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UNIVERSAL BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES  binds both health practitioner and patient in an

association of truth

OUTLINE Two Approaches of Truth Telling (Joseph Fletcher)


I. Universal Bioethical Principles
1. Person-centered: considers patient as a person with
II. Autonomy
a problem, but not as a problem himself/herself.
III. Beneficence
IV. Nonmaleficence 2. Problem-centered: considers the patient’s condition,
V. Veracity illness or diseases.
VI. Benevolent Deception
VII. Confidentiality Types of Relationships (Martin Buber)
VIII. Fidelity 1. “I-it”- it is a relationship that describes a person’s
IX. Justice relationship with things, objects, or “its”
X. Principle of Doubt Effect 2. “I-THOU”- defines our relationship with other
XI. Principle of Stewardship persons or subject
XII. Principle of Cooperation
XIII. Principle of Ordinary and Extraordinary
Justification of Truth Telling
Means
1. It is argued that our human and moral quality as
XIV. Principle of Personal Sexuality
persons is taken away from us if we are denied
whatever knowledge is available about our condition
A. AUTONOMY as patient.
2. As patient, we have entrusted to the physician any
 This principle marks the significance of individual knowledge he has about ourselves, so the facts
autonomy which mandates a strong sense of (findings) are ours and not his, hence, to deny them
personal responsibility for one’s own life. to us is to steal from us.
3. The highest conception of the physician-patient
relationship is a personalistic one which is based on
B. BENEFICENCE
mutual confidence and respect for each other’s
 The practice of doing acts of goodness, kindness and
rights.
charity.
4. To deny a patient pertinent knowledge about himself,
 The beneficence principle states “do no harm and
especially in a life and death situation, is to deprive
produce the good” or “do good and do no harm”.
him the ample time to prepare for his own death or to
carry out responsibilities that are based solely on his
C. NONMALEFICENCE decisions or actions.
 Hippocratic Oath: “I will never use treatment to injure
or wrong the sick”. BENEVOLENT DECEPTION
 This seems to be like the duty of beneficence, where  Practitioner is allowed to intentionally withhold
the practitioner work to maximize the good for the information based on his/her “sound medical
patient and to minimize harm judgment” that to divulge the information might
potentially harm the depressed and unstable patient
BENEFICENCE & NONMALEFICENCE for an unpleasant fact.

 Do good E. CONFIDENTIALITY
 Act in a way that + Do NOT cause harm  Is an important aspect of the trust that patients place
benefits patients + PREVENT harm in health care professionals.
 Centerpiece of + REMOVE harm
caring + More binding than
 Closely related to
CONFIDENTIALITY VS. PRIVACY
beneficence
 Privacy – refers to the right of an individual to control
nonmaleficence - Because you’re going
What is “good?” beyond just trying to the personal information or secrets that are disclose
do good to that pt., to others.
you’re trying to  Confidentiality – demands nondisclosure of private
prevent harm or secret information about another person with
which one is entrusted
D. VERACITY
 relates to the practice of telling the truth

CANSICO, FUERZAS, MELLO, VILLOTE, GAMULO BSN 2D 1


JUSTIFICATIONS of Violation of Confidentiality I. PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP
a. When keeping the secret would be detrimental to the  it refers to the expression of one’s responsibility to
common good. take care of, nurture, and cultivate what has been
b. When the subject of the secret intends to inflict grave entrusted to him
injury upon an innocent third party. - personal
c. When it is necessary for the subject of the secret to - social
avert grave injury. - ecological
d. When it is necessary for the one keeping the secret - biomedical
to avoid grave injury.
“A member of the human body is to be disposed of according
as it may profit the whole.. if a member is healthy and
F. FIDELITY continuing its natural stare, it cannot be cut off to the detriment
 Loyalty, trustworthiness, reliability, faithfulness of the whole” - St. Thomas Aquinas
 It requires that health care practitioner should
practice faithfully within the constraints of the role. J. PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION

G. JUSTICE  cooperation comes from the latin word cum which


 Rendering of what is due or merited means “with” and operari which means “to work”
 Cooperation is working with another in the
TWO TYPES OF JUSTICE performance of an action.

1. Comparable Justice PRINCIPLE OF ORDINARY AND EXTRAORDINARY


MEANS
 what a particular patient receives is determined by
the gravity of the condition or need  it is generally held that one can forgo extraordinary
2. Noncomparable Justice means of continuing life but is obliged to continue
ordinary means of care
 distribution of goods/ resources is determined by a  “Life, health, and earthly actions are allocated, and
certain standard thus subordinate, to spiritual purposes. Death is seen
as an integral element of life, since according to
Christian beliefs death is not the end but transition of
CRITERIA OF DISTRIBUTION new life” - Pope Pius XII

1. Criteria of Inclusion (Selection of Candidates) ORDINARY VS. EXTRAORDINARY


 Ordinary means are all medicines, treatments, and
A. Constituency operations that offer a reasonable hope of benefit
 Is the person a member of the community? and that can be obtained without excessive
B. Progress of Science expense, pain or other inconvenience.
 Extraordinary means are all medicines, treatments,
 Can new knowledge be gained from the case?
and operations cannot be obtained or used without
C. Success excessive expense, pain, or other inconvenience or
 is the treatment effective that, if used, would not offer a reasonable hope of
benefit.
2. Criteria of comparison
PRINCIPLE OF PERSONALIZED SEXUALITY
A. The likelihood of successful treatment compared with
others in the group  Take note of a humanized sexuality, one that
represents the fulfillment of physical and sensual
B. Life expectancy of the person need but also evidenced with love and sacramental
mystery.
C. The person’s family role

D. The potential of the person in making future


contribution

E. The person’s record of service or contribution


REFERENCES

3. Random Selection (James Childress) I. Notes from: Mrs. Eriadno’s PPT

A. First come first serve basis

B. Lottery

H. PRINCIPLE OF DOUBT EFFECT

 an act is foreseen to have both good and bad effects

CANSICO, FUERZAS, MELLO, VILLOTE, GAMULO BSN 2D 2

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