Ruihs Nhfhmhd

R@RHM _H\JCRJ\HM CZR\KRK@C (R_C)

BK UZUZC @MJD 1

FJM@N_@F KW 1

HUYH\ DHUHC (@8L8 <? ??5)

MKCBH _\KH\RK (@8L8 <? ?84)

\HDNHYHRK DHMKGHD (@8L8 <? ?<;)

\KH HIZU KF@ (@8L8 <? ?58)

GHFZMRHU GH\NHUK

_\@I\HN URZBK _JCBKBKFHC _\@GJUK H_@RJFJ\ 

ZCKWJ\UKRHU DHMZ @MJ@

<?<8
 

FHRH _JCIHCRH\ 

_uak syufur fkth phcahtfhc hths fjdhbkrht Hmmhd UYR. Hths ljrfht rhdnht bhc dkbhyhd-Cyh
sjdkcih pjnluhthc nhfhmhd kck bhpht tjrsjmjshkfhc sjlhihknhch njstkcyh. Uhmhwht bhc shmhn
sjn`ihh tjthp tjreurhd fjphbh \hsumummhd
sjn`i \hsumummhd Nudhnnhb
Nudhnnhb UHY., fjphbh
fjphbh shdhlht-shdhlhtc
shdhlht-shdhlhtcyh
yh bhc
fjphbh unhtcyh dkciih hfdkr zhnhc.

_jrthnh-thnh tjrknh fhskd pjcumks uehpfhc fjphbh b`sjc bhc tjnhc-tjnhc yhci tjmhd
njnlhctu bhc njnljrkfhc pjcijthduhc fjphbh fhnk sjdkciih nhfhmhd kck bhpht tjrsjmjshkfhc
bjcihc aubum ”R`thm _hrjctjrhm Cutrktk`c(R_C)„

Nhfhmhd kck nhskd ahud bhrk fjsjnpurchhc, bhc akfh hbh fjshmhdhc bhmhn dhm ksk bhc
 pjcyusuchcyh, pjcumks ljrdhrhp shrhc bhc frktkffhc yhci lhkf bhrk phrh pjnlheh bjnk

fjsjnpurchhc nhfhmhd kck fjbjphc

fjsjnpurchhc fjbjphccyh.
cyh. Hfdkr fhth, sjn`ih
sjn`ih nhfhmhd
nhfhmhd kck bhpht ljrnhcghht
ljrnhcghht lhik
fkth sjnuh.

\hdh, ?4 Nhrjt <?<8

Rkn _jcumks
 

BHGRH\ KUK

FHRH _JCIHCRH\ ...................................................................................... <

BHGRH\ KUK ..................................................................................................... 5

LHL K _JCBHDZMZHC ................................................................................. 2

H. _jcbhdumuhc
_jcbhdumuhc .............
....................
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
...................
...........................
.............. 2
L. Ruauhc......
Ruauhc.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
...........
.... :
E. \unushc
\unushc Nhshmhd
Nhshmhd ..............
....................
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
............................
........................
... :
LHL KK RKCAHZHC
RKCAHZHC _ZURHFH
_ZURHFH .................................................................. .. 7
......................................................... ...........

H. R`thm _hrjctjrhm
_hrjctjrhm Cutrktk`c
Cutrktk`c (R_C).......
(R_C)..............
..............
.............
.......................
.............................
............ 7
L. Ajcks Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjctj
_hrjctjrhm
rhm R`thm.....
R`thm............
..............
..............
.............
.............
.................
.........................7
...............7
E. Dhm yhci pjrmu bkpjrdhtkfh
bkpjrdhtkfhc
c sjmhnh
sjmhnh pjnljr
pjnljrkhc....
khc..........
................
..........................4
................4
B. Ajcks-ajck
Ajcks-ajckss Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm..
_hrjctjrhm........
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
................4
..........4
J. Ruauhc
Ruauhc _jnljrkh
_jnljrkhc
c Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm..
_hrjctjrhm.........
..............
..............
.............
..........................
.....................88
.88
G. Kcbkfhsk
Kcbkfhsk Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjctj
_hrjctjrhm..
rhm.........
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..................88
...........88
I. F`csjp
F`csjp yhci
yhci _jrmu
_jrmu Bkshnhfhc
Bkshnhfhc Njcijchk
Njcijchk Cutrks
Cutrkskk _hrjctjr
_hrjctjrhm.............8<
hm.............8<
D. E`ct`d Ujbkhhc......
Ujbkhhc.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
............................
..............................8<
.........8<
K. Ahmur Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm..
_hrjctjrhm.........
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
...................
............... 82

LHL KKK _JCZRZ_ ........................................................................................ 84

H. Fjsknpumh
Fjsknpumhc.......
c..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
....... 84

BHGRH\ _ZURHFH …................................................................................. 8;

 

LHL K

_JCBHDZMZHC

H. Mhth
Mhthrr Ljm
Ljmhf
hfhc
hci
i
Bufucihc cutrksk njruphfhc suhtu lhikhc yhci tkbhf lksh bkpkshdfhc bhrk nhchajnjc
d`mkstkf tjruthnh uctuf phskjc yhci shfkt frktks `mjd fhrjch tkcbhfhc ljbhd hthu c`c ljbhd.
_hbh lhcyhf fhsus fjhbhhc phskjc njnluruf hthu lksh njckciihm yhci lufhc bksjlhlfhc
`mjd pjcyhfkt uthnh chnuc sjlhihk f`npmkfhsk sjfucbjr bhrk nhmcutrksk. Dhm kck pjctkci
 lhik phrh fmkcksk uctuf njnhdhnk pjrulhdhc njthl`mksnj tulud yhci tjrahbk phbh pr`sjs
tjrsjlut. Dhm pjctkci mhkc yhci tkbhf lksh bkmuphfhc hbhmhd lhihknhch njcbufuci phskjc
bjcihc cutrksk yhci lhkf. Cutrksk jctjrhm njruphfhc pkmkdhc pjrthnh uctuf phskjc, chnuc
 akfh hbh f`ctrhkcbkfhsk, dhrus sjmhmu bkpjrtknlhcifhc uctuf njciiuchfhc cutrksk
c utrksk phrjctjrhm
(Uuryh L, <??7).

 Cutrksk sjpjrtk dhmcyh `fskijc bhc ehkrhc sjchctkhsh bklutudfhc `mjd tulud. _jcbjrkth
yhci tkbhf bhpht nhfhc hthu tkbhf l`mjd nhfhc dhrus tjthp njcbhpht nhsufhc cutrksk
njmhmuk ehrh jctjrhm (pkph chs`ihstrkf) hthu ehrh phrjctjrhm (kctrhvjch). Cutrksk phrjctjrhm
tkbhf njciihctkfhc gucisk hmhnkhd usus, fhrjch ktu dhcyh njruphfhc ahmhc pkcths sjnjcthrh
shnphk usus ljrgucisk c`rnhm fjnlhmk (\hnmk, <??;).
Rjfckf cutrksk phrjctjrhm njnhci tkbhf nubhd bhc pjcud mkfu-mkfu nhshmhd lk`fknkh
bhc gksk`m`ik.
gksk`m`ik. Auih dhrih rjmhtkvj nhdhm tjthpk
tjthpk akfh bkiuchfhc bjcihc ljchr phbh pjcbjrkth
yhci tjpht, phbh hfdkrcyh hfhc bhpht bkdjnht mjlkd lhcyhf lkhyh yhci sjnjstkcyh fjmuhr 
uctuf hctklk`tkf bhc whftu tkciihm bkrunhd shfkt. E`ct`d fjshmhdhc yhci nhskd lhcyhf 
bktjnufhc
bktjnufhc bkrunhd shfkt yhktu pjnljrkhc
pjnljrkhc pr`tjkc
pr`tjkc thcph fhm`rk fhrl`dkbrht
fhrl`dkbrht yhci eufup bhc
 pjnljrkhc ehkrhc njmhmuk vjch pjrkgjr bknhch `sn`mhrkths ehkrhc tjrsjlut mjlkd bhrk ;?? n
@sn`m yhci sjdhruscyh njmhmuk vjch sjctrhm. Akfh frksks fhthl`mksnj fjekm sjbhci tulud
njnpucyhk eufup ehbhcihc tkbhf tknlum nhshmhd hphpuc. _jcbjrkth bjwhsh nubhd sjdht
bjcihc sthtus ikzk yhci lhkf, bhpht njcahmhck pjnljbhdhc, puhsh :-9 dhrk sjtjmhd `pjrhsk
sjnlud bhc pumhci bjcihc sjmhnht dhcyh bjcihc fjruikhc pjcuruchc ljrht lhbhc. Rjthpk
 phbh fjcyhthhccyh mjlkd lhcyhf pjcbjrkth yhci f`cbksk hwhmcyh subhd ajmjf (ljrht lhbhc
furhci, fhbhr hmlunkc = 5,: ir/bm), uctuf pjcbjrkth kck puhsh puhsh phseh ljbhd/phseh

