Traditional Approaches to other Religions .

Fredericks ( Introduction 1

The word Asia is diversity

really quite meaningless .
Asia contains a vast in

religion and language Asian culture is merging in America more and

.
more .

The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act began to undo alot of racism .

that The West has been exhausted by its

Asia has pointe out

extreme individualism Asian intellectuals

.
spiritually
advocate for the tenants of
Confucian humanism ,
not European Enlightenment .

A Theology of religions is a Christian interpretation of the role

played
by non Christian religions in the drama of salvation .
Exclusivists are Christian

theologians that argue all salvation requires an explicit faith in Jesus

Christ In cwsivists are
.
theologians who believe that all salvation is

through Christ but the

saving Grace of Christ touches human beings who

are not baptized Christians Pluralists .

,
on the other hand ,
claim
that all religions lead to salvation but not the salvation
,
merely
for
imagined by Christians .

Currently ,
the
quest adequate theology of
an

religions impasse In order to be

is at an .

adequate it needs to help

Christians live responsibly and Comparative creatively .

theology helps
get past this issue .
Comparative theology is not another theology of

religions Comparative
.

theology ,
in contrast is , process I practice and
a

The truth of
not a
theory non Christian religions can stimulate
- -

Christians to look into their

Supernatural existential , what is the source of goodness Groo)

Universal saving will of God God doesn't want people to be damned
=

The Church has no official document

saying who is damned .

ExclusiveSts thinks all other are distractions

religions
However,
reality is that other
religions could
the care less
Mathew 28116 -

201 The Great commission .

Go and make
disciples of all nations .
 Traditional Approaches to other Religions .

Fredericks ( Chapter 1)

Karl Barth is a
leading of an exausivist
theology In his
•
example .

work .
Church Dogmatics .
Barth makes four basic points
① Revelation is God's
sovereign self ,
revelation
says Ues
unbelief human wisdom
②
Religion =
,

③ Tolerance
①
Christianity =
true
religion
Exclusivists need to be asked how
they know that the
•

lives of Christians are meaningless

religious non -

•
Barth claims that religion and revelation are two utterly
different things What if . we thought of revelation as the
fulfillment of a human
universally religious quest .

protestants tend to be exclosivist , Catholics are lniusivists

•
Barth emphasizes the fact that God is revealed only when and where

he chooses .

•
Nostra Aetate would never have been possible were it not for
Karl Rahner the , great champion of Catholic lnclusivism
•
Rahner 's theology of the
anonymous Christian
① however there
Christianity is the absolute religion ,
was a time
before the birth of Jesus your religion is
largely based
. on historical
circumstances .
Christianity
's call to conversion becomes
obligatory
only when a person is ready to hear the gospel .

② non Christians are not God

merely products of human creativity ,

has chosen to be revealed through them .

③ Christians without the name ,

anonymous Christians
Believes is open to the
that human being presence of God
simply
•

every
by being human
"

you're you're actually

"
•
Issues : not hindu, Christian
 Traditional Approaches to other Religions .

Rahner and Barth are in complete agreement when it comes to

the necessity of Christ for salvation Salvation .
is
always the result of
the grace of the One God .

Any adequate theology of

religions must be responsible to the faith
•

of Christians and create religious diversity .

baptism by
" "
Aquinas noted that there desire in which non
'
was a

Christians could be saved .

Henri de Lubao one of Rahner's best critics protested that the

•

,
,

theology of the anonymous Christian makes formal conversion to

Christianity unnecessary .

① Is there
anything unique and
necessary about
Christianity
② If there salvation , is there
are several
ways
to
anything unique
about desus -

human incarnation
A issue is that it
big puts Christianity into a position of
•

know more about than

claiming to non Christians they know about
themselves .

If we all find the same Grace is there Christians

anything non
.
,

can teach us

Rahner's lnuusivist
theology is more in
keeping with the Christian
•

tradition than Barth's exclosivism .

•
There are so
many religions ,
some more valid than others Do
.

they
count
If dust with won't learn
you only agree people you
•

,
.
 Traditional Approaches to other Religions .

name :
Nostra Aelate
Date :
what :

why :

key concepts
What does Frederick think
Christianity needs ?
-
 A look at pluralism

Fredericks ( Chapter 2)

•
John Hick began his revolution in 1973 With the publication of his first

book -

God and the Universe of faiths ,

a
Hick argued that Christians must undergo whats called a
"
Copernican
"
revolution .

Hick argued for "

theocentric
theology and
"
of where God alone
'
a religions ,

Christ or the Christian church

not is
given pride of place at the center of

things .

Christianity 's claim to be the

only is
hopelessly
•

true
religion naive .

Given the religious diversity today Christians will have to

reality of ,

Abandon their traditional of faith in Jesus

teaching about the
necessity
Christ for salvation .

Hick finds support for his theocentric model in the fact that all
'

religions
claim the
inadequacy of words for
conveying truth .

Differing
religious complementary truth can be
•
all

Each religion offers a different path for

encountering the same
°

mysterious God lying transcendently beyond them all .

The of God incarnate How does Jesus Christ figure into Hick's
myth
•
-

pluralistic theology the incarnation

of
religions Taking
.
as a literal

fact leads to an exau sivis t mentality .

The Incarnation then is a of

Imagining what is beyond all
Imagining
•

, ,
way ,

this is what Hicks means by myth .

The world How can there be One den're

Religiously Ambiguous reality
is :

when religions are so contradictory .

