Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

There were many useful plants abundantly growing here in the Philippines. Most of

them were herbal plants that could cure severe diseases such as cancer and other related

sicknesses. Others are considered as useful plants by farmers because of their varied uses in

the farm. One of them was Madre de Cacao or locally known as kakawate but scientifically

known as Gliricidia sepium. This plant was a nitrogen–fixing tree. In some areas, it was

referred to as a quick–stick due to its characteristic of growing almost right away just by

cutting it and directly planting it in the ground. It was also rumored to be a potential insect-

repellant and the researcher wanted to examine this assertion.

Pest control had always been a major problem in most of the corner of every house,

farm, backyard, and even out in the open areas. Disease-carrying insects were the ones

most especially needed to be eliminated. This phenomenon led to the production of such
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 2

pesticides and insecticides to protect the people, animals, and plants from harmful effects

that pests and insects can cause.

Insecticides were any toxic substances that were used to kill insects; but in some

cases, they were also poisonous to people and caused several kinds of diseases including

cancer and allergy. Such substances were used primarily to control pests that infested

cultivated plants or to eliminate disease-carrying insects in specific areas. Most insecticides

were sprayed or dusted onto plants and other surfaces traversed or fed upon by insects. The

early production of pesticides was made with the aid of hazardous chemicals that could

also harm the health of each and every on of us. It was not advisable to use because of its

harmful effects to humans. Hence, there have been several studies to establish a substitute

to these hazardous insect–repellants. The researcher replicated the same pest control

activity using the extracts from the kakawate leaves, or scientifically known as Gliricidia

sepium.

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines is endowed with a rich supply of flora from both land and sea.

There are more than 8,000 species of plants and several of these have pesticidal properties.

The study of the utilization of the toxic substances produced by plants in our environment

to control pests has gained recognition in the previous years and this is a positive approach

in meeting the current worldwide economic crisis problem. The natural product of plants
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 3

has been tapped to provide a vast source of toxic substances that may be utilized in the

control of pests. (Ambros, l991)

Gliricidia sepium, locally known as madre de cacao or kakawate, is identified as

one of the potential sources of organic fertilizer since it is a leguminous and fast growing

nitrogen-fixing tree. It is adaptive to a wide range of agroclimatic conditions and produces

many branches that give enough foliage for green manuring and feed purposes. (Juanita

Coraza, March 2000)

For a hundred of years, botanists all over the world discovered that plants could be

used as a healing herb, pesticide, insecticide and an insect-repellant. Examples of these

plants are: Makabuhay (pesticide), Derris roots (insecticide), aromatic herbs (insect

repellant), and others. (Crisologo Ramasasa, Article base)

Worms, bugs and other rice pests are an enigma to many farmers as these are

threats to rice production. And to most farmers, commercial insecticides and pesticides are

the most effective and readily available pest controls. What they do not realize is that these

cost them added expenses not to mention the bad effects of these chemicals to health and

environment. (Agriculture Business Week, 2010)

The early production of pesticides is made with the aid of hazardous materials that

can also harm the health of each and every one of us. It is not advisable to use because of

its harmful effects too. There have been several studies to establish a substitute to these
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 4

hazardous insect-repellants. Dr. Alfredo R. Rabena, Head of the Research and

Development Office of the University of Northern Philippines in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur,

discovered a solution. He found that the leaves of the kakawate tree of Mexican Lilac

(Gliricidia sepium) contain coumarins, an effective botanopesticide. (Agriculture Business

Week, 2010)

The popular use of madre cacao leaves as a repellant to rice case worms by farmers

in the locality promoted the research of Fidelismo Beltran in evaluating this plant specie for

possible use as pesticide to control sweet potato weevil.

(Fidelismo Beltran, May l990)

A research study was made by Ligaya Cintura, Chona Joy Lumabao, and Domingo

Diaz on kakawate or madre cacao as an organic pesticide on diamond moth. Results

revealed that the organic pesticide significantly affected the control and treatment of the

insects. (Cintura, 2011).

Common housewives experience a difficulty of eradicating these pests due to the

rising cost of commercial insecticides which they could hardly afford. This was even

coupled by the problem of commercial insecticide leaving toxic residues on food, water

and atmosphere which pose danger to the consuming public. Thus, it becomes imperative

to explore and develop alternative control measures for reason of costs, availability,

environmental pollution and hazards to human and animal health brought about by

pesticide and insecticide use. (Davidson & Lyon, l979)

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It was for this reason that the researcher has decided to conduct an experiment on

the use of plant resources, which is kakawate, with known toxic properties which are

abundant in the locality using cockroach as a controlled variable.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The study entitled “Gliricidia Sepium as an Insecticide” has the general objective of

coming up with an alternative insecticide that is cheaper, organic, effective for

cockroaches. As found out by Dr. Alfredo R. Rabena, Head of the Research and

Development Office of the University of Northern Philippines in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur,

the leaves of the kakawate tree of Mexican Lilac (Gliricidia sepium) contain coumarins, an

effective botanopesticide. This idea was the basis of this study and experimentation.

The researcher had the following specific objectives:

1. To be able to extract the kakawate leaves to produce cheaper and organic insecticide.

2. To determine the chemical compound present in the kakawate leaves that can harm

pests and therefore making it a potential insecticide.

3. To test the efficiency of this organic insecticide through sample application with

cockroaches.

4. To determine the appropriate concentration of the leaves extract to produce an effective

organic insecticide.
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5. To see if some people would like this idea of kakawate leaves as an insecticide through

the survey questionnaires.