trhu
trhunh
nh :-9
:-9 dhrk
dhrk dhcyh
dhcyh njcbh
njcbhph
phtt kcgu
kcguss jm
jmjft
jftr`
r`mk
mktt su
subh
bhd
d eufup
eufup uc
uctu
tuf
f njce
njcejt
jtus
usfh
fhc
c
dkp`hm
dkp`hmlun
lunkcj
kcjnkh
nkh,, dhnlht
dhnlhthc
hc pjcyjnl
pjcyjnludh
udhcc mufh,
mufh, pjc
pjcuru
uruchc
chc bhyh
bhyh thdhc
thdhc tulud
tulud sjdkci
sjdkciih
ih
 

kcgjfs
kcgjfskk nubhd
nubhd njcyjlh
njcyjlhr.
r. Ujdkcii
Ujdkciihh lhcyhf
lhcyhf bkhcth
bkhcthrh
rh pjcbjrk
pjcbjrkth
th phseh
phseh ljbhd
ljbhd mhphrh
mhphrht`n
t`nkk
fhrjch pjrg`rhsk kmjun (typdus hlb`nkchmks), kcvhikchsk, v`mvumus, hthu djrckh kcfhrsjrhth
fj
fjnu
nubk
bkhc
hc njci
njcihm
hmhnk
hnk fj
fjl`e
l`e`r
`rhc
hc ah
ahdk
dkth
thc
c us
usus
us yh
yhci
ci njcy
njcyjl
jlhlf
hlfhc
hc pj
pjrk
rkt`
t`ck
cktk
tkss ht
hthu
hu
jctjr`gkstumh fj fumkt. Bjcihc lhctuhc cutrksk yhci lhkf pjcyumkt-pjcyumkt ghthm kck bhpht

bkdkcbhrk (\hnmk, <??;).

L. Ruauhc
8. Njcijt
Njcijthduk
hduk pjcijrt
pjcijrtkhc
khc bcutrks
bcutrkskk p
phrj
hrjctj
ctjrhm
rhm
<. Njci
Njcijt
jthdu
hdukk ajck
ajckss cutrk
cutrksk
sk phrj
phrjct
ctjr
jrhm
hm
5. Njcijt
Njcijthduk
hduk dhm
dhm yhci
yhci pjrmu
pjrmu bkpjr
bkpjrdht
dhtkfh
kfhc
c sjmhnh
sjmhnh pjnl
pjnljrk
jrkhc
hc
2. Njcijt
Njcijthduk
hduk tuauhc
tuauhc pjnl
pjnljrk
jrkhc
hc cutrk
cutrksk
sk phrj
phrjctj
ctjrhm
rhm
:. Njcijt
Njcijthduk
hduk kcbkfh
kcbkfhsk
sk cutrks
cutrkskk phrjct
phrjctjrh
jrhmm
7. Njcijt
Njcijthduk
hduk f`csjp yhci pjrmu bkshnhfhc
bkshnhfhc njcijchk
njcijchk cutrksk
cutrksk phrjctjrhm
phrjctjrhm
9. Njci
Njcijt
jthd
hduk
uk e`c
e`ct`
t`d
d sjbk
sjbkhh
hhc
c
4. Njci
Njcijt
jthdu
hdukk ahmu
ahmurr cutrk
cutrksk
sk phr
phrjc
jctj
tjrh
rhmm
E. \un
\unus
ushc
hc Nhsh
Nhshmh
mhd
d
8. Hph
Hph ktu cut
cutrk
rksk
sk phrj
phrjct
ctjr
jrhm
hm00
<. Hph shah
shah ajcks
ajcks cutrks
cutrkskk phrjc
phrjctjr
tjrhm0
hm0
5. Hphfhd dhm
dhm yhci pjrmu
pjrmu bkpjrdht
bkpjrdhtkfhc
kfhc sjmhnh
sjmhnh pjnljrkhc
pjnljrkhc cutrks
cutrkskk phrjctjrh
phrjctjrhm0
m0
2. Hph tuauh
tuauhc
c pjnljrk
pjnljrkhc
hc cutrks
cutrkskk phrjctj
phrjctjrhm
rhm00
:. Hph kcbk
kcbkfhs
fhskk bhrk
bhrk cutrks
cutrkskk phrjct
phrjctjrh
jrhm0
m0
7. Hph shah
shah f`csjp yhci pjrmu
pjrmu bkshnhfhc
bkshnhfhc njcijchk
njcijchk cutrksk
cutrksk phrjctjr
phrjctjrhm0
hm0

9. Hph shah e`ct`d sjbkhhc

sjbkhhc bhrk
bhrk cutrks
cutrkskk phrjctj
phrjctjrhm0
rhm0
4. Hph shah
shah ahmur
ahmur pjnljr
pjnljrkhc
khc cutrks
cutrkskk phrjctj
phrjctjrhm
rhm00
B.
 

LHL KK
RKCAHZHC _ZURHFH
H. R`thm _hrjctjrhm Cutrktk`c (R_C)

 Cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm njruphfhc suhtu ljctuf pjnljrkhc cutrksk ljrkskfhc

nhfr`cutrkjc bhc nkfr`cutrkjc yhci bkljrkfhc mhcisuci thcph njmhmuk shmurhc pjcejrchhc,
njmhkcfhc
njmhkcfhc sjehrh kctrhvjch ([umkhch, <??;). Cutrksk phrjctjrhm
phrjctjrhm t`thm lkhshcyh ljrkskfhc
ljrkskfhc
fhrl`dkbrht, pr`tjkc, mjnhf, hshn hnkc`, jmjftr`mkt, vkthnkc bhc nkcjrhm yhci bkljrkfhc
fjtkfh phskjc tkbhf njcjrknh hsuphc cutrksk bhmhn ljctuf mhkc (Lhku bhc Uphkc, <?8;) uctuf 
njnjcu
njnjcudk
dk fjlutud
fjlutudhc
hc cutrk
cutrksk
sk phskjc
phskjc yhci tkbhf
tkbhf nhnpu
nhnpu njcif`
njcif`csu
csunsk
nsk hthu
hthu njcyjr
njcyjrhp
hp
nhfhchc sjehrh hbjfuht njmhmuk shmurhc pjcejrchhccyh (ihstr`kctjstkchm) sjmhnh nkcknhm :
dkciih 9 dhrk. _jnljrkhc cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm bkkcbkfhskfhc tjrdhbhp fjm`np`f phskjc
yhci tkbhf nhnpu, tkbhf l`mjd, hthu tkbhf nhu nhfhc sjdkciih tkbhf nhnpu njnjcudk
fjlutudhc cutrkskcyh sjehrh pjr`rhm bhc uctuf njcucahci gucisk `rihc pjrtunludhc lhyk
bknhsh bjphc (Djcbhrt` jt hm., <?876 Zcijr bhc D`mzirhlj, <?84).
Ujbkhhc cutrksk phrjctjrhm lkhshcyh bkljrkfhc uctuf phskjc bjcihc f`cbksk shmurhc
ejrch
ejrch yhci
yhci tkbhf
tkbhf bhpht
bhpht ljrguc
ljrgucisk
isk bjcihc
bjcihc lhkf
lhkf hfklht
hfklht ljrlhih
ljrlhihkk f`cbksk
f`cbksk fmkcks
fmkcks sjpjrt
sjpjrtkk
nhmg`rnhsk kctjstkchm, ljbhd shmurhc ejrch, jctjr`f`mjtks cjftr`tkfhc, bkstrjss pjrchghshc,
 phskjc bjcihc DKW/HKBU (@BDH), phskjc fhcfjr, sjrth uctuf njcucahci tunlud fjnlhci
 lhyk bhc njciurhcik ihciiuhc pjrtunludhc bhc fjrushfhc pjrnhcjc `thf phbh lhyk
 prjnhtur (Ykbkhsh jt hm., <?87).
L. Aj
Ajcks
cks Cutrk
Cutrksk
sk _hrj
_hrjct
ctjrh
jrhmm R`th
R`thmm