All
knowledge is to some
degree subuective Experience is a product of
'

interpretation Is wave ?
.
light a particle or a
 A look at pluralism

Hick moved away from

"
theocentric model reality centeredness
"
a to
•

Hick has dramatically expanded meaning

" "
the of the term salvation
•

Hick believes salvation should be defined more

psychologically as
•

a transformation of the ego .

Motivated
by his recognition that not all religions are
particularly
•

interested in the divine .

•
To Hick terms
,
such as
"
the Real
"
or "
Ultimate reality
"
are better than
"
God "
because are more inclusive of both the
words such as
they
personal impersonal conceptions of the absolute
and .

All religions
say there is a higher reality that is beyond all
•

language and utterly defeats our ability to conceptualize

•
John Hick claims that this is only a hypothesis

Religious ambiguity means that the Real is interpreted and not

•

defined .

Two criteria for

evaluating the adequacy of a
theology of religions
•

①
Any theology of religions must be accountable to the demands of
Christian tradition
② Empower Christians to respond creatively to the
challenge

reality
① Hemogenity
The B. eat →
Noumorion ← singular ② Scripture
③ New
phenomena a piura, Religions
what we experience

Exclusivity in aosivists

n' Fiesta
''

#
④ *
*
I t a *
I
n
.
e a
 "

A look at pluralism

¥÷÷÷÷i¥
EFsiistnosiistpura.SI
Point of view point of view Point Of
view
universal x ✓

'

Do other
✓
religions
X
V

=
 Introducing comparative Theology

Fredricks ( Chapter 8)

•
Buddhist scholar remarks that he failed to find even one Christian
Saint whom a Buddhist could admire .

There's a great religious difference

amount of
-

We need to develope skills for "

living responsibly with non Christian

• " -

believers Theologies of religion

become a
.

to avoid
including pluralist theologies canandeasily , ,

way dealing with the moral theological , ,

spiritual challenges that non Christian religions pose to Christian -

believers today .

A An Alternative
.
to the Theology of
Religion
•

Christian theologians who are

exploring
the truths of
Christianity by
faith of their
comparing their faith with the non -
Christian neighbors .

There are two reasons

why a
completely satisfactory theology
•

of
religions is not possible .

① we know too much about non -

Christian believers and their

traditions
religious today
② Christians would need to know about other faith
'

MCWSiriSts and pluralists both render the differences between

religions irrelevant .

By exploring the meaning of their own faith by

'

doing theology in

dialogue with their non Christian neighbors -

.

b. Living with Tension .

•
Two aspects of comparative theology form a tension

① There is
always a commitment to the Christian tradition
② An to the truths of Christian
openness non -

religions .

The tension is always there when comparative theology is done

correctly
 Introducing comparative Theology

C.
Beyond Tolerance
but too thin
Religious tolerance is a vital public virtue to be sure
"

, ,

a foundation for the

challenge facing American society today .

Needs to
go beyond dust
being around people and
being tolerant
°
.

d.
Interreligious friendship
philia preferential love and Agape Unconditional love
• - =
-

•
Christians should always look upon their non Christian neighbors
mindful of their command to unconditional love .

However, if Christians think about their non Christian

-

neighbors
only in terms of Agape moving
, beyond that is difficult .

Actual
Interreligious friendships can be
destabilizing but also
•

empowering .

Interreligious friends help Christians to resist the

tendency
•

to fear what is
strange .
 The Road To Nicea

state The Magisterium

Of the , *

terium Infallible non f- alliable

Mages .

pope Pius # Munificentissioms

The
Ordinary Devs in 1950
declaring the
Magisterium as it usually
assumption of
Mary as dogma is on a
day to day basis .

Ex CathePra politics
Extra synods and and councils like
councils that
Synods
Creed
Ordinary dispence
dogmas ( The Vatican I that author
important but less
The Nicean creed
Theologically grave statements
1 , Nostra Atate ,

Christology The
study concerning the
identity of Jesus Christ
•
=

Dogma doctrine that has been given special official status

•

= a .

The
Magisterium church's
IS the
authority to give authentic
•
=

of the word of God It church

Interpretation .
is the
teaching body of the
Synod An
assembly of
clergy
•
:

Consubstantial =
One with God, true God of true God
•

Demiurge
=

Being responsible for the creation of the universe .

Subordination trinity but makes the son less

Recognizes the
• =

than the father and the spirit less than the son One of the .

three heroes in the church

early .

Arianism Heresy movement in the church

early
o =
.

•
Athanasius ( 296 373) - =
wrote
Against the Heathen -
on the
Incarnation Whatever is said of the father is said of the son but
.

they are not the same .

Salvation Divination, the restoration of the human life with

=
sharing
God .

I re Hae us =
Gnosticism, bishop of Lyons 200
 The Road To Nicea

Name : Nicaea Council

Date : 325 AD
Central Issue : The Christological issue of the divine nature of Jesus
and his relationship to God the father Threatens our salvation .
.

Good
guys council was summoned by the emperor constatine
:

In hope of
restoring unity Bishop Alexander
.

Bad
guys Arius C 3365 Who stated that we cannot acknowledge
:

both Jesus and the Father without

impacting the oneness of
God Despite his exalted status Jesus is a creature like us
.
,
.

"
There was a time when he was not .
"

Resolution : Nice an creed Jesus is

.

begotten ,
not made He does
. .

not come from the Father's will as a creature but is one in

substance . Greek Chom 00 USios ) Latin C consubstantial )

Nice an creed
① One God the Father
-

maker of heren and earth

② Lord Jesus Christ

begotten not made

-

same essence as the Father

③ Holy Spirit
pro cedes from the father and the son
-

Filioque phrase added to the text of the of the Christian

o -
-

creed
by the Western church and considered one of the Mavor
causes of the schism between the Eastern and western
churches " And from the son " I terms of procession of the
.