Household today are plagued with the perennial problems of house pests, one of

which is cockroach. Cockroaches have been around for million of years. They outlived

the dinosaur, survived disasters and still continue to pester man to this day. They sneak

around anywhere from sewers to tables, feasting greedily on wastes and foods. As a result,

they transmit germs that can cause food poisoning, infections and diarrhea. (Manila

Bulletin, l991)

Many species of cockroaches are found throughout the world. Some infest the

households and they are frequently found in restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and groceries.

Their presence is so objectionable that they are considered among the worst of domestic

pests. (Davidson and Lyon, l979)

The relevance of this research lies on its possible solution of getting rid of house

pests like the cockroaches through the production of an insecticide which is locally made,

involves lesser cost and readily available in the surroundings. (Ambros, 1991)

The use of kakawate as insecticide may bring comfort and good health within the

household. If pests like cockroach are not controlled, they infect the foods and grains in

the house. (Ross, l965)

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This study hoped to contribute to the upliftment of the present economic status,

which our country is experiencing nowadays due to global oil crisis and natural calamities.

This study showed the advantages of using a specified plant (kakawate) over the

commercial insecticide because of the availability of such plant in the community, its ease

in processing whereby housewives will not have a difficulty in adding chemical to extract

the leaves and it does not pose hazard to environmental pollution that is detrimental to

human health. (Ambros, l991)

This study served as further encouragement for more scientific research in the

utilization of our plant resources leading to national progress by way of reducing

importation of insecticide and preserving the environment. (Ambros, l991)

1.3 Scope and Delimitation

There have been several studies proving the helpful benefits of Gliricidia sepium,

locally known as kakawate, as pesticide. Research has also been conducted on both the

antifungal and antimicrobial properties of Gliricidia sepium extracts. However, the

researcher focused on proving the potential of kakawate as an organic insecticide.

The study would also prefer insects to be experimented on, specifically

cockroaches, rather than pests like rats because kakawate was already proven as a

pesticide.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 8

The researcher made the experiment at home. The materials needed were beakers,

strain cloth, graduated cylinder, basin, Erlenmeyer flask, mortar and pestle, weighing scale,

water, ethanol (70%) and kakawate leaves. If someone wants to further simplify the

procedure, a simple strain cloth and container would be enough.

The researcher was only restricted in using a commercialized material, 70% ethyl

alcohol or ethanol, for the digestion of the kakawate leaves. Once the leaves were

extracted, it would be placed in a sprayer and would be tested to kill cockroaches. In using

the ethanol, different variation of volume of it was used in constant amount of leaves to

identify which volume of the alcohol could yield the most effective insecticide. Why use

alcohol? All tannins have several common properties amongst them. While the tannins are

soluble in water and alcohol, they do not dissolve in organic solutions. Again, when

reacted with nitrogeneous bases, polysaccharides, some alkaloids, few glycosides and

proteins, all tannins form precipitates. (http:www.herbs2000.com/h_menu/tannins.htm)

The kakawate extract was only tested to cockroaches, and the extract was made by

following only the given procedure. No additional chemicals to inhibit or to affect the

efficiency of the said insecticide were added. The researcher saw the effectiveness of the

kakawate leaves in killing the cockroaches.

The researcher developed a questionnaire that consisted of 5 questions for 30

women respondents with the age of 19 years old and above because “common housewives
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 9

experience a difficulty of eradicating these pests due to the rising cost of commercial

insecticides which they could hardly afford.”(Ambros, 1991)

1.4 Conceptual Framework

The experiment begun with the gathering of kakawate leaves that were free from

diseases. The ground kakawate leaves were saturated in the beaker for five hours with 70%

ethanol to form the proposed organic insecticide which the researcher hoped would be used

to kill the controlled variable: cockroach. The extracts or filtrates were placed in a sprayer.

. Each cockroach was sprayed 20 times with the resulting solutions. (See the solution

combinations in the given table). The time duration of the death of the cockroach was

observed and noted.

Conceptual
Framework

1. GRINDING Grind 100 gm. of kakawate leaves

2. SOAKING Soak the ground leaves of kakawate leaves

(5 hours) in the given volume of ethanol (70% conc.)
1st trial = 150 ml
2nd trial = 160 ml
3rd trial = 170 ml
4th trial = 180 ml
5th trial = 190 ml

FILTERING
3. Use strain cloth
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 10

MIXING
4. Mix 100 ml of filtrate with

100 ml of water

5. SPRAYING Spray mixture to cockroach

(5 trials using different
volumes
of soaking substances)
See above

6. OBSERVING Note the elapsed time before

the cockroach expired

(on each of the indicated trial
volume of ethanol)
7.
INTERPRETATION

Note: The respondents were given the extract with most potent solution (150 ml ethanol)

and they did the experiments themselves. (spraying and observing)

1.5 Definition of Terms

a. Kakawate – (Kakawate DOST)

Common names: Kakawate, Madriado, Madre de cacao

Scientific name:Gliricidia sepium

Family: Leguminosae
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Kakawate is a nitrogen-fixing tree. In some areas, it is referred to as a quick-

stick due to its characteristic of growing almost right away just by cutting it and

planting it in the ground. It is a fast growing tree with a maturity height of 10

meters (33 feet). It is adaptable to almost any soil environment, including

infertile soils. It is tolerant to salt spray and water logging. It can tolerate

drought for up to 6 to 8 months. This tree can be potentially weedy, but rarely

causes a problem. Its ubiquitous characteristic makes it a good alternative for

feeds due to its availability in almost all areas in the country.