Ajcks cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm tjrbkrk hths buh yhktu cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm pjrkgjrhm bhc
cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm sjctrhm
8. Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjctjrh
_hrjctjrhmm R`thm _jrkgjrhm
_jrkgjrhm
 Cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm pjrkgjrhm hbhmhd cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm yhci bkljrkfhc
njmhmuk hfsjs pjrkgjr. Cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm pjrkgjr bkiuchfhc uctuf njnljr cutrksk
fjphbh phskjc bhmhn whftu yhci skcifht (9-8? dhrk). Hphlkmh cutrksk phrjctjrhm t`thm
bklutudfhc bhmhn ahcifh whftu yhci mjlkd phcahci nhfh mhruthc mjnhf bkthnlhdfhc.
Dhm kck ljrtuauhc uctuf njnljrkfhc jcjriy mjlkd bhc njcejihd fjfurhcihc hshn mjnhf 
jsjcskhm (D`mnhc, 8;496 Ahued, jt hm, <??;).
 

Wjchh pjrkgj
Wjc pjrkgjrr bhpht
bhpht njcjrk
njcjrknh
nh mhruth
mhruthc
c kca
kcajfs
jfskk > ;?? n@sn/M
n@sn/M bhc sjsuhk
sjsuhk uctuf 
uctuf 
bkljrkfhc jnumsk mjnhf kctrhvjch yhci ks`t`cks bhc mhruthc bjfstr`sh dkp`fhm`rk (e`ct`d,
bjfstr`sh 8?%) (Kshhes, jt hm., 8;99). Wjch hfsjs pjrkgjr yhci sjrkci bkiuchfhc hbhmhd
vjch njthehrphm, b`rshm vjc`us hred,
hred, vjch sjghmkf bhc vjch lhskmkf (Uehmjs, <??:).

Ihnlhr 8. Wjch hfsjs pjrkgjr phbh thcihc (Uehmjs, <??:)

Ihnlhr <. Wjch hfsjs pjrkgjr phbh pjrnufhhc mjcihc (Uehmjs, <??:)
 

<. Cutrksk
Cutrksk _hrjct
_hrjctjrhm
jrhm R`thm Ujctrhm
Ujctrhm
_jnljrkhc njmhmuk vjch sjctrhm ljrskght mjlkd pjrnhcjc bhrkphbh pjnljrkhc sjehrh
 pjrkgjr. Wjch sjctrhm bhpht njcjrknh mhruthc bjcihc `sn`mhrkths tkciik bhc v`munj
mhruthc yhci mjlkd lhcyhf bhpht bkljrkfhc phbh shtu whftu. _jnljrkhc sjctrhm

njciiuchfhc suhtu tkpj tulj fhtjtjr yhci bkphshci phbh vjch bklhwhd tumhci sjmhcifh
(vjch auiumhrks hthu vjch sulfmhvkhc) sjtjmhd bk`pjrhsk.
b k`pjrhsk. Hphlkmh ahrun suctkf ljrhbh
bkbhmhn tulud, bk lhwhd fumkt,
f umkt, sjmhmu tjrbhpht rjskf` kcgjfsk yhci njnhsufk bhrhd bhc
njcyjlhlfhc sjptksjnkh. Kcgjfsk kck ljrskght shciht sjrkus. Akfh kcgjfsk tjrahbk, sjmhci
kcgus yhci bkphshci dhrus bkfjmuhrfhc bhc cutrksk phskjc bkdjctkfhc (D`mnhc, 8;496
_hycj-Ahnjs bhc Fdhwhah, 8;;5).
E. Dhm [hci
[hci Dhrus
Dhrus Bkpjrdht
Bkpjrdhtkfhc
kfhc Ujmhnh
Ujmhnh _jnlj
_jnljrkh
rkhc
c
_jnljrkhc cutrksk phrjctjrhm ununcyh bknumhk phbh dhrk fj KKK phseh-ljbhd/trhunh.
Akfh fjhbhhc njnlutudfhc f`rjfsk cutrksk ejpht, nhfh pjnljrkhc phmkci ejpht <2 ahn
 phseh-trhunh/ljbhd. Akfh fjhbhhc rhiu bhpht bkmhfufhc pjnjrkfshhc fhbhr iumh. Akfh fhbhr
iumh bhrhd = <?? ni/bm phbh pjcbjrkth c`c bkhljtke, cutrksk phrjctjrhm bhpht bknumhk.
 Cutrksk phrjctjrhm tkbhf bkljrkfhc phbh fjhbhhc sjlhihk ljrkfut 1
- <2 ahn
ahn phse
phseh-
h-lj
ljbh
bhd/
d/tr
trhu
hunh
nh
- Ihihm chphs
- Ud`ef  
- Bjnhn tkciik
- Lr
Lrhk
hkc
c bjht
bjhtd
d (hm
(hmhs
hs hc e`
e`st
st-l
-ljcj
jcjgk
gkt)
t)

B. Aj
Ajcks
cks-Aj
-Ajcks
cks Cutr
Cutrksk
ksk _hr
_hrjct
jctjr
jrhm
hm
8. Mjnhf
Mkpkb bkljrkfhc sjlhihk mhruthc ks`t`cks yhci bhpht bkljrkfhc njmhmuk vjch pjrkgjr 
. Mkpkb
Mkpkb bkljrkfhc uctuf njcejihd
njcejihd bhc njci`rjfsk
njci`rjfsk bjgkskjcsk
bjgkskjcsk hshn mjnhf.
mjnhf. Ujlhikhc
 ljshr ljrhshm bhrk nkcyhf fhehci fjbjmhk, yhci f`np`cjc uthnhcyh hbhmhd mkc`mjke,
`mjke, phmnktke, mkc`mjcke,bhc stjhrke hekbs.
Fjtkfh njciiuchfhc sjbkhhc cutrksk ajcks kck Ahcihc njchnlhd sjsuhtu fj bhmhn
mhruthc jnumsk mjnhf. Mhmu pjrkfsh l`t`m tjrdhbhp jnumsk yhci tjrpkshd njcahbk mhpkshc
mhpkshc hthu ljrlukd, akfh bktjnufhc, ahcihc bkiuchfhc, bhc fjnlhmkfhc fj ghrnhsk,

 ahcihc njciiuchfhc KW gkmtjr fhrjch phrtkfjm bk jnumsk mjnhf tjrmhmu ljshr uctuf 
 

nhnp
nhnpu
u njmj
njmjwh
whtk
tk gkmt
gkmtjr
jr.. Rj
Rjth
thpk
pk gkmt
gkmtjr
jr 8.<
8.< νn ht
hthu
hu mj
mjlk
lkd
d lj
ljsh
shrr bk
bkiuc
iuchf
hfhc
hc uctuf 
uctuf 
njnucifkcfhc jnumsk mjnhf mjwht njmhmuk gkmtjr.
Iuchfhc mulhci hcikc fhrjch mhruthc kck tjrsjbkh bhmhn fjnhshc l`t`m fheh.
Ljrkfh
Ljrkfhc
c R_C kck phbh hwhmcy
hwhmcyhh 8 nm/njc
nm/njckt,
kt,n`ck
n`ckt`r
t`r vkthm
vkthm skic
skic sjtkhp
sjtkhp 8? njckt
njckt bhc