Holy
Spirit .
 Constantinople Ephesus and Chalcedon , ,

name : Council of Constantinople

Date : 381 AD
Issue : The
Central holy spirit and if is Jesus fully divine .

Good Guys : Emperor Theodosius

Bad
Guys Apolinarios and the pneumatomachi ons
:

Resolution : one
(
being in three persons no subordination Jesus , .

is one
person hypostasis) with two natures Cdyophy sis)
God has one substance lessens Covsis ) e .

•
.

Cappadocian fathers : Basil the Great 1330 -

379 ) , Gregory of Nyssa

and of Nazianzus Made Mavor contributions to the
Gregory .

definition of the trinity .

Irenaeus 1115 200) Bishop of Lyon Fought here Went against

Sey
• -
=
.
.

Gnosticism .

•
Gnosticism =
Emphasized spiritual knowledge over Orthodox
A- poll inarianism -
-
IS a Christological belief that argues Jesus had
a normal body but a divine mind .

Pneumatomachi -
-
also known as Macedonians . .

They were an anti

Nicean Creed sect Embraced by Eleusis and Marathonius

.
.

Denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit; creation of the son , servant .

Jesus does not share essense with the father .

Baptismal formula =
Mathew 28 : I 9
 Constantinople Ephesus and Chalcedon
, ,

name : Council Of Ephesus

Date : 431 AD
Central Issue : Jesus' divinity and 's status
Mary .

Resolution Formula of union Reelection of

:
any kind of .
adoptionism
Jesus is
fullyGod and
fully man .

Bad
Guys Nestorius
:

Good of Alexandra
Guys Cyril
:
.

Antiochene emphasized Jesus

school
humanity with the extreme
= '
,

the title
position of Nestorius who denied
Mary "
Mother of God " .

Nestorius =

Argued Mary should be called ChristotoKos ( Christ -

bearer)
but not Theotokos ( God bearer )
-

Adoption ism -
-
Jesus was adopted as the son of God at his baptism ,

resurrection and ascention views of

,
-

ftp.polinaris and Nestorius .

Alexandrian school emphasized divinity of Christ and the

unity of
=

that Believed his divinity superseded his

divinity with Christ's
humanity
human soul This belief was echoed in Appainari S Mono
.

.
'sm was .

Physik
its extreme expression .

Cyrilof Alexandra Bishop of Alexandra

-
-

that If the divine ,

argued
and the human are not really United in Jesus then there's
no point to salvation or the eucharist Nestorius .

Against .

Monophysite Sm -
-

asserts that the person of Jesus Christ has only

one divine nature rather than two natures .

Communication of idioms interaction of

-
-

deity and humanity in the

person of desus Christ When is he divine, when is he human

. .
 Constantinople Ephesus and Chalcedon
, ,

name Council Of Chalcedon

:

Date : 451 AD
central issue : How does Jesus'
humanity and
divinity work ? They
needed more words .

Resolution Declared that Christ has two

: natures in one person
hypostasis .

Bad
Guys :
Good
Guys:

Monophysite Sm that the person of Jesus Christ has

-
-

asserts
only
one divine nature rather than two natures .

Eutyches He strongly opposed Nestorius but his strong beliefs led

=

to him
being a heretic himself Asserted that human nature and .

divine nature were combined into the

single nature of Christ This is .

a mono
Phystic view .

Dioscorus Heretic believed in

=
who
Monophysite's m . Was Cyril's
successor .

Miaphysitism Uesus is either single divine nature

a or one
-
-

inseparable nature, partly divine and partly human .

Dyophysitism -
-
Two natures, divine and human , Body soul

exist in the person of Jesus Christ It contrasts with . Divine will

monophysitism
will
.

Pope Leo the Great =

461 AD , clarified the
dyopnysite decision which
"
IN two natures (
stated One person (
hypostasis) phys is) Not from two
.

natures
 Constantinople Ephesus and Chalcedon
, ,

outcomes of the councils .

There with the Orthodox churches over the

was a rupture Filioque
•

Miaphy sites Oriental Orthodox churches

• -

Coptic churches Ethiopian Orthodox

-
-

Syrian oriental Orthodox Malankara Orthodox Syrian

- -

Armenian apostolic
-

•
Some churches in the East are in Union with Rome

conclusion
.
With respect to Jesus' relationship with God , the councils ( Nicea
b. Constantinople use
"
which means
OUsios
" "
essence 1 Substance
"
.

Chomowsios ) Three persons (

God is one
being .

hypostases ) in one
being lousiest .

When the
question turned to Jesus, the bishops needed more
•

The discussion added the term nature ( Physis )

technology
" "
.
.

Jesus is one person (hypostasis) with two natures Cdyophysis) .

Strength =
came up with a formula
weakness It continued to use imprecisely the terms
•
=
 Introduction to Daoism

Proto Daoism (4th 2nd BCE ) -

When did Daoism

begin There's but around by
•

? no consensus 200 CE .
Founded

Dao after Lord Lao revealed the Dao to him Tells him he will
Zhang ling .

and live in with the Dao

Usher in a new
age harmony
Can ( 1050 265 Bc)
really start the
Stoy with the Zhou
Dynasty
•
-

China is in
dynasty is
losing
-

war
,
power .

Chaos and
disharmony famine, disease How do we
get out of this mess
-

, .

What is the Dao l the

way )
- " "

Confucius looked to past dynasties If took their role

seriously
everyone
°

there would they

be less issues do
dynasty
.
rulers knew what were doing .

