibialis anticus brevis.
19. Musculus tibialis anticus longus.
20. Tibiofibula bone