`lsjrvhsk jgjf shnpkci

`lsjrvhsk shnpkci phbh 5? njckt pjrthnh
pjrthnh pjnljrkhc.
pjnljrkhc. Akfh hbh rjhfsk yhci tkbhf 
tkbhf 
bkdhrhpfhc , sjijrh djctkfhc pjnljrkhc bhc ljrkthdu b`ftjr. Rjthpk akfh tkbhf hbh rjhfsk
yhci tkbhf bkdhrhpfhc,
bkdhrhpfhc, mhcautfhc
mhcautfhc fjejphthc pjnljrkhc
pjnljrkhc sjsuhk rjsjp. N`ckt`r
N`ckt`r sjrun
mkpkb 2 ahn sjtjmhd pjcidjctkhc pjnljrkhc, sjrth n`ckt`r tjrdhbhp tjs gucisk dhtk, uctuf 
njcijthduk fjihihmhc gucisk dhtk bhc fjtkbhfnhnpuhc dhtk njmhfufhc njthl`mksn
mjnhf.
_jnljrkhc mjnhf kctrhvjch sjmhkc sjlhihk sunljr hshn mjnhf jsjcskhm (tjruthnh
hshn mkc`mjht) auih sjlhihk sultrht sunljr jcjrik pjcbhnpkci fhrl`dkbrht tjruthnh
 phbh fhsus strjss yhci njckcifht. Lkmh mjnhf tkbhf bkljrkfhc bhmhn pr`irhn cutrksk
 phrjctjrhm t`thm ljrshnh sultrht mhkccyh nhfh bjgkskjcsk hshn mjnhf rhcthk phcahci hfhc
tjrahbk fkrh-fkrh phbh dhrk fjtuaud bjcihc ijahmh fmkckf ljrthdhc sjfkthr jnpht nkciiu.
Zctuf njcejihd fjhbhhc kck bkljrkfhc :?? nm jnumsk mjnhf 8? nm phmkci sjbkfkt < fhmk
sjnkciiu.
<. Fhrl`dkbrht
Ljljrhph ajcks fhrl`dkbrht yhci mhzkn njcahbk sunljr jcjrik bjcihc pjrljbhhc
 ahmur njthl`mksnjcyh hbhmhd 1 imuf`sh, gruft`sh, s`rlkt`fm, nhmt`sj, xymkt`m. Rkbhf 
sjpjrtk imuf`sh nhfh, lhdwh nhmt`sh ,gruft`sh ,shrlkt`m bhc xymkt`m uctuf njcjnlus

bkcbkci sjm tkbhf njnjrmufhc

bkcbkci njnjrmufhc kcsumkc. Nhmt`sh njsfk
njsfkpuc
puc tkbhf njnjrmufhc
njnjrmufhc kcsumkc
kcsumkc
uctuf nhsuf sjm , tjthpk pr`sjs
pr`sjs kctrhsjmm
kctrhsjmmumjr
umjr nutmhf nhskd njnjrmufhccyh
njnjrmufhccyh sjdkciih
nhmt`sj nhskd njnjrmufhc kcsumkc uctuf pr`sjs kctrhsjm. Bjnkfkhc pumh pjnljrkhc
gruft`sh yhci ljrmjlkdhc hfhc ljrhfklht furhci lhkf.
@mjd fhrjch ktu pjrmu bkfjthduk b`sks hnhc bhrk nhskci-nhskci fhrl`dkbrht 1
h. Imkf`sh
Imkf`sh ( Bjftr`s
Bjftr`sjj ) 1 7 irhn
irhn / FiLL
FiLL /Dhrk.
/Dhrk.
 l. Gruft`sh / Uhrlkt`m 1 5 irhn / Fi LL/dhrk.
e. Tymkt`m
Tymkt`m / nhmt`sj
nhmt`sj 1 8,: irhn /FiLL /dhrk.
/dhrk.
Ehnpurhc IGT ( Imuf`sh ,Igruft`sh, Tymkt`m ) yhci kbjhm sjehrh njthl`mkf hbhmhd
bjcihc pjrlhcbkcihc IJT > 21<18
 

5. _r`tjkc/ Hshn Hnkc`

Ujmhk
Ujmhkc
c fh
fhm`
m`rk
rk yh
yhci
ci bkpj
bkpjcud
cudkk bjcih
bjcihc
c fh
fhrl
rl`d
`dkb
kbrh
rhtt bh
bhc
c mj
mjnh
nhf
f , tu
tulu
lud
d nhsk
nhskd
d
njnjrmufhchshn hnkc` uctuf rjijcjrhsk sjm , jczyn bhc vksejrhm pr`tjkc. _jnljrkhc
 pr`tjkc / hshn hnkc` tkbhf uctuf njcahbk sunljr jcjrik Fhrjch ktu pjnljrkhc pr`tjkc /

hshn hnkc` dhrus bkmkcbucik fhm`rk yhci eufup, hihr hshn hnkc` yhci bkljrkfhc kck
tkbhf bklhfhr njcahbk jcjrik ( imuf`cj`ijcjsks). Ahcihc njnljrkfhc hshn hnkc` akfh
fjlutudhc fhm`rk ljmun bkpjcudk.
Bkpjrmufhc pjrmkcbucihc 8:? fehm ( fhrl`dkbrht ) uctuf sjtkhp irhn cktr`ijc ht
hthu
hu
<: fehm uctuf tkhp irhn hshn hnkc` . Fhm`rk bhrk hshn hnkc` ktu sjcbkrk tkbhf kfut
bhmhn pjrdktucihc fjlutudhc fhm`rk. Uhtu irhn C ( cktr`ijc ) sjthrh 7,<: irhn hshn
hnkc` hthu pr`tjkc akfh bkljrkfhc pr`tjkc 8 irhn/ fi > :? irhn / dhrk n
nhfh
hfh bkpjrmufhc
fhrl`dkbrht ( :?17,<: ) x 8:? fehm > 8<?? fehm hthu 5?? irhn.

2. Nkfr`cutrkjc bhc Knnuc`cutrkjc

_jnljr
_jnljrkhc
khc ehmsku
ehmskun,
n, nhicjs
nhicjskun
kun & g`sght
g`sght bkbhsh
bkbhshrfh
rfhc
c fjlutu
fjlutudhc
dhc sjtkhp
sjtkhp dhrk,
dhrk,
nhskci-nhskci1
8) Ehmekun 1 ?,< ― ?,5 njq/ fi LL/ dhrk
<) Nhicjskun 1 ?,5: ― ?,2: njq/ fi LL/ dhrk
5) G`sght 1 5? ― 2? nn`m/
nn`m/ dhrk
2) Qkcf 1 5 ― 8? ni/
ni/ dhrk
Rkih irup cutrkjct uthnh yhci tjrnhsuf bhmhn knnuc`cutrkjct hbhmhd1
8) Hnkc` hekbs (hrikckcj, imuthnkc,
imuthnkc, imyekc )
<) Ghtty hekb.
5) Cuemj`tkbj.
 Cutrkjct ― cutrkjct tjrsjlut bkhths hbhmhd kcirjbkjcts yhci njnjihci pjrhc
 pjctkci bhmhn pr`sjs ”w`ucb djhmkci„ pjckcifhthc skstjn knnucj bhc njcejihd
 pr`sjs kcgmhnhsk fjsjnuhcyh jssjcstkhm uctuf pr`sjs pjcyjnludhc yhci phbh phskjc-
 phskjc erktkehm kmm shciht njcuruc. F`nlkchsk bhrk cutrkjct-cutrkjct tjrsjlut bkhths, shht
kck bkthnlhdfhc bhmhn supp`rt cutrksk bjcihc chnh Knnucj N`cumhtkci Cutrktk`c
(KNC ) hthu knnuc`cutrktk`c.
E`ct`d mhruthc nkfr`cutrkjc sthcbhr1
Jmjn
Jmjnjc
jc bhsh
bhshrr Aunm
Aunmhd
hd
Qkce : ni
E`ppjr 8 ni
Nhcihcjsj ?.: ni
Edr`nkun 8? nei
 

Ujmjckun 7? nei
K`bkbj 9: nei
([hcuhr,<?8:).