Not
very popular at the time
•

Some looked to the cosmos

•

Yin -

Yang cosmology
°

Laozi 1604-531 Bc) Laozi Old Master Laozi became known as a

-
-

manifestation of the Dao .

myth , Laozhi founded the influential dualistic Christian

According to
°

sect known as Manichaeism .

Laozi wrote the Daode

ding
'

Laozi was said to have mentored Confucius Human problems .

can't
be solved
by people ,
only the Dao .

According to legend Laozhi wanted to leave China for

good but
-

was stopped at the

Hangu pass by the gate keep who begged
him to write down his ideas before the
leaving produced
,

Dao Oe Ving .

written ina conversational format between him and Corfucist

-

-
It teaches that The Dao is the mother of heaven and Earth
,

the Doo is inside

everyone
The is one of the most popular Chinese literature
Zvangzi classics of
•

Not a super important Daoist text though

 Introduction to Daoism

Classical or Medieval Daoism ( 2nd -

lo) th

Began Daothe celestial established the of

when
Zhang way ling
•

Masters The Dao revealed himself to Daoing Miliharian movement

.
.

Its the first successful

organized Daoist religious system
'

They lived in communes

agrarian socity The Emperor saw them as
°

.
,

a threat and sent the army to destroy them and displace them But it .

had the reverse effect and actually spread the religion .

Viewed Laozhi God

They as a
•

Another school of
thought formed , known as the of highest clarity
way
Their is from deceived from the
origin Lady way who
sky gave a
•

about meditation The meditation brings the deities into

message .

your
body . Formed monasteries .

The Last school of

thought was the Numinous Treasure Daoists
•

Was founded around 390 .

Ge Chaofu compiled revelations from a

higher power Characterized .

as ritualistic daoism priests can .

marry lay
people and have regular families .

Also
during this period Buddhism was
brought to China by missionaries
*

from and Tibet Buddhist ideas and practices

India . were absorbed into

Daoism Intense rivalry between them

. .

Classical period ends with the (618-906)

Tang Dynasty
•

Modern Daoism .

begins with the break up of the Tang Dynasty

•

the way of complete perfection formed ( 1163)

Zhong Quan and Li Dongbin reveals method of internal ( 12 th)

"

li
alchemy
most disciples don't understand but some do and become immortal Disciple .

Qiu Changchun 11148-1227) became Immortal Ghangis Khan meth wit Qiu .

and made daoism the official

religion ( no taxes or service) .

It aims at harmonizing the three Cct Dt B)

religions
°

Internal
alchemy refines the body energy and 's allows transcendence
•

.
 Introduction to Daoism

contemporary Daoism
Near total disaster for Daoism during the Great
particularly
.

proletarian cutUral Revolution 11966 -

1976)
•

Many Daoist temples were destroyed The religion stopped being

.

practiced .

Since 1980 Daoism has

, begun to be practiced openly again in China .

The Qing Dynasty was overthrown in 1911 replaced with the republic
•
-

Of China .

•
Bitter civil war between Chian Kai-shek ( nationalist) and Mao Zedong .

Chiang fled to Taiwan ,

Mao declared People Republic
's of China
.
Daoism was banned as a feudal superstition , cultural revolution
further damaged it .

.
Celestial masters and complete perfectionist
 Lord Lao to Laozi

General Outline of the Lord Lao myth

1 .
Lord Lao
the Dao who creates the universe
as .

2 Lord Lao descends as the teacher of

.

dynasties .

3 Lord Lao is born on earth and serves as an archivist for the Zhou
.

4. Lord Lao emigrates and transmits the Dao De

Ting
Yin Xi to
5. Lord Lao and Yin Xi go west and convert the barbarians to Buddhism
G. Lord Lao ascends to heaven and comes back to give revelations to
Chinese Seekers .

Founding Daoist schools .

Creation Transform Birth Transmission conversion revelation

From Laozi to Lao

1.
Immortality seeker =
an Inspired teacher, a model for the techniques
involving immortality Han .

Dynasty 1206 Bc -
Zoo AD)

2. Source of Cosmic
Harmony
* Laozi becomes the personification Of the Dao 1200 ADI
* Laozi
appears to Daoling who begins the Celestial Masters du2 AID
Zhang
3.
popular savior
4. Fi th and sixth centuries =

Deity ,
creation of the myth .
 Sacraments

Guidelines from the new Rite

'

the new Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults provides us with

valuable principles for understanding .

① The Initiation into the Christian

community is meant to be
understood and
personally accepted .

② The Initiation is meant to be a public commitment to radical and

ongoing conversion .

③ The baptism ritual

but also
is an act of election An election of the
.

community
God
by .

Guidelines from the Vatican It

① A who share faith in Jesus basic need
community of people is a
of the Church .

② The church is the body of Christ

③ Abandonment of the notion that Christians should hold themselves
aloof from their world .

④ Revitalization of Christian sacraments them more symbolic

making
and word situations
-

specific Liturgical Acts of Baptism

Reception by the community the catechumenate is elected into the
'
:

com
unity and into the mystery of Christ .

scrutiny and Exorcism frees them from sin through the spirit
•
:
.

'

profession of Faith : Asked questions professes faith Faith ,

.
.
is a

life process ,
more than a rational acceptance .

Baptizing with water water is of life , birth

:
symbolic cleansing
-

and death More .

specifically .
the life and resurrection of Jesus .