b. insecticide - any substance used to kill insects (New World Dictionary)

c. pesticide - an agent used to destroy pests (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

d. insect-repellant - a chemical substance that repels insects

(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/insect+repellant)

e. cockroach - any of an order (Blattaria) of insects with long feelers, and a flat

soft body; some species are common household pests (New World Dictionary)

f. toxic - poison (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

g. pest - any destructive or troublesome insect, small animal, weed, etc. (Webster

New World Dictionary)

h. effectiveness - efficiency (Webster New World Dictionary)

i. respondents - persons who respond or answer (Webster New World Dictionary)

j. flora - plants or plant life especially of a region or period (The Merriam-

Webster Dictionary)
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 12

k. coumarin - a chemical that came from tonka beans; a white, crystalline

substance, with the odor of vanilla, obtained from the tonka bean and certain

plants or made synthetically (Webster New World Dictionary)

l. tannins – a yellowish, astringent substance, derived from oak bark, gallnuts, etc

and used in tanning medicine (Webster New World Dictionary)

m. botanical pesticide - Pesticides whose active ingredients are plant-produced

chemicals such as nicotine, rotenone, or strychnine. Also called plant-derived

pesticides. Being "natural" pesticides, as distinct from synthetic ones, they are

typically acceptable to organic farmers.

(http://www.termwiki.com/EN:botanical_pesticides)
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The researcher had gathered related literature in Agriculture Business Week, article

from the Manila Bulletin, texts by Davidson, Lyon and Ross. Related studies by Dr.

Alfredo Rabena and Francisca Aquino-Ambros were also gathered and related studies on

natural insecticides.

2.1 Review of Related Literature -

Agriculture Business Week (Kakawate Leaf: An effective Pesticide)

Worms, bugs and other rice pests are an enigma to many farmers as these are

threats to rice production. To most farmers, commercial insecticides and pesticides are the

most effective and readily available pest controls. What they don’t realize is that these cost

them added expenses not to mention the bad effects of these chemicals to health and

environment.

Dr. Alfredo R. Rabena, head of the Research and Development Office of the

University of Northern Philippines in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, has discovered a solution. He

found that the leaves of kakawate tree or Mexican Lilac (Gliricidia Sepium) contain

coumarin, an effective botanical pesticide. To prepare the solution, chop the kakawate

leaves and let these soak overnight to extract coumarin. Using a strainer, separate the

leaves from the solution.

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 14

Spray the solution to the rice fields. The best time to apply it is from eight o’clock

to nine o’clock in the morning and from five o’clock to six o’clock in the afternoon as

worms and pests are coming out from the leaves at these times. So the solution would be

more effective to use. If applied early, it would not be that effective as pests are still

hibernating. And if used when the sun’s heat is too hot, it would not be that effective also

as pest would hide.

Since kakawate is a legume, says Rabena, its leaves are rich in nitrogen, an

important soil nutrient. Hence, the discarded leaves can be applied to the field as an

organic fertilizer. He also recommends farmers to put several leafy branches of kakawate

tree in between rice plants two days after planting to prevent pests from attacking the crop.

To prove this research finding, Rabena and Flora Cely Rodilis did a demonstration

in Naglaoa-an, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur as well as in Vigan City and Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur

where the kakawate leaves botano-pesticide effectively eliminated rice weevils, rice bugs,

and worms in rice fields. To make the chopping of leaves easier, Rabena and Dr. Manuel

Bajet Jr. designed a chopper. Called Dual Operated Foliage Chopper, the device can either

be operated electrically or manually as it has a pedal. It costs P21,000 and there are units at

the University.

Article From Manila Bulletin “House Pests”, 1991

Household today are plagued with the perennial problems of house pests, one of

which is the cockroach. Cockroaches have been around for millions of years. They

outlived the dinosaur, survived disasters and still continue to pester man to this day. They

sneak around anywhere from sewers to tables, feasting greedily on wastes and foods. As a
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 15

result, they transmit germs that can cause food poisoning, infections and diarrhea. (Manila

Bulletin, l991)

“Insect Pests, 1979”

Many species of cockroaches are found throughout the world. Some infest the

households and they are frequently found in restaurants, hotels, hospitals, groceries. Their

presence is objectionable that they are considered among the worst of domestic pests.

(Davidson and Lyon, l979)

“A Textbook of Entomology”

If pests like cockroaches are not controlled, they infect the food and grains in the

house. The presence of cockroach is a sign of unclean condition. So there is a need to

control these insects and these control measures are justifiable in terms of comfort and

economy. (Ross, l965)

“Tannins”

Tannins are polyphenols that are obtained from various parts of different plants

belonging to multiple species. Deriving it name from the technical word ‘tanning’ that

meant converting animal hides to leather through chemical processes; tannin is basically

used for this function. It is found in abundance in the tree bark, wood, fruit, fruit pod,

leaves, and roots and also in plant gall. Since earlier times, people obtained tannin for

tanning from plants like wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 16

sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis

balansae).

Tannins are found as shapeless yellowish or light brown masses like powder, flakes

or sponge. Interestingly, tannins are found almost in all plants and in all climates all over

the world. Although algae, fungi and mosses do not contain much tannin. The percentage

of tannins present in the plants, however, varies. While they are present in significant

proportions in some plants, many others have too little of them. Tannins are usually found

in large quantities in the bark of trees where they act as a barrier for micro-organisms

like bacteria and fungi and protect the tree. Apart from tanning, tannins are also used in

dyeing, photography, refining beer and wine as well as an astringent in medicines.