J. RZAZHC _JNLJ\KHC CZR\KUK _H\JCRJ\HM

Hbhpuc tuauhc pjnljrkhc cutrksk phrjctjrhm hbhmhd sjlhihk ljrkfut1
8. Njcyjbkhfhc
Njcyjbkhfhc cutrksk
cutrksk lhik tulud njmhmuk kctrhvjch
kctrhvjch,, fhrjch tkbhf njnucifkcfhccyh
njnucifkcfhccyh
shmurhc ejrch uctuf njmhfufhc pr`sjs pjcejrchhc nhfhchc.
<. R`thm _hrjctjrhm
_hrjctjrhm Cutrktk`
Cutrktk`c c (R_C) bkiuchfhc phbh phskjcphskjc bjcihc mufh lhfhr yhci ljrht,
 phcerjhtktks ,kcgmhnnht`ry l`wjm sycbr`nj, kcgmhnnht`ry
kcgmhnnht`ry l`wjm bksjhsj,umejrhtkvj
e`mktks,heutj rjchm ghkmurj,djphtke ghkmurj,ehrbkhe bksjhsj, pjnljbhdhc bhc ehcejr.
5. Njcejihd
Njcejihd mjnhf suleuthc
suleuthc bhc `t`t bkiuchfhc
bkiuchfhc `mjd tulud uctuf njmhfufhc
njmhfufhc fhthl`mksnj
fhthl`mksnj
jcjriy.
2. Njnpjrthdh
Njnpjrthdhcfhccfhc fjlutudh
fjlutudhc c cutrksk
cutrksk
_jnljrkhc bhrk cutrksk phrjctjrhm bkbhshrfhc hths ljljrhph bhshr gksk`m`iks, yhfck1
- Hphlkmh
Hphlkmh bk bhmhn hmkrhc
hmkrhc bhrhd
bhrhd tkbhf tjreufupk
tjreufupk fjlutudhc
fjlutudhc cutrk
cutrkskcyh,
skcyh,fjfurh
fjfurhcihc
cihc
fhm`rk bhc cktr`ijc bhpht tjrahbk.
- Hphlkmh
Hphlkmh tjrahbk
tjrahbk bjgkskjcsk
bjgkskjcsk cutrksk,pr
cutrksk,pr`sjs
`sjs imuf`cj`ijcjs
imuf`cj`ijcjsks ks hfhc ljrmhcisuci
ljrmhcisuci bhmhn
tulud uctuf njciulhd pr`tjkc njcahbk fhrl`dkbrht.
- Fjlutudhc
Fjlutudhc fhm`rk
fhm`rk Furhci mjlkd 8:?? fhm`rk/dhrk
fhm`rk/dhrk,bkpjrm
,bkpjrmufhc
ufhc `mjd
`mjd rhth-rhth
rhth-rhth bjwhsh
uctuf njcejihd pr`tjkc bhmhn tulud uctuf bkiuchfhc.
- Fjlutu
Fjlutudhc
dhc fhm`
fhm`rk
rk njck
njckifh
ifhtt tjrahb
tjrahbkk phbh
phbh phskjc
phskjc bjci
bjcihc
hc pjcyh
pjcyhfkt
fkt
dkpjrnjthl`mksnj,gjvjr,kcaury,njnlutudfhc fhm`rk shnphk bjcihc 8?.???
fhm`rk/dhrk.
- _r`sjs
_r`sjs kck
kck njcyjbkh
njcyjbkhfhc fhc fhm`rk
fhm`rk yhci bklutudfhc
bklutudfhc bhmhn f`csjctrhsk
f`csjctrhsk yhci mhcisuci
mhcisuci fj
fj
bhmhn systjn kctrhvjch yhci sjehrh ejpht tjrbkmusk njcahbk cutrksk yhci tjpht sjsuhk
t`mjrhcsk tulud ([hcuhr, <?8:).
G. KCBKFHUK CZR\KUK _H\JCRJ\HM
Kcbkfhsk bhrk cutrksk phrjctjrhm sjlhihk ljrkfut 1
8. Ihciiuhc
Ihciiuhc hls`rls nhfhchc sjpjrtk phbh gkstumh
gkstumh jctjr`fuchtjus,
jctjr`fuchtjus, htrjskh
htrjskh kctjstkchm,
kctjstkchm, e`mktks
kcgjfsk`sh, `lstrufsk usus dhmus.
<. F`cbks
F`cbkskk bknhch
bknhch usus
usus dhrus
dhrus bkkstk
bkkstkrhd
rhdhtf
htfhc
hc sjpjrt
sjpjrtkk phbh phcerj
phcerjhtk
htktk
tkss ljrht,
ljrht, sthtus
sthtus prj
`pjrhtkg bjcihc nhmcutrksk ljrht, hcikch kctjstkchm, bkhrj ljrumhci.
5. Ihciiuhc
Ihciiuhc n`tkmkths
n`tkmkths usus sjpjrtk
sjpjrtk phbh kmjus
kmjus yhci ljrfjphcahcihc.
ljrfjphcahcihc.
2. Nhfhc
Nhfhc,, nuct
nucthd
hd tj
tjru
russ njcj
njcjru
rus,
s, ih
ihcii
ciiuh
uhc
c dj
djn`
n`bk
bkchn
chnkf
kf,, dk
dkpj
pjrj
rjnk
nksk
skss ir
irhv
hvkb
kbhr
hrun
un
(Ykryhch, <??9).
 

I. F@CUJ_ [HCI _J\MZ BKUHNHFHC NJCIJCHK CZR\KUK _H\JCRJ\HM

8. Njciiuchfhc
Njciiuchfhc vjch pjrkgjr
pjrkgjr uctuf
uctuf ehkrhc
ehkrhc pjfht.
pjfht.
@sn`mrkths pmhsnh 5?? n@sn`m . Wjch pjrkgjr bhpht njcjrknh
njcjrknh shnphk nhfsknhm
;?? n@sn`m
n@sn`m . Nhfkc tkciik `sn`mhrkths
`sn`mhrkths (nhfkc dkpjrt`cks)
dkpjrt`cks) nhfh nhfkc nubhd tjrahbk
tr`npd
tr`npdmjl
mjlktk
ktks,
s, lhdfhc
lhdfhc tr`nl`
tr`nl`jnl
jnlmk
mk.. Zctuf
Zctuf ehkrhc
ehkrhc 3 ;??-8?
;??-8???
?? n@sn,
n@sn, sjdhru
sjdhruscy
scyhh
bkiuchfhc vjch sjtrrhm (vjch ehvh, sulemhvkh, auiumhrks) bknhch hmkrhc bhrhd ljshr bhc t
ejpht bhpht njcijcejrfhc tjtjshc ehkrhc C_J yhci pjfht dkciih tkbhf bhpht sjnpht
njrushf bkcbkci vjch. Akfh tkbhf tjrsjbkh fhcumh vjch sjctrhm nhfh sjlhkfcyh bkpkmkd
b`sks rjcbhd (mhruthc jcejr) mjwht vjch pjrkgjr, bjcihc bjnkfkhc sjlhkfcyh sjljmun
njnljrkfhc ehkrhc C_J dhrus njnjrkfsh tjfhchc `sn`mhrkths ehkrhc tjrsjlut ( tjrehtht
bksjtkhp l`t`m ehkrhc ) Wjch fhfk tkbhf l`mjd bkphfhk fhrjch shciht nubhd bjjp vjkc
tr`nl`sks bjcihc rjskf` tjr`nl`jnl`mk yhci tkciik.
<. Njnljrkfhc
Njnljrkfhc pr`tjkc
pr`tjkc thnph
thnph fhm`rk fhrl`dkbr
fhrl`dkbrht
ht yhci eufup
Uunljr fhm`rk yhci uthnh bhc dhrus sjmhmu hbh hbhmhd bjftr`sj. @thf bhc jrktr`skt
nutmhf njnjrmufhc imuf`sh sjtkhp shht. Akfh tkbhf tjrsjbkh tjrahbk imucj`ijcjsks bhrk