Baptismal Chrisnation : Christian is anointed on the head For adults

.

this confirmation Christ's spirit

by
" "
is
sealing of the person
 Sacraments

confirmation
Confirmation takes place when the person is capable of
knowingly
.

and Christ
intentionally accepting .

Difficult to find and confirmation are

reason
why baptism
•
a

separated Happened . somewhat

accidentally .

confirmation is a completion of the baptism

you kneel before a bishop become anminted, and receive the gift
'

of the spirit .

Bishop is
confirming your baptism
Be after the Edict of Millan
an
developing openly
'

Bags
.

earlier and earlier confirmation was

happening
tism was
•

more and more due to delayed popularity and shortages of Bishops .

St.
Augustine of HIPPO 1334 430) -

Augustine States that Baptism cleans original sin

•

•
Even children and babies have original sin
In these times when babies died becomes
early baptism an
•

emergency ritual .

not a
key experience lets
get it done No celebration still happens
'

, .
,

today
Eucharist
humans live
; Given by one or other Ultimate
story
an explanation of what has happened in desus

Liturgy of the Eucharist Sharing of bread and wine

•
=

storytelling event
"

Liturgy reading reading

"
of scripture
'
=
.

people came into covenant with Christ by eating with him

•

Unlike baptism
and confirmation the Eucharist happen Contivous
ly
°

Continues the initiation process .

 Daoist
Identity

what is a Daoist
•
Daoism is difficult to define because its less about an
Institution and more about what you do .

when Brittan tried to create a census for Hong

Kong and
.

religion but failed No consciece religious belonging

.

"
•
NO clear translation in Chinese for "
religion
More about experience less about
belonging
•

,
"

teaching
"
of the ancestors" religion
• -
"
-

Religious specialist ( ordained) were taken into the census

•

It would be like
as
belonging to a
religion .

counting only
priests for a
religious population

Chinese Religion
communist superstars
party
views religion as
•
.

Confucius belief is seen as a

philosophy
•

legal religions Uyghur Muslims ,Tibetan buddhist, and

-
-

non -

registered religions
are funded land controled )
•
Churches
by State

Chinese Religion
ordained
ordained Buddhists
Daoists
priests
 Daoist
Identity
Daoist Lineage
Daoist ordained
is someone who has been into a
lineage of
•

transmission and has been invested with record

registers that
the names Of the celestial powers
Daoist priests trace their
lineage back to the first Celestial
•

Master
Zhang Daoling
, .

Registers List of divinities bestowed on the priest

•
=
.

Daoism
Born into
as
ethnicity
become daoist by virtue of the culture
you
°

Words for Daos don't translate well outside of

common language
•

the Chinese
language .

common calendar Chinese calendar

recognizes the New Year
•
.

but not Christmas 2020 is the of the Rat ( clever)

Ghost month
year . .

offerings the hungry Ghosts Tomb sweeping

to -
-

day time to clean the graves of loved ones

, .

Chinese medicine and ITai Chi Daoism travels

Qigong
•
=

texts and influenced Arts

through .

Daoist ordination

Organization of the cosmos = It goes from Heaven ( celestial admin ) to

Earth ampenal admin ) and then water ( underworld admin ) .

Stages = Visitation of the preceptor Reception

,
of scriptures, Reading of
the tally of the ordained names in the heavenly records
recording ,

And finally ,
the Reception of register .
 Benedictines Opus Dei -

Divine Office
"
•

Opus Dei -

literally means work of God "

"

Today it the of the hours, " Benedictine did not

we call
Liturgy
•

use

this term but it makes sense .

marking the hours of each

day and
sanctifying
°

It's the basis with Christian monasticism

•

of
prayer .

Beating heart of the church , constantly praying

structure of the office

•

They primarily pray the Psalms : Old Testament collection of sacred hymns and
poems attributed to David 1907 Bc ) .

Benedictines
pray eight times a day Based off Roman division of the day
o
.

Not super strict

regarding the time dust so long as you do the prayers
•

Covers the range of human experience

Lamentation Ipraise
°

①
Vigils or Matins
" " takes place of and dark
=
in on the cusp night .

Echo's Christ's risen, sacred time

very early day around "
3:00am .
.

② Prime Lauds
daylight
"
1st hour of the
day at 6:00am First hour of
=

, . .

③ Midday prayer During the

workday shorter
-
-

, .

Tierce C 9am )
-

sext ( 12pm)
-

None C 3pm )
⑥
Vespers Work day is over takes place before supper
=

⑦
Compline Final hour of the day Night prayer the darkness
=
.

represents danger and evil Prayer of Protection through vulnerable

"
.

sleep complete Absolute silence begins the great silence

"
.

,
.
.

⑧ Mass = Various times,

changing schedule High .
point of prayer

>

Two most important offices : vigils and Vespers

 Benedictines Opus Dei
-

Life in Balance
The three activities of the monk are
prayer study and work : the
•

, ,

polarities spirit mind and body

of ,
.

•
Benedict believed that if we were allowed to follow Our natural
tenancies we would be unbalanced in some
,
way .
 Lectio Divini a

History
Gui coined the terms and their meaning
century
th
12
go I monk who
•
=

as
"
ladder steps "
to Goo Wrote Scala claustralom
stages or .

Four steps of Lectio Divini a

① Lecti o that you're dust
Reading in such away at those "

looking ripe
= "

words Set aside all expectation

.

,
move slowly .

② Med itatio = " Eat the word " word of Goo

,
chewing on the .

Savoring .

simply repeat the phrase , not analyzing it .

③ O ratio from your

that occurs
spontaneously deep
"

prayer
=
"

consciousness .