Significantly, tannins form a vital element of tea!

Tannins can be classified into two broad groups - hydrolysable tannins and

condensed tannins.

Hydrolysable tannins are basically derived from simple phenolic acids like gallic

acid or ellagic acid and when heated they give away pyrogallol. Pyrogallol is also known as

hepatotoxic and has antiseptic as well as caustic properties. Owing to the hepatotoxic

property, plants that have a concentration of tannins are not appropriate for application on

openwounds. When out in the open air hydrolysable tannins normally change to a brownish

color and are accountable for the brown color of many plant dyes.

On the other hand, condensed tannins, also known as non-hydrolysable tannins, do

not split easily and hence it is difficult to analyze these. Condensed tannins are
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 17

basically flavonoid dyes formed through bio-synthesis of flavins and catechins. When these

non-hydrolysable tannins are heated up in acids they synthesize to yield a red insoluble

substance known as tannin reds or phlobaphenes. Phlobaphenes are flushed precipitates

found in some plants that have reddish tints and this is an indication that these plants have

rich concentration of condensed tannins. When condensed tannins are heated, catechol

emerges as the final product. Unlike hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins do not

possess any trace of hepatotoxicity or any adverse side effects and hence are favorable for

use.

In addition to hydrolysable and condensed tannins, other examples of polyphenols

include arbutin derived from uva ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), rugosin-D obtained

from meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and sanguin H-6 from raspberry leaves (Rubus

idaeus).

Interestingly, all tannins have several common properties amongst them. While the

tannins are soluble in water and alcohol, they do not dissolve in organic solutions. Again,

when reacted with nitrogenous bases,polysaccharides, some alkaloids, few glycosides and

proteins all tannins form precipitates. Medically, tannins are used as antidotes to poisoning

by alkaloids depending on their capacity to form insoluble tannates. However, only dilute

solutions of tannins are applied for this work. Finally, almost all tannins consumed remain

exuded during the digestive process, and different quantities of it enter the body fluids and

are emitted by the kidney.

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The above-mentioned properties of tannins should always be kept in mind while

applying extracts from tannin-rich plants for medicinal purpose. Tannin is basically an

astringent that means that it tauten the pores and pulls out liquids from plants. In plants,

tannins are large astringents molecules that easily attaches with proteins. To find the truth

about these properties of tannins you may try a few small experiments. If you put tannin on

your skin, you will witness it to shrink and if you apply if on your face you will

notice wrinkles appearing. At the same time, tannins help to draw out all irritants from the

skin. These properties impart medicinal qualities to tannin which is applied on the skin to

pull out poisons from bee stings or poison oak bringing in instant relief.

The other remedial values of tannins include application on burns to heal the injury

and on cuts to stop bleeding. Tannin’s ability to form a strong ‘leather’ resistance on the

exposed tissues helps in protecting the wounds from being affected further. While it

stopsinfection from above, internally tannin continues to heal the wound. In case of third

degree burns using strong tannin sources will not only prevent septicemia, but also help to

save life. This traditional method has been practiced by most medicos in all countries. On

the other hand, when a tannin-rich solution is poured on the flesh, it generates a sealing

'eschar' that often helps in growing new skin albeit temporarily. This technique requires

repeated washing of the wound with tannins and this helps to eliminate the bacteria too.

Hence, tannins are also said to have antiseptic properties. Interestingly, this practice is still

followed in the primary health care centers in China and is also recommended as a first-aid

treatment at places where emergency medical services are still inadequate or faulty.
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Tannins can also be effective in curbing hemorrhages as well as restrict bare

swellings. While tannins are proved haemostatics, they are also beneficial when applied on

mucosal coating in mouth. Hence, herbs possessing tannins are widely used as

mouthwashes, eyewashes, snuff and even as vaginal douches and also treat rectal disorders.

When applied internally, tannins affect the walls of the stomach and other digestive parts.

They sour the mucus secretions and contract or squeeze the membranes in such a manner

that secretions from the cells are restricted. The good thing is that tannins’ anti-

inflammatory effect helps to control or curb all indications of gastritis, enteritis,

eosophagitis and irritating bowel disorders. This action is possible by involving lymph

stasis and neutralizing the autolytic enzymes. Conventionally, tannins have also been used

to cure diarrhea. In most rural areas diarrhea is caused due to the irritation of the enteritis or

the small intestine and is the reason for many deaths worldwide. Although diarrhea initially

affects the large bowel, but a reflex action origination higher up aims at eliminating the

disturbing material in the system as early as possible. Diarrhea many be considered to be a

healthy action as it helps to remove the unwanted or disturbing substance from the system,

but if it prolongs, it may lead to dehydration and nauseaoften resulting to death. Thus, in

order to control the fierceness of diarrhea, application of an effective astringent medicine is

recommended. An effective astringent does not stop the flow of the disturbing substance in

the stomach, but helps in controlling the irritation in the small intestine.

In earlier days, bowel looseness was a result of infection in the small bowel. But in the

contemporary society, there are other reasons than this for the disorder. Today looseness of

bowel can occur even due to bowel tremor and worsening irritating diseases in the small or
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 20

large bowel. This means that the application of tannins is restricted in bowel disorder cases

these days. However, they can still be used to reduce irritations and control the ferocity of

diarrhea. These days agents such as kaolin and morphine are also used to treat the

looseness of bowel. Tannins, however, differ from them as they are purely applied on the

basis of symptoms and have a healing effect on the bowel wall. At the same time, tannins

restraint the entry of any unwanted pathogenic substances.