sultrht mhkc. Fhm`rk nutmhf bkeufupk mjlkd bumu. Bkpjrmufhc bjfsr`sj 7 irhn /fi.dhrk
(5??
(5?? ir) uctuf fjlutu
fjlutudhc
dhc jcjrik
jcjrik lhshm
lhshm <: fehm/f
fehm/fi.
i. Hsh
Hshn
n hnkc`
hnkc` bklutu
bklutudfh
dfhc
c uctuf 
uctuf 
rjijcjrhsk sjm, skctjsks jcskn bhc vksjrhm pr`tjkc. Rjthpk pjnljrkhc hshn hnkc` dhrus
bkmkcb
bkmkcbucik
ucik fhm`
fhm`rk,
rk, hihr
hihr hshn
hshn hnkc`
hnkc` tjr
tjrsjl
sjlut
ut tkbhf
tkbhf bklhfh
bklhfhrr njcahb
njcahbkk jcjrik
jcjrik
(imuf`cj`ijcjsks) Rkhp irhn Cktr`ijc dhrus bkmkcbucik 8:? fehm ljruph fhrl`dkbrht.
Uhtu irhn Cktr`ijc sjthrh 7,<: irhn pr`tjtkc. _r`tjkc :? ir njnjrmufhc ( :? 1 7,<: ) x
8:? f ehm > 8<?? fehm hthu 5?? irhn fhrl`dkbrht. Fhm`rk bhrk hshn hnkc` ktu sjcbkrk
tkbhf kfut bhmhn pjrdktucihc fjlutudhc fhm`rk. Ahcihc njnljrkfhc hshn hnkc` akfh
fjlutudhc fhm`rk ljmun bkpjcudk.
5. Rkbhf
Rkbhf njmh
njmhfufh
fufhc
c pjrhw
pjrhwhth
hthc
c hsjpt
hsjptke
ke

_jcyumkt
_jcyum kt tr`nlpmjlk
tr`nlpmjlktks
tks fhrjch krkthsk vjch sjrkci
sjrkci bkkfutk
bkkfutk rhbhci/
rhbhci/ kcgjfsk.
kcgjfsk. _rjvhmjcsk
_rjvhmjcsk
kcgjfsk ljrfkshr hcthrh <-5? % Funhc sjrkci bktjnufhc hbhmhd gm`rh fumkt yhci tjrlhwh
nhsuf phbh pjcyumkt hthu ihctk pjcutup mufh kcgusj ([hcuhr, <?8:).
D. E@CR@D UJBKHHC
8. Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm R`thm
h. Emkcknkx C;I8:J
- Mhruthc
Mhruthc stjrkm,
stjrkm, c`c
c`c pkr`ijckf
pkr`ijckf uctuf
uctuf kcgus
kcgus kctrhvjch.
kctrhvjch. Bkfjnhs
Bkfjnhs bhmhn
bhmhn shtu
shtu fhct`ci
fhct`ci
bjcihc buh lhikhc1 shtu ljrksk mhruthc hshn hnkc` bjcihc jmjftr`mkt, lhikhc yhci
mhkc ljrksk imuf`sh
imuf`sh bjcihc fhmskun. Rjrsjbkh bhmhn ufurhc 8 mktjr 
- E`np`sktk`c1
 C ktr`ijc (i) 2.7 Hshn Hnkc` (i) <4 Imuf`sh 9: (i) 9: R`thm fhm`rk (ffhm) 28?
Fhm`rk imuf`sh (ffhm) 5?? Chtrkun (nn`m) 5: Fhmkun (nn`m) 5? Nhicjskun
 

(nn`m) <.: Fhmskun (nn`m) <.5 Hsjtht (nn`m) :? Fm`rkbh (nn`m) 2? G`sght
bhmhn D_@2― (nn`m) 8: pD 7 @sn`mhrkths (n@sn/m) 42:
 l. Nkc`guskc _hjb
- mhruth
mhruthc
c hshn hnkc` :% ljlhs fhrl`dk
fhrl`dkbrh
brht,
t, njcihcbu
njcihcbuci
ci jmjftr`m
jmjftr`mkt
kt bhc vkthnkc,
vkthnkc,
tjruthnh uctuf hchf-hchf bhc lhyk. Lhikhc bhrk mhruthc cutrksk phrjctjrhm phbh
 prjnhtur bhc lhyk. Njnljrk pr`tjkc pjnlhciuc, jmjftr`mkt, vkthnkc bhc hkr phbh
fhsus bk nhch pjnljrkhc pjr`rhm tkbhf eufup hthu tkbhf njnucifkcfhc, fhsus bk
nhch
nhch fjlut
fjlutudh
udhc
c pr`t
pr`tjk
jkc
c njck
njckcif
cifht
ht,, bj
bjgk
gksk
skjc
jcsk
sk pr
pr`t
`tjk
jkc
c hthu
hthu fh
fhth
thl`m
l`mks
ksnj
nj
 pr`tjkc. F`np`sksk1 Rkhp 8??? nm njcihcbuci1
M-Ks`mjuskc <.:88 i
M-Mjuskc <.9;? i
M-Mkskc <.?;< i
M-Njtk`ckc ?.;97 i
M-Gjckmhmhckc 8.485 i
M-Rrj`ckc 8.925 i
M-Rrkpt`ghc ?.::4 i
M-Whmkc <.?;< i
M-Hrikckc 5.249 i
M-Dkstkbkc ?.7;4 i
M-Hmhckc ;.<:2 i
M-Hsphrtke hekb 2.?2: i
 C-Hejtym-M-eystjkcj ?.87? i
M-Imuthnke hekb ;.:?? i
Imkskc 5.42: i
M-_r`mkc 2.84: i
 C-Hejtym-M-tyr`skcj ?.522 i
 Cke`tkchnkbj ?.?7? i
_krkb`fskc dkbr`fm`rkbh ?.?2? i
\kl`gmhvkc-:‼-pd`spdhtj ?.??<: i
s`bkun shmt
Fhmkun dkbr`fskbh 8.2?5 i
 Chtrkun dkbr`fskbh 8.<?? i
Fhmskun fm`rkbh ?.95: i
Nhicjskun hsjtht
 

<. Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm phrskhm

h. Ejr
Ejrcjvk
cjvktt
hbhmhd prjphrht numtkvkthnkc yhci mhrut bhmhn hkr nhupuc mjnhf (fjeuhmk
vkthnkc F) bkf`nlkchsk bjcihc nkxjb nkejmmjs (imye`ed`mke hekb bhc mjektdkc).
Njcikciht fjlutudhc vkthnkc tulud yhci nucifkc ljrfurhci fhrjch ljrlhihk
sktuhsk strjss (trhunh, ljbhd, mufh lhfhr, kcgjfsk) yhci bhpht njnpjrmhnlht pr`sjs
 pjcyjnludhc. E`np`sktk`c
Ujtkhp vkhm njcihcbuci1
\jtkc`m _hmnktht Hn`uct e`rrjsp`cbkci t` rjtkc`m 5.:?? KZ, Ed`mjehmekgjr`m
<<? KZ, BM hmpdht`e`pdjr`m 8?.<?? ni ,Hn`uct e`rrjsp`cbkci t` hmpdht`e`pdjr`m
88.<?? KZ,Hshn Hsf`rlht 8<:.??? ni, E`ehrl`xymhsj tjtrhdybrhtj :.4?? ni
,Hn`uct e`rrjsp`cbkci t` tdkhnkcj 5.:8? ni ,\kl`gmhvkcj s`bkun pd`spdhtj
bkdybrhtj :.79? ni ,Hn`uct e`rrjsp`cbkci t` rkl`gmhvkcj 2.82? ni, _yrkb`xkcj
Dybr`edm`rkbj :.:?? ni ,Hn`uct e`rrjsp`cbkci t` _yrkb`xkcj 2.:5? ni,
Eyhc`e`lhmhnkcj ?.??7 ni, Hshn G`mht ?.282 ni ,Bjxphctdjc`m 87.8:? ni,
Hn`uct e`rrjsp`cbkci t` _hct`tdjcke Hekb 89.<:? ni ,Lk`tkc ?.?7; ni,
 Cke`tkchnkbj 27.??? ni, Imkskc <:?.??? ni ,Imye`d`mke Hekb 82?.??? ni U`yh
Mjektdkc 88<.:?? ni, U`bkun dybr`xkbj q.s. pD>:.; ([hcuhr, <?8:).
K. Ah
Ahmu
murr Cut
Cutrk
rksk
sk _hr
_hrjcjctj
tjrh
rhmm
8. Ejctrhm
Ejctrhm _hrjctjrhm
_hrjctjrhm Cutrktk`c
Cutrktk`c (E_C)
(E_C)
h. Kcbkfhsk E_C
Kcbkfhsk ahmur vjch sjctrhm phbh phskjc phskjc yhci njnlutudfhc cutrksk phrjctjrhm1
- Cutrks
Cutrkskk phrjct
phrjctjrh
jrhmm bhmhn
bhmhn ahcif
ahcifhh whftu
whftu yhci mhnhmhnh
- Aahmur
Aahmur vjch pjrkg
pjrkgjr
jr tkbhf
tkbhf hbjfuh
hbjfuhtt
- Njnutu
Njnutudfhcdfhc cutrk
cutrksksk spjs
spjskgk
kgkf
f tjrtj
tjrtjctu
ctu
- Hfsjs vjch
vjch sjctrhm
sjctrhm tjmhd
tjmhd tjrsjbk
tjrsjbkh.h. Nkshmcyh
Nkshmcyh phbh
phbh phskjc
phskjc shfkt ljrht yhci
yhci bkrhwht
bkrhwht bk
KEZ bjcihc n`ckt`rkc tjfhchc vjch sjctrhm.
- Ahmur vjch pjrkgj
pjrkgjrr bkpjrfkrh
bkpjrfkrhfhc
fhc sumkt
sumkt uctuf
uctuf bkhfsjs
bkhfsjs bhc
bhc bkpjrthdh
bkpjrthdhcfhc
cfhc
- Ihihm
Ihihm njmh
njmhfuf
fufhchc hfsjs
hfsjs vjch pjrkgj
pjrkgjrr
- Njnlutudfhc
Njnlutudfhc v`munj v`munj cutrksk
cutrksk yhci ljshr.
ljshr. Nkshmcyh
Nkshmcyh phbh pjcbjrkth
pjcbjrkth gkstumh
gkstumh
jctjr`futhcjus bjcihc `utput tkciik (Uuryh L, <??7).
 l. F`cthrkcbkfhsk E_C
- \kwhth
\kwhthrr tr`n
tr`nl`s
l`sksks phbh
phbh vjch
vjch sjctrh
sjctrhmm
- Rjmhd njcihmhnk
njcihmhnk f`npmkf
f`npmkfhskhsk hfklht
hfklht fhtjtjrks
fhtjtjrkshsk
hsk vjch
vjch sjctrhm
sjctrhm..
- Ujehrh tjfcks,
tjfcks, fhcumhs
fhcumhskk phbh vjchvjch sjctrhm
sjctrhm bkpjrfk
bkpjrfkrhfhc
rhfhc sumkt
sumkt hthu
hthu ljrlhdhyh.
ljrlhdhyh.
Bhrk ljljrhph lhdhc fhtjtjr yhc tjrsjbkh, p`myurjtdrhcj bkhciihp sjlhihk lhdhc
yhci phmkci lhkf, njsfkpuc sjaunmhd mhp`rhc njcyjlutfhc hbhcyh fjrjthfhc hfklht
strjss mkcifucihc bhc fhmskgkfhskphbh pjnhfhkhc bhmhn whftu mhnh. Chnuc sjmhkc
 lhdhc fhtjtjr yhci kbjhm, yhci mjlkd pjctkci hbhmhd njmhfufhc fhcumhsk bjcihc

tjfckf yhci ljchr bhc pjrhwhthc yhci ejrnht.

e. Rjfck
jfckf
f Kcs
Kcsjr
jrsk
sk
 

Rjnpht fhcumhsk vjch sjctrhm yhci phmkci sjrkci hbhmhd

hbhmhd phbh vjch sulfmhvkh. Hbh <
njt`bj uthnh bhmhn njcihfsjs vjch kck yhktu njmhmuk1
- Kcgrhfmhvkfumh
Wjch sulfmhvkh njmjcifuci bk ljmhfhci fmhvkfumh bkhths sjinjc hctjrk`r

kih pjrthnh. _hbh tktkf kckmhd tjnpht yhci phmkci hnhc uctuf njcihfsjs
vjch sulfmhvkh. Mhcbnhrf tjnpht kcsjrsk vjch sulfmhvkh hbhmhd phbh bhjrhd
kcsjrsk nusfumus sfhmjcus hctjrk`r phbh tuljr`skths kih pjrthnh, yhci tjrmjthf
bkp`stjrk`r fmhvkfumh.
- Uuprhfmhvkfumh
Mhcbnhrf phbh fhcumhsk vjchsu lfmhvkh ahmur suprhfmhvkfumh sjruph
bjcihc ahmur kcgrhfmhvkfumh, fjeuhmk tjnpht kcsjrskcyh phbh subut hcthrh sksk
mhtjrhm nusfumus stjrfmjkb`nhst`kbjus bjcihc fmhvkfumh (Uuryh L, <??7)
b. _jrkpj
_jrkpjdjrh
djrhmmy
mmy Kcsjrtj
Kcsjrtjb
b Ejctrhm
Ejctrhm Ehtdjtjr
Ehtdjtjr (_KEE)
(_KEE)
_KEE hbhmhd fhcumhsk vjch sjctrhm njmhmuk vjch pjrkgjr, lkhshcyh bk bhjrhd g`sh
fulktk yhfck phbh vjch sjghmkfh hthu vjch lhskmkfh, njciiuchfhc fhtjtjr bkhnjtjr
fjekm, chnuc gmjfskljm bhc eufup phcahci (dkciih ;? en). Zctuf njcejihd
f`npmkfhsk pjrmu bkpjrdhtkfhc vksklkmkths bhc ufurhc vjch-vjch bk mjcihc, fjhbhhc
fmkcks, n`lkmkths bhc fjcyhnhchc phskjc, pjnhfhkhc ahcifh mhnh tkbhf kbjhm uctuf
njt`bj kck. _KEE tkbhf e`e`f lhik phskjc yhci dhrus bubuf bk fursk r`bh hthu
njnhfhk t`cifht sjlhl bhpht njcknlumfhc ijsjfhc hcthrh fhtjtjr bjcihc tuckfh
kctknh sjdkciih tknlum pdmjlktks.
 