④ "

Contemplation to
gaze upon or pure prayer where you aren't
=
"

actively doing anything Gazing toward God heavy dose of grace

'
.

, .

Opening Recession from intellectual senses and

up to Gods divination .

awareness time I place I concerns Possessed by reality and mystery

, .

Of God and God's

grace
iritualit and of Lectio
{Benedict yenvisaged
Theology
his monks
making
.

about three hours of personal

LechO
'

sacred
"

reading really reading and meditation

"
not ,
more like prayer .

Its a form of
prayer with steps using , scripture as an external tool .

Casey suggests sticking to one reading at a time Legio Divina takes time,
'

It is not a
quick process .
Also called Lectio continua . Patience is required .

The bible is not medicine chest

a nor is it to be cut or grazed
'

, .

Compunction the world of sensibility to God Allow God to act

•

upon us
=
.

'

School of Christ is to learn Christ Our consciousness .

is shaped to agree
with Christ Christ is more .
identified in our actions than we are .

hectic Divini a needs mental preparation It involves levels of

.
varying
penetration the spirit ,
aiOes us .
 Daoist Monasticism

Ten characteristics of monasticism

1. solitude The main environment
purpose of monasteries is to create an
:

of separation and solitude to allow practitioners to cultivate higher States

.

2. Discretion :
understanding what is right I wrong
3. Compunction what brings people to monastic life They realize something is
:
.

not quite right with the world

they chose removal ,
.

4.
Humility Expressed through bows and obeisances ( kowtow ) Should
:
.

always walk with

your head down .

5. Asceticism :

6. Doesn't mean lmpovrish ment, it

Poverty :
means
turning away from materials .

7. Virginity Refraining : from sex

8. Obedience : Must abide submission to

by the rules . Sense of a
higher goal .

physical movements are controlled by the monastic environment .

9. Stability stay in : one monastery . Time is structured and

bodily habits are
consistent .

10 Work For Christians work is biblical but is common in the east as

begging
:
.

a spiritual practice

The complete perfection day

I The
.

day begins with a minor rite at cockcrow

2. Morning audience at dawn 13:00am)

3. Collation , light breakfast 15:00am 7:00am) -

4 personal cultivation
.
or other duties 19:00am)
5 Main meal " hoon "
Cll 00 am )
purgation
:
.

6. Group meditation
7. personal cultivation or other duties
8.
Evening audience
9. Group meditation
15:00pm)
"
10 non movement time
"
.

begins 19 : oops
11 . Self cultivation (
midnight)
 Daoist Monasticism

Holy vestments
Transformation toward this
higher oneness begins with
dressing
•

of the
" "
in
special garb known
,
holy
as the vestments
religion .

Each of these items

clothing also carried its own symbolism
"

of .

The three
garments skirts gown and Cape plus the headdress
• - -

, ,

stood for the Daoist's purity , cosmic attainment and elevated status,
.

Top Knott : Special hair style mimics the look of a bull Represents ring
•

humbly following the Dao .

 Internal
Alchemy

Alchemy
Internal
alchemy begins with the pursuit of immortality initially pursued through
"

external lwaioen )
alchemy .

What the becomes absorbed into

occurs outside
body in external alchemy
'

the
body's realm in internal
alchemy .

Immortality
Those human doin the Dao are Immortals 1 transcendent
beings who
•

beings .

Immortality does not mean an absorption into an absolute monad One

°

keeps their
identity ,
its dust altered.

Immortality is not a single static attainment There are two phases

'

. of

Immortality dissolution and reemergence The old person is shed

: .

Immortals live in paradise

only accessible through literal flight
-

Immortals have super powers : premonition healing powers ect

'

, ,
.

They are not

gods dust perfect humans
•

, .

Pre mortem
immortality happens in life and Prevents death
°
-
.

External Alchemy
Daoist
alchemy aims to transform by means
'

a person into an immortal

of an elixir of Immortality or golden elixir .

In the
quintessential celestial realm gods reveal alchemy recipes
'

Great
clarity came up with a number of elixirs Highest clarity replaced them
•

and external
alchemy played a lesser role Numinous Treasure didn't use alchemy
.

at all .

External
alchemy disappeared
'
 Internal
Alchemy

The Rise of internal

Alchemy
completely absorbed external
alchemy and its
terminology
'

The three treasures Essence qi , and spirit Should be understood as a

single
:
-

,
.

entity .

"

Essence =
Is the source of life . Qi =
Vital
energy , pneuma, or breath .

Spirit emotional psychic and divine of the human

aspect guiding
-
- -

, ,

conscious aspect

Eight Extraordinary vessels

Vessel
Energetic pathways in the
body through which the Daoist
guides qi
°
=

In the process of self cultivation .

Two most
recognizable vessels are the Governing vessel and the
-

conception vessel .

Dantian Three Elixir Fields

are
usually presented together as the are sites
'

Of transformation and concentration .

body cultivation Sitting practices that

=

predate
 Foundations of Christian Ethics

•
Ethics = How we are supposed to act .
Ethics concern questions of
Ultimate point questions who is God
importance .

Everyone at some :
,

who are Ethics is the of how to live a more Christ like

you .

study
life .

Character nature or disposition

•

•
Evil Saint Augustine said that whats good is God evil is not
=

,
a

thing itself but the lack of good (God) Evil has no substance .

because exists beyond God

nothing .

Orientation Children of God always pointed toward God

• =
are .

Models of Ethics
① Telo Think closer to
logical = of a telescope, brings the
goal
divine life Decision that
you Goal is to share in God 5
. .

bring
you closer to union with God are ethical .