Although tannins are beneficial in treating bowel irritations and many other ailments, there

is a need to restrict or limit the wanton use of tannins in order to avoid unwanted problems.

It is a well-known fact that when reacted with all proteins (including dietary proteins)

tannins form precipitates. But these tannin-proteins are too complex to be soaked into the

blood stream and while they are in the digestive system they intend to restrict or retard the

secretion of enzymes. Hence, it is important to restrict the usage of the medicines rich in

tannins. This is particularly important when consuming tea and coffee without milk. As the

astringent in these beverages retard the metabolism process, it is always advised that tea

and coffee should be taken only lightly brewed. And it is even better to consume tea with

milk or lemon juice that counteracts the effects of astringent.

(Tannins(n.d.) Retrieved Feb 2nd, 2012., from herbs 2000. http://www.herbs2000.com/h

menu/tannins.htm)

“What is an Astringent?”
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 21

An astringent is a substance which causes biological tissue to contract or draw

together. There are a number of uses for astringents medically, and many cosmetic

companies also sell astringents for skin care. The term is also used to refer to tart foods

which cause the mouth to pucker, such as lemons, pomegranates,

and persimmons. Tannins, such as those found in teas and wines, are also astringents, since

they cause the mouth to feel dry and constricted. Many of these tannins, such as oak bark,

are used to produce astringent products for both medical and cosmetic use.

The word's origins can be found in the Latin astringere, which means “to bind

fast.” An astringent can be said to have “astringency” when someone is describing its

properties. When an astringent is applied to living tissue, it does indeed cause the tissue to

bind fast to itself, causing it to shrink. This property can be extremely useful for a variety

of applications.

In internal medicine, astringents are used to shrink mucus membranes. By reducing

swelling, a doctor can identify areas of bleeding or irritation more readily. The use of a

medical astringent can also act to reduce unwanted discharge, which will make patients

more comfortable. Many doctors also prescribe astringents to relieve skin irritations such

as those cause by fungal infection and insect bites. Calamine lotion is an example of a

topical medical astringent designed to reduce irritation, as is witch hazel. Pet guardians

may have used stronger astringents, in the form of styptic pencils or sticks, which are

designed to be applied to nails which have been cut too short in order to stop the bleeding.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 22

In cosmetics, astringents are used to firm and tone the skin, constricting

the pores and creating a protective layer of firm tissue between the under layers of skin and

the elements. A cosmetic astringent is sometimes called a toner, and it is usually applied

after bathing but before the application of moisturizers. Aftershaves are also astringents.

Using an astringent after shaving can help to reduce the pain of minor cuts while also

soothing the skin.

Applying excessive astringents, especially harsh ones such as alcohol, can be

drying. This is why many cosmetic astringents are followed by moisturizer, to keep the

skin moist as well as firm. There is also some debate in the medical community over

whether or not people with acne should use astringents. Some people argue that the

astringents may have a positive impact, while others fear that astringents restrict the pores,

leading to an increased likelihood of blockage and infection.

(Smith S.E. (n.d.) What is an Astringent? Retrieved Feb 2nd, 2012, from wisegeek.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-astringent.htm)

2.2 Related Studies -

Thesis on “The Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Active Botano Chemicals

of Kakawate Leaves Against Termites”, Dr. Alfredo R. Rabena

Dr. Alfredo R. Rabena presented this finding through his paper “The Isolation,

Characterization and Identification of Active Botano Chemicals of Kakawate Leaves

against Termites” that he presented during the 5 th Intenational Congress of Plant Molecular

Biology in Singapore in l997. His study was also included in the book “The International
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 23

Society for Plant Molecular Biology” published by the National University of Singapore

and Institute of Molecular Agrobiology.

Coumarins in kakawate leaves are also effective termites-and-bed bugs neutralizer.

Kakawate leaves are also effective anti-fungus. It can cure Trichophyton metagrophytes

that causes skin disease like eczema. Crumple several leaves and apply to affected area of

the skin for a salicylic acid-like effect.

Dr. Rabena and Dr. Nelia Aman, and Engr. Franklin Amistad have discovered that

the ash of kakawate can be a good concrete mixture for ceramics. Its charcoal is a good

moisture and odor absorbent, too. Kakawate leaves can be used also to de-worm pigs. Just

have the swine eat ample leaves and the parasites will not live long. If these uses are not

enough, then remember that kakawate’s flowers can be made into salad or into dinengdeng,

a delicious Ilokano veggie dish.

Thesis on “Effectiveness of Nerium Indicum as Insecticide to House Pests Blatta Orientalis

(Cockroaches), Francisca Aquino-Ambros, May 1991

The Philippines is endowed with a rich supply of flora both land and sea. There are

more than 8,000 species of plants and several of these have pesticidal properties.

The study of the utilization of the toxic substances by plants in our environment to

control pests has gained recognition in the previous years and this is a positive approach in

meeting the current worldwide economic crisis problem. The natural product of plants has

been tapped to provide a vast source of toxic substances that may be utilized in the control

of pests.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 24

Common housewives experience a difficulty of eradicating these pests due to the

rising cost of commercial insecticides which they could hardly afford. This is even

coupled by the problems of commercial insecticide leaving toxic residues on food, water

and atmosphere which pose danger to the consuming public. Thus, it becomes imperative

to explore and develop alternative control measures for reason of costs, availability,

environmental pollution and hazards to human and animals’ health brought about by

pesticide use. It is for this reason that the researcher decided to conduct an experiment on

the use of plant resources with known toxic properties which are abundant in the locality to

answer the needs of the Filipinos for effective pest control. The relevance of this research

lies on its possible solution of getting rid of house pests like the cockroaches through the

production of an insecticide which is locally made, involves lesser cost and readily

available in the surroundings.