<. _jrkpdjrhm
_jrkpdjrhm _hrjctj
_hrjctjrhm
rhm Cutrktk
Cutrktk`c
`c (__C)
h. Kcbkfhsk __C
- Uupmjn
Uupmjnjctjcthsk
hsk tjrdhbh
tjrdhbhp p cutrks
cutrkskk jctjrh
jctjrhmm yhci
yhci tk
tkbhf
bhf hbjfuht
hbjfuht
- _jnjcu
_jnjcudhc dhc f jlutud
jlutudhchc lhshm
lhshm phbh pjcbjrkth
pjcbjrkth ckc-bj
ckc-bjpmj
pmjsk
sk bhc bhpht
bhpht
njct`mjrhcsk 5 mktjr ehkrhc pjrdhrk
- _jcbjr
_jcbjrkth
kth bjcihc
bjcihc hfsj
hfsjss vjch
vjch sjctr
sjctrhm
hm bkf`
bkf`ctr
ctrhkc
hkcbkfh
bkfhskf
skfhc
hc (Uur
(Uuryh
yh L, <??
<??7)
7)
 l. F`ctrhkcbkfhsk __C
- _jcbjr
_jcbjrkth
kth dkpj
dkpjrfh
rfhth
th l`mksn
l`mksnjj sj pjrtk
pjrtk mufh
mufh lhfhr
lhfhr bhc
bhc trhun
trhunhh ljrht
ljrht
- _jcbjrkth
_jcbjrkth bjcihc fjlutudhc
fjlutudhc ehkrhc
ehkrhc sulsthcskhm
sulsthcskhm tjrtjctu,
tjrtjctu, nkshmcyh
nkshmcyh phbh phskjc
gkstumh jctjr`futhcjus bjcihc `utput tkciik
- _jcbjr
_jcbjrkth
kth yhci tjmhd
tjmhd njnhfhk
njnhfhk hfsjshfsjs vjch sjctrhm
sjctrhm uctuf tuauhc
tuauhc mhk
mhkc
c
bknhch cutrksk phr jctjrhm bhpht njciiuchfhc
njciiuchfhc fhtjtjr yhci tjmhd hbh
- Hfsj
Hfsjss vjch
vjch pj pjrk
rkgj
gjrr tkbh
tkbhff bhpht
bhpht bkmh
bkmhfu
fufhc
fhc
- _hskjc
_hskjc yhci
yhci njnl
njnlutuutudfh
dfhcc cutrks
cutrkskk phr jctjrh
jctjrhmm ahcifh
ahcifh mhnh
mhnh (38
(38 lumhc)
lumhc) (Uuryh
(Uuryh L,
<??7)
e. Fjuc
Fjuctu
tuci
cihc
hc __C
__C
- Rjrdkc
Rjrdkcbhr
bhr bhrk
bhrk f`n pmkfhs
pmkfhskk fhcumhs
fhcumhskk vjch sjctrh
sjctrhmm
- _j
_jrh
rhwh
whththc
c fhtjt
fhtjtjr
jr yhci
yhci mj
mjlk
lkd
d nubh
nubhd d
- Njciurhcik lk lkhyh
- Njceji
Njcejihd hd pjcucbhh
pjcucbhhc c cutrks
cutrkskk phrjct
phrjctjrh
jrhmm `mjd
`mjd fjtjrl
fjtjrlhth
hthshc
shc fjnhnp
fjnhnpuhc uhc pjnhfh
pjnhfh
khc hfsjs vjch sjctrhm.
b. Njt`
Njt`bj
bj pjn
pjnljljrk
rkhc
hc __C
__C
Hbh < ehrh pjnljrkhc __C yhktu1
- Njnhfh
Njnhfhkk fhtjtj
fhtjtjrr dhmus
dhmus (bkhnj
(bkhnjtjr
tjr (?,7
(?,7 nn),
nn), phcahc
phcahci i njcehp
njcehphk hk <? en (_KEE)
(_KEE)
sjdkciih uauci fhtjt
fhtjt jr ljrhbh phbh vjch sjctrhm.
- Njciiu
Njciiuchfhchfhc c fhtjtj
fhtjtjrr dhmus
dhmus bhc pjcbjf
pjcbjf (bkhnjt
(bkhnjtjrjr 8 nn),
nn), mhnh
mhnh pjnljr
pjnljrkhc
khc
8< ahn uctuf f jlutudhc shtu dhrk bhc fhtjtjr bkpkcbhdfhc sjtkhp dhrk
fjmjcihc f`ctrhmhtjrhm. Bjcihc njt`bj kck hcifh pdm jlktks bhpht bktjfhc
dkciih 84% bjcihc mhnh pjnhfhkhc : dhrk. _kmkdhc pjnhfhkhc njt`bh __C
bkbhshrfhc hths pjcihmhnhc `pjrht`r, ghskmkths, lkhyh, fjcyhnhchc phskjc
bhc f`npmkfhsk yhci bkpjrfkrhfhc lhfhm tjrahbk (Uuryh L, <??7).
 

Ahmur Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm

 

LHL KKK

_JCZRZ_

H. Fjsknpumhc
 Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm hbhmhd suhtu ljctuf pjnljrkhc cutrksk yhci bkljrkfhc mhcisuci

njmhmuk pjnlumud bhrhd thcph njmhmuk shmurhc pjcejrchhc.

p jcejrchhc. Cutrksk phrjctjrhm tkbhf ljrtuauhc
njciihctkfhc fjbubufhc cutrksk jctjrhm mjwht usus yhci c`rnhm. Ujijrh akfh usus subhd
 ljrgucisk fjnlhmk, pjrmu sjijrh bknumhk chs`ihstrke gjjbkci, bjcihc sjbkhhc cutrksk jctjrhm
yhci nubhd bkejrch.
 Cutrksk phrjctjrhm bhpht bkljrkfhc bjcihc hnhc akfh njikfutk pjb`nhc yhci tjpht.
Fhrjch tulud pjcbjrkth pjrmu whftu hbhphthsk tjrdhbhp pjrulhdhc njfhcksnj lhru nhfh
sjmhnh pjcyjsuhkhc tjrsjlut ahcihc njnljrk ljlhc yhci ljrmjlkdhc.
 Cutrksk phrjctjrhm tkbhf ljrtuauhc njciihctkfhc fjbubufhc cutrksk jctjrhm mjwht usus
yhci c`rnhm. Ujijrh akfh usus subhd ljrgucisk fjnlhmk, pjrmu sjijrh bknumhk chs`ihstrke
gjjbkci, bjcihc sjbkhhc cutrksk jctjrhm yhci nubhd bkejrch. Cutrksk phrjctjrhm bhpht
bkljrkfhc bjcihc hnhc akfh njikfutk pjb`nhc bkhths. Fhrjch tulud pjcbjrkth pjrmu whftu

hbhphthsk tjrdhbhp pjrulhdhc njfhcksnj lhru nhfh sjmhnh pjcyjsuhkhc tjrsjlut ahcihc
njnljrk ljlhc yhci ljrmjlkdhc.
L.
 

BHGRH\ _ZURHFH

Djcbhrt`, H. hcb Chshr, U.U., <?87. Hspjf

<?87.  Hspjf _rhftks Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm phbh Hchf . Uhrk _jbkhtrk,
5(2), pp. <<9.

D`mn
D`mnhc
hc,, U. \. (8;4
(8;49)
9)  Jssjctkhms `g Cutrktk`c.
Cutrktk`c. _jccysy
_jccysymvh
mvhckh
ckh11 A. L. Mkppkc
Mkppkce`t
e`tt.
t. E`nphcy
E`nphcy..

Dhmhnhc 524-5:8
Kshhes
Kshhes,, AY, Nkmmkfh
Nkmmkfhc
c YA, Uthefd`us
Uthefd`usjj A, Djrsd
Djrsd R, \ubnhc
\ubnhc B. (8;99)
(8;99)  _hrjctjrhm Cutrktk`c `g 
 Hbumts wktd h ;?? Nkmm`sn`mhr U`mutk`c Wkh _jrkpdjrhm Wjkcs.
Wjkcs . Hn A Emkc Cutr 8;99 5?1 2
::<-;

\hnmk, <??;. F`csjp bhshr Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm. Hvhkmhlmj gr`n 1

dttp1//stjt`sf`pnjrhd.lm`isp`t.e`n/<??;/?2/f`csjp-bhshr-cutrksk-phrjctjrhm.dtnm

Ue
Uehm
hmjs
js,, F. (<??
(<??:)
:) Whse
Whseum
umhr
hr Heej
Heejss
ss11  H iukbj t` _jrkpdjrhm Wjc`us Ehccumhtk`c.
Ehccumhtk`c. Cur
Curskc
skci
i
Uthcbhrb 8;, 2;, 24-:<.

Uuryh L,<??7. Ahmur
L,<??7. Ahmur Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm . Uupmjnjc
Uupmjnjc Nhahmhd
Nhahmhd Fjb`ftjrhc
Fjb`ftjrhc Cushcthrh
Cushcthrh W`munj 5;
 C`. 5

Ykbkhsh, Y., Uuhcbk, U. hcb \jthyhsh, K.Y., <?87. Cutrksk

<?87.  Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm R`thm phbh Lhyk _rjnhtur .
Uhrk _jbkhtrk, ;(8), pp. 5;-25.

[hcuhr, <?8: . Nhfhmhd Cutrksk _hrjctjrhm. Hvhkmhlmj gr`n 1

dttp1//yhcuhrbwkdhrkyhctk.lm`isp`t.e`n/<?8:/88/nhfhmhd-cutrksk-phrjctjrhm.dtnm

[umkhch, <??;. Cutrksk
<??;. Cutrksk Jctjrhm bk Kctjcskvj Ehrj Zckt (KEZ).
(KEZ) . Ejrnkc Buckh Fjb`ftjrhc 57 (<),
 pp. 49.