②
Deontological model =
This is a
very legalistic model Views .

moral life in terms of law and

obligation .
Dont do
things that
will hurt Commandments) Emmanuel
people C ten .
Kant supported
this approach, believed in universal law Doesn't .
account for a

grey area .

③ Relational -
-
Ethical decisions are what enhances relationships .

Relationships are with God, others, Cosmos, and self Love is .

that binding force that enhances and cultivates relationships .

This model is about

 Foundations of Christian Ethics

One of at action's is how it effects one 's core freedom

way looking

Target spiral

Trivial Trivia,

core freedom serious decisions

Core freedom
serious decisions and identity and actions .

and actions and Identity

.

Freedom doesn't dust doing anything you want Its

mean
actually very
=
.

restricting If
you have too
many choices .
Freedom to choose options for
for love 1 life Its a core and basic freedom that all people have
growth
-
. .

Its the freedom to decide about oneself and to make choices about the
kind of person want to be
you .

Fundamental stance = The direction in which we Orient our core

freedom Christians Orient towards God
.
.

Fundamental options Not all choices are the same There's a from
range
=
.

serious and life changing to trivial .

Acquired virtue =
virtue that
you are capable of
obtaining alone .

① Discipline ③
②
Progress Maturity
Theological faith hope and
"
virtue love Graces given by God
general
=
, ,
.

Virtues in the sense that they effect relationships

"
all of our .

Moral virtues affect particular relationships

God Humility Gratitude Others
Mercy forgiveness ou Stice, truthful hes
-
-

, .
, ,

Cosmos stewardship
-
self -

Temperance Fortitude
,

Vice and sin venial l : l , serious l l , Mortal C )

 Sex and punishment

Life : where does it come from ?

Change in church
teaching : How much can there be ?

Love and
Marriage
marriage and sex are inseparable sex outside of
marriage is
•

bad .

"
Be fruitful and "

Marriage multiply Genesis 1:26 28 This the

=
was
•
-
.
.

reason to get married and have sex .

Pius XI's cash Cannabis C 1930)

! Pope
sex for procreation
.
'

is
only
-
-
.

mutual self
giving and human procreation in the context of true
°
-

love Its
.

physical nature of
giving ones self . more than dust
procreation .
-

Gaudiom
Spes (pastoral Constitution et on the
chords in the Modern world ) .

Common Good The sum total of social

living whereby people
•
=
are

enabled to achieve their and

own integral perfection more
fully
easily Private matters span out Into society Fatherless children
.
.

Humanae vitae 11968) " on the of Birth

"

regulation
=
The
10 mission came up the
mauority report and the minority report .

the pope sided with the minority report The issue was about birth
.

control and its within marriage The church condones NFP

uses .

only
-

contraception is bad because it

① IS not open to life
② Interferes with the condo act
gal
.
Relational model of Ethics with respect to sex = Consideration of
self, others, Cosmos and God ,
.
 Sex and punishment

capital Punishment
•

Humanae Vitae 11968) .

Is it permissible to kill people who pose
A threat? We've established that innocent lives should never be
already
killed Life good because
.
is a self evident it came from God .

Humanity
is created in the of God, means
Image everyone has an inherent Dignity .

We are not responsible for life, It's a

gift .

Genesis 9 : The first

"

( Cain and Able) Thou shall not kill" Hebrew

killing
•

is "
murder
"

actually more close to the

meaning .

when can kill : ① personal defense ② Social defense Saint Thomas

'

you .

Aquinas "
for the sake of the common good
"
is permissible .

Church has a long history of executing people

'

Aim of capital must always be for the sake of

defending the innocence,
-

not for retribution deference We can do this without

or .

killing , Our prison

System allows for life imprisonment .

Death can be the person is convicted

penalty really damaging if
wrongly
-

Its that the pope goes against capital punishment

really impressive
'

because church has endorsed it

historically
 Human Behavior and the Dao

Thesis of Kohn's book =

Daoism is not about living a carefree life .
People
confuse eastern religion as being all about peace and therefore relaxed fuled .

the hedonistic movement Daoism

" "

lifestyle of the 70s new , age .

actually
has ripple effect within the
a lot of rules to create
community and cosmos .

This is the basis for Daoist Ethics .

How to obtain virtue

1. Discipline =

Forcing yourself to break habits Not .

eating chocolate cake .

The process painful is .

2.
Progress your 010 habits still tempt you every
. now and then but ,
you
have
grown past temptation .

3.
Mastery you= Have changed who
you are as a person, its part of
your
Identity .

Celestial Administration
Herean and Earth have and demons
gods
-

Ming your life Star your Ming diminishes everytime you violate a precept
-
-
-

, .

takes years off your life .

Director of fate =
receives reports on
your misdoings .
 Human Behavior and the Dao

Divine Retribution
Inherited evil =
The debt previous generations is passed along . Misfortune that

you are born with is passed down .

Death
bringers Report your
=
misdeeds to herean The nine .
worms assist in causing
you to die
eary . Cause illnesses, hence sickness is
thought to be an indication of moral
die these three body Everytime
disharmony .
When
you ,
death
bringers feast on
your .

misdeed reported your Ming 15 diminished, hence

your is
your life shortened They
is .

live inside
your body .
Two times a month
they leave your body while you're asleep
to report on
you Daoist would ward off this
.
by staying awake .

Spirit Diaries How track of their Good and bad deeds will add
they keep Ming
=
.

or take
away from your lifespan .

Big o Avoiding the five grains

-
-
:
rice , millet, wheat, and beans

Buddhism Influence
The two influenced each other Zen is a mixture
religion of
religions mutually
'

the two spiritual beliefs .