This study hoped to contribute to the upliftment of the present economic status,

which our country is experiencing nowadays due to global oil crisis and natural calamities.

This study will show the advantages of using a specified plant over the commercial

insecticide because of the availability of such plant in the community, its ease in processing

whereby housewives will not have a difficulty in adding chemical to extract the flower and

it does not pose hazard to environmental pollution that is detrimental to human health.

This study will also serve as further encouragement for more scientific research on the

utilization of our own plant resources leading to national progress by way of reducing of

importation of insecticide and preserving the environment.

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 25

Thesis – “Effects of Soil Incorporation of Madre de Cacao Leaves on Sweet Potato Weevil

Manifestation, Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato”, Fidelismo Beltran, l990

Recently, the increasing costs of pesticides and the growing concern of the general

public about increasing environmental pollution as a result of continued pesticide use

enhanced the interest of researchers to discover and develop other means for the control of

sweet potato weevil.

Exploring locally available materials such as plant parts could be a possible

alternative as wide-ranged pesticides. The popular use of madre de cacao leaves as

repellant to rice case worms by farmers in the locality promoted the researcher (Mr.

Beltran) to experimentally evaluate this plant specie for possible use as pesticide to control

sweet potato weevil.

2.3 Related Studies on Natural Insecticides

Since 1690, extracts from tobacco have been used as insecticides. As early as 1927,

researches on natural insecticides from plants have been conducted in the Philippines

utilizing fresh and dried tobacco leaves as insecticide. (Ogot, l989)

In the rural area of Thailand, the people like to use extracted nut from stemma

specie for the control of animal and human pests such as lice, flee, etc. (Sombatsiri &

Pathumachartpat, l979

Carino (196l)… screened nine composite species for insecticide.

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 26

Summary of Review of Related Literature and Studies

For these past few years botanist all over the world have been finding a solution for

a cheaper and safer insecticide. Many have found potential plants as can be seen in these

related literature and studies. One is Dr. Alfredo Rabena who found that the leaves of

kakawate tree contain coumarin, an effective botanopesticide and also effective termites-

and-bed bugs neutralizer. Kakawate leaves are also anti-fungus and can be used to de-

worm pigs, and its ashes can be a good concrete mixture for ceramics. Francisca Aquino-

Ambros also studied the effectiveness of nerium indicum as insecticide to cockroaches.

The literature and studies pointed to the need of getting rid of house pests like

cockroaches through the production of insecticide with known toxic properties and which

are abundant in the locality – the kakawate.

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 27

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Standard procedures for the preparation and the application of the plant extracts were

presented here in Methodology. The kakawate leaves were gathered. Those with sign of

infestation on the leaves were rejected and the only leaves with healthy dark green color

were the ones collected and would be used as raw materials. The method was extraction

and variation of volume of ethanol in killing the cockroaches.

3.1 Standard Procedures for the preparation and application of the plant extracts

1. Select plant leaves that are free from diseases.

2. When storing the plant parts for future usage, make sure that they are properly dried

and are stored in an airy container, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Make sure

that they are free from molds before using them.

3. Use utensils for the extract preparation that are not used for your food preparation and

for drinking and cooking water containers. Clean properly all the utensils every time

after using them.

4. Do not have a direct contact with the crude extract while in the process of the

preparation and during the application.

5. Make sure that you place the plant extract out of reach of children and house pets while

leaving it overnight.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 28

6. Wear protective clothing while applying the plant extract.

7. Wash your hands after handling the plant extract.

3.1.1 Procedure for the making of kakawate extracts

1. Kakawate leaves that were healthy and free from disease were gathered.

2. Kakawate leaves were ground using mortar and pestle.

3. Weighed 100 grams of the ground kakawate leaves.

4. Measured 150 ml of 70% ethanol in a beaker.

5. Soaked the ground kakawate leaves on the beaker for five hours. Sealed the beaker

with aluminum foil to avoid evaporation of the ethanol.

6. Filtered the solution with the strain cloth after soaking for five hours.

7. Measured 100 ml of the extract in an Erlenmeyer’s flask with 100 ml of water from a

graduated cylinder.

8. The resulting filtrate, kakawate + ethanol, served as the insecticide. Sprayed it on a live

cockroach and observed what happened. Noted the time of death of the cockroach.

9. Repeated the procedure using 160, 170, 180 and 190 ml of 70% ethanol.

3.1.2 Materials and Instruments

Kakawate leaves strain cloth

mortar and pestle sprayer

5 live cockroaches 250 ml beakers

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 29

70% ethanol weighing scale

basin graduated cylinder

Erlenmeyer’s flask water

3.2 Analysis

The researcher analyzed the effect or efficiency of the variation of volume of

ethanol in killing the cockroach. The volume of the ethanol that was used for each trial

started at 150 ml and was increased incrementally by 10 ml until the 190 ml limit was

reached. The most efficient amount of soaking solution for the ground kakawate leaves is

150 ml.

3.2.1 Data Interpretation and Calculations (Variation of Volume of Alcohol)

Table 3.1

Volume of the ethanol Volume of the extract

Cockroach (ml) added to 100 gm (ml) added to 100 ml No. of Sprays
of kakawate of water

1st 150 100 20

2nd 160 100 20

3rd 170 100 20

4th 180 100 20

5th 190 100 20

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 30

Column one on the table represented the 5 live cockroaches that were sprayed with

the extracted kakawate. (that was, one cockroach per trial) Column two represented the

different volume of ethanol (70% concentration) added to 100 ml of ground kakawate.

This volume of ethanol started with 150 ml and would increase by 10 ml (for each

procedure) until it would reach 190 ml. Column three described the volume of the extract

which was constant at 100 ml. This amount of extract was combined with 100 ml of water

(for each trial). Column four was the number of sprays (20 sprays) employed in killing the

cockroach.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 31

CHAPTER 1V

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Interpretation of the results of the experiment

Table 4.1
Experiment Results

Volume of the Volume of the

ethanol (ml) extract (ml) Length of time before
Cockroach No. of Sprays
added to 100 gm added to 100 ml death (min.)
of kakawate of water

1st 150 100 20 8.0

2nd 160 100 20 15.0

3rd 170 100 20 24.0

4th 180 100 20 33.0

5th 190 100 20 45.0

The last column on the table stated the length of time in minutes before the cockroach

died. The researcher noticed a great difference. Just like in 150 ml and 160 ml of ethanol,

it was 8.0 minutes and 15.0 minutes respectively. The experiment proved that the extract

with the lower volume of the alcohol have the highest capacity on the killing of the

cockroach. Hence, the volume of the alcohol greatly affected the efficiency of the extracts.

It was noted that the lesser the volume of the alcohol, the greater was its efficiency in

killing the cockroach.

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 32

4.2 Interpretation of the survey

The researcher developed questionnaires for 30 women respondents. They were

given samples to be tested on cockroaches and five questions to be answered. The

indicators of effectiveness could be seen in the survey conducted. For the number one (1)

question: Did the cockroach die when sprayed with “kakawate” extract? The 30

respondents unanimously said YES. That was an indication of the effectiveness of the

product. The number two (2) question: Was the “kakawate” extract an effective cockroach

killer? The 30 respondents all said YES. That was clear indication that the kakawate

extract was effective. In number three (3) question: If taught with the proper method of

making the kakawate extract, will you do it on your own? Twenty five of the respondents

affirmed their agreement, while five of the respondents said NO. The researcher inquired

about the reasons for their answers. It was because they did not have the time to do it. In

the number four (4) question: Do you believe that the kakawate extract will not harm

people and the environment?, two respondents said NO. The others were unanimous in

saying that it was a safe alternative to the commercial pesticides.

Some respondents had favorable comments in question number five (5) like: “Sana

ay maituro sa bawat isa ang proseso nito upang mawala ang mga ipis na nakapagdudulot ng

sakit.; Effective; Environmental-friendly!; Ito na yung maganda malaman natin tungkol sa

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 33

kakawate. Makakatulong ito sa atin sa pagpatay ng ipis at mas mura. and Kakawate extract

is a better alternative to insecticide in the market. A Baygon of 600 ml costs P279.75, very

expensive and hazardous to health and environment.”

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 34

Table 4. 2

Survey Results

SURVEY RESULTS

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS = 30

QUESTIONS YES NO

1. Did the cockroach die when sprayed with 30 0

"kakawate" extract ? (100%) 0%

2. Was the "kakawate" extract an effective cockroach 30 0

killer? (100%) 0%

3. If taught with the proper method of making the 25 5

"kakawate" extract, will you do it on your own? (83.37%) (16.67%)

4. Do you believe that the "kakawate" extract will not 28 2

harm people and the environment? (93.33%) (6.76%)

5. Write comments or suggestions.

   
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 35

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION, CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

Gliricidia sepium, locally known as madre de cacao or kakawate, is a nitrogen-

fixing tree and easily grown in the localities just by cutting and planting it in the ground.

Studies revealed many uses of kakawate leaves like fertilizer, termite and rat killer, anti-

fungal, and as an organic pesticide on diamond moth, as repellant to rice case worms and to

control sweet potato weevil. Dr. Alfredo Rabena, head of the Research and Development

Office of the University of Northern Philippines found out that the leaves of kakawate

contain coumarin that can kill almost all types of insects. And coumarin contains tannin

that is considered potentially anti-diarrhea, anti-dysenteric, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant,

bactericidal, hepato-protective, pesticide and act as an astringent.

Insecticides are any toxic substances that are used to kill insects but in some cases,

it is hazardous to people and the environment. Due to the rising cost of commercial

insecticides and the problem of leaving toxic residues on food, water and atmosphere, it has

become an objective of the researcher to develop and explore alternative control measures.

The study and experiment was done to prove that kakawate leaves or Gliricidia

sepium could be a potential insecticide because of its components. Healthy kakawate leaves

were gathered and ground. They were saturated for five hours in 70% ethanol, then filtered

and mixed with water to come up with the extracted kakawate to be sprayed on live

cockroaches. The efficiency of this organic insecticide was made through sample
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 36

application with five cockroaches. It has been found out that appropriate concentration of

the leaves extract together with right amount of ethanol (150 ml only) caused the death of

the cockroaches at the fastest time (8.0 minutes). It was observed that the cockroach

aggressively reacted to it. They became hyperactive but at some point, they lost their

strength and suddenly stopped moving. Then after several minutes, they died. It was

shown in the tabulated data that the extract of kakawate with lowest volume of 70%

ethanol (150 ml) had the highest capacity in killing the cockroaches. Hence, the volume of

the ethanol greatly affected the efficiency of the extract. The dark green kakawate and

ethanol extracts contained hydrolyzed tannin that acted as astringent that caused the

contraction of the tissues. It was the main reason why the dead cockroach was somewhat

bulgy and hard, and its feet were not stretched out

The researcher has achieved his general objective of coming up with an alternative

insecticide that is cheaper, organic and effective. This alternative and eco-friendly

insecticide came from the extracts of kakawate leaves.