Bodhisattva ideal =
Person who has the
opportunity to enter Nirvana
but chooses to stay behind for the sake of others .

Merit -
-

setting a good example in order to lead others .

Karma Comes = from inside

you .
Creates a current of
goodness I badness .

Fields of Blessedness to those around

goodness is a cosmic wave , generates
=

Mother Theresa Momentum

you . . .

Rebirth =
first concept of afterlife Humans are the
.

only beings capable of

generating Karma and
altering rebirth . If
you've done something really bad
you go to Hell Levels of Hell .
.
 Daoist Moral Rules

precepts of the Highest Loro Lao

I. DO not kill
2. Do not steal
3. Do not licentiousness ( sexual
engage in impropriety )
4. Do not lie
5. Do not intoxicated
get
Correlation Interconnected phases Expressions of yin and
theory yang
-

=
. .

gets placed on precepts Phases wood , water fire, metal air Moral behavior
.
:
, ,
.

has connections
physical

Five precepts of Othooox Unity text explains that bad behavior comes
-
-

from a lack of control over the senses When the five senses
.

psychological
are labored the organs suffer and prevents virtue

p p

!
p

/ / killing !
sense virtue
Psy agent organ precept
eyes spirit liver benevolence
ears souls
lungs stealing righteousness
Essential precepts of Master Red pine =

Daoist sex Ethics

sex is to doin energies Harmonizing or doin
ing of
Chi Cheqi) Exchanging
-

.
.

of Chi where it is shared but not lost Ritualized

. activity done in the
a Master control ed do not have lustful
presense of .
Super ,
thoughts ,

red energy is woman , yellow for men .

 Daoist Moral Rules

180 Precepts of Lord Lao --

focuses on the maintenance of social
boundaries .

Demon Nogi ng
statues of no lustful thoughts or
wandering hands
=

precepts of medium ultimate

-
-
not a repression of
sexuality .
Used

by complete perfection daoist Strict rules 1 methods

. .

Immortal
Embryo
Taming the white
Tig
-
 Theological Anthropology

what is theological Anthropology

Anthropology The ethnology of man or the
study of man What makes
"
=
,
.

for
us human .

Physical Anthropology looks at the evolution of man

example .
Theres
philosophical 1 theological Anthropology
cultural1

All
Theology is Theological Anthropology
-

Scripture :
Genesis I-7
-

Creation and Fall , rupture between humans a God This . is the human
condition we are all born into .

Saint
Augustine popularized the concept of Original sin
-

① sin of Adam and Eve, not

peaatom originate originans you
-
-

② sin that is inherited

pea atom
Original Originators
=

Sin be a choice but its also contextual The human soul has
may
-

the inclination toward sin

-

soul is comprised of
①
Reasoning
② thermos (Spirito ness)
③ Will ← causes sin .

Concupiscence =

Should
Pelagianism Our will is dust fine, you can and earn salvation
⇐

=
.

Don't need Jesus .

 Christian Anthropology

Introduction

body is
distinguished I contrasted with the soul and spirit
often
'

Dualism state of divided two

being contrasting aspects
-
-
-

, .

Since Vatican It there has been a general shift

away from
.

dualistic categories a more holistic

understanding of the person
,
.

greater appreciation for the body secular aspect of life ,

.

In the Old Testament the term basar referred to the

body
-

San flesh, human

mortality individual
'
=
,

Soma the whole person in communion with God

-

=
.

Paul
'

Through Goo the body is transformed from crude flesh to a

spiritual body .

the Christ
physical Interpretation of
body of
-

Resurrection of death is the whole person body and spirit

-

, .

Gnosticism anthropology warring natures within people

= dualistic , .

The material word

Including the body is sinful Threatens Christianity
, ,
. .

If Uesus did not take on

fully the human body his death and ,

resurrection is not sufficient for salvation dead weight

.

Body is

Irenaeus
-

battled
gnosticism argued , for the body's goodness .
Proven by Jesu 's
Incarnation .

Image of God rests in the flesh, needs matter to express Itself

-

likeness refers to our free will and Our image of God When we

Chose God .

body Body provides for the

The
Holy Spirit spiritualizes the a site
-

expression of God .
 Christian Anthropology

Augustine
Did not fault the
body for the sins Of humankind Argued in favor of
'

the
body against gnosticism .

Christ both God and human made the

as
mingling of things above 1 below
-

the highest form of earthly activity .

Body could mislead the soul but it was not the

body's fault
-

The soul misleads itself, seeks its own fulfillment .

The body belong together Their separation

and soul is unnatural In the
-

. .

afterlife 'll have a

we
body
Vatican I made this Christian dogma
-

Thomas Aquinas
The soul is super important in the soul
because
reasoning takes place
-

and it is human reasoning that distinguishes us from animals .

without a
body soul would not be human
Conversely the soul
gives
'

, .

to the human body

actuality
Body gives people Individuality that reflects their soul
-

Pope Leo Ix mandated teaching

as it appeares in Aquinas Neo scholasticism
-
-
 Chinese Medicine and the Daoist
Body

Body and mind in Chinese medicine

-

Body is like bamboo Inside bamboo is hallow

.

,
not fixed
Western assumption links Chinese medicine with superstition
'

Studies indicate that it works

'

The
body can not be cured without the
body
'

Entirely based on gi
-

'

Medicine based on herbs and powders .

Health in Chinese medicine measures health by free flow of qi

°

reductionism understanding how the

body function mechanically
•
=
,

broken down Into parts .

yin organs transform gig gang organs store

go
-