5.2 Conclusion

The extracted dark green ethanol solution from the kakawate leaves (scientifically

known as Gliricidia sepium) was proven to be a potential organic insecticide. It contained

hydrolyzed tannin that act as an astringent that causes the contraction of tissues of the

cockroach. “Tannins are polyphenols that are obtained from various parts of different

plants belonging to multiple species. An astringent is a substance which causes biological

 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 37

tissue to contract or draw together. Tannins, such as those found in teas and wines, are also

astringents, since they cause the mouth to feel dry and constricted. Many of these tannins,

such as oak bark, are used to produce astringent products for both medical and cosmetic

use. (http://www.herbs2000.com/h_menu/tannins.htm).

According to Dr. Alfredo Rabena, head of the Research and Development Office

of the University of Northern Philippines, the leaves of the kakawate tree contains

coumarin, an effective botanopesticide. He found that kakawate leaves is a good source of

coumarine that can kill almost all types of pests and insects. (http://www-

agribusinessweek.com/kakawate/leaf-an-effective-pesticide)

New World Dictionary defines coumarin as crystalline substance C9H6O2, with the

odor of vanilla, obtained from the tonka beans and certain plants or made synthetically.

Coumarin contains tannin that is also known as astringent.

Therefore, I conclude, that extracts from kakawate leaves have coumarin that

contains tannin. This is the reason why the dead cockroach was somewhat bulgy and hard,

and its feet are not stretched out.

The leaves, after extraction, turned pale green in color because the coumarin

containing tannin was dissolved in ethanol. The tannin was the one responsible for the

green plastic-like cover of the kakawate leaves. It served as their protection from their

predators; it was poisonous to some animals and even to human. Too much intake of
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 38

tannins could cause severe problem on our stomach and liver. Wines, coffees and teas are

some common food containing tannin.

Upon spraying of the insecticide, kakawate plus ethanol solution, it was observed

that the cockroach aggressively reacted to it. Each one of the five cockroaches became

hyperactive but at some point, each one of them lost the strength and suddenly stopped

moving. Then, after several moments, each one of the cockroaches died. The different

concentration affected the efficiency of the product. I therefore, conclude, that the lower

the concentration, in terms of tannin from the leaves, the lesser was the tendency for it to

kill insects. It was also noted that the saturation in certain volume of ethanol affected

extracts’ performance.

5.3 Recommendation

The organic insecticide derived from the kakawate leaves or scientifically known

as Gliricidia sepium is a lot cheaper than the commercially available inorganic insecticides.

The researcher recommends using this kakawate extracts because first of all, it is cheaper.

A respondent said that a 600 ml of Baygon, a known brand of insecticide, costs P279.75.

Second, it is not as hazardous as the inorganic insecticides that cause severe damage, not

only to people but also to the environment, causing environmental pollution. Therefore, it

is environmental friendly. Third, it is easy to make. With a cloth as strainer and a container,

the grounded kakawate leaves with ethanol can be easily extracted. And lastly, it is easy to

find in the locality most especially in the provinces. It is easy to propagate because it has
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 39

the characteristic of growing almost right away by cutting it and directly planting it in the

ground.

The researcher highly recommends the Gliricidia sepium or locally known as

kakawate extract as an organic insecticide and hopes that scientific research be made by

Department of Science and Technology so that a better but cheaper product will come out

in the market . This will lead to national progress by way of reducing the importation of

commercialized insecticide and preserving the environment.

.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Guralnik, David. (1980). Webster’s New World Dictionary. United States of America:
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Mish, Frederick. (1997). The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts,

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Ross, Herbert, A. (1965). Textbook of Entomology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Sambatsiri, K & Pathumachatpat W. (1979). New Insecticides from Plants. Bangkok,

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Aquino-Abros, Francisca. (May 1991).Effectiveness of Nerium Indicum as Insecticide to

House Pests Blatta Orientalis (Cockroaches). Thesis.

Beltran, Fidelismo. (May 1990). Effects of Soil Incorporation of Madre de Cacao Leaves
on Sweet Potato Weevil Manifestation, Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato. Thesis. p.2

Carino, M. B. (1981). Nine Composite Species for Insecticides. Thesis.

Cintura, Ligaya, et al. (March 2000). Madre de Cacao Extract as an Organic Pesticide on
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Coraza, Juanita. (March 2000). Performance of Mungo as Influenced by Time and Rate of
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Ogot, Cleofe A.. (l989).The Control of Major Pest in Mushroom with the Use of Tobacco
Waste and Chemicals. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,

Rabena, Alfredo. (l997). The Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Active

Botano Chemicals of Kakawate Leaves Against Termites. Thesis.
 Philippine Normal University – Center for Teaching and Learning 41

Manila Bulletin “House Pests” April 4, l991, Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation
Intramuros, Manila p.14

Tacadena S. (May 22nd, 2010) Re: Kakawate lead an effective Pesticide

http;//www.agribusinessweek.com/kakawate-leaf-an-effective-pesticide

Tannins(n.d.) Retrieved Feb 2nd, 2012., from herbs 2000.

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Smith S.E. (n.d.) What is an Astringent? Retrieved Feb 2nd, 2012, from wisegeek.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-astringent.htm

Insect Repellant (n.d.) Retrieved August 16, 2011, from free dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/insect+repellant