142 CH.

4 INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

4.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame

Recall that aframe is composed of several connected members that are either fixed or pin connected at their ends. The design of these structures often requires drawing the shear and moment diagrams for each of the members. To analyze any problem, we can use the procedure for analysis outlined in Sec. 4.3. This requires first determining the reactions at the frame supports. Then, using the method of sections, we find the axial force, shear force, and moment acting at the ends of each member. Provided all loadings are resolved into components acting parallel and perpendicular to the member's axis, the shear and moment diagrams for each member can then be drawn as described

previously.

When drawing the moment diagram, one of two sign conventions is used

in practice. In particular, if the frame is made of reinforced concrete, designers often draw the moment diagram on the tension side of the frame. In other words, if the moment produces tension on the outer surface of the frame, the moment diagram is drawn on this side. Since concrete has a low tensile strength, it will be possible to tell at a glance on which side of the frame the reinforcement steel must be placed. In this text, however, we will use the opposite sign convention and always draw the moment diagram on the compression side of the member. This convention follows that used for beams

discussed in Sec. 4.1.

The following examples illustrate this procedure numerically.

The simply supported girder of this concrete building frame was designed by first drawing its shear and moment diagrams.

SEC. 4.4 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A FRAME 143

Draw the moment diagram for the tapered frame shown in Fig. 4-16a. Assume the support at B is a pin.

5k 5k

~·~·--15

1-~----------~--3k 5 ft

3k

3k

I k

(b)

(a)

Fig. 4-16
6k 5k
1 k 15 k . ft 15ft-~-~1
15 k· ft +3k 3k+t
3k Bf 3k
3k 15 k . ft I k
3k 1 k
6k
tAk (c)
SOLUTION B Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown on the free-body diagram of the entire frame, represented here as a centerline diagram in Fig. 4-16b. Using these results, the frame (centerline) is then sectioned into two members, and the internal reactions at the ends of the members are determined, Fig. 4-16c. Note that the external5-k load is shown only on the free-body diagram of the joint at C.

(d)

A

Moment Diagram. In accordance with our positive sign convention, and using the techniques discussed in Sec. 4.3, the moment diagram is shown for the entire frame on the centerline diagram in Fig. 4-16d.

It should be noted that the calculations of the frame's support reactions are independent of the members' cross-sectional area since the frame is statically determinate. Had the frame been statically indeterminate, it would have been necessary to consider the variation of the members' crosssectional area to obtain the reactions. The methods for doing this are discussed in later chapters of this book.

144 CH. 4 INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Draw the moment diagram for the frame shown in Fig. 4-17 a. Assume A is a pin, C is a roller, and B is a fixed joint.

40kN/m

80kN

t==:t~c

1--4 m--.---- :'m2_ffi 1_._3 . .L m

80kN

(a)

Cy= 82.5 kN

_____ 6 m .-.----. 2 m-

Ay= 2.5 kN

(b)

Fig. 4-17

SOLUTION

Support Reactions. The free-body diagram of the entire frame is shown

in Fig. 4-17b. Here the distributed load, which represents wind loading, has been replaced by its resultant, and the reactions have been computed. The frame is then sectioned at joint B and the internal loadings at Bare determined, Fig. 4-17c. As a check, equilibrium is satisfied at joint B, which is also shown in the figure.

Shear and Moment Diagrams. The components of the distributed load, (72 kN)/(5 m) = 14.4 kN/m and (96 kN)/(5 m) = 19.2 kN/m, are shown on member AB, Fig. 4-17d. The associated shear and moment diagrams are drawn for each member as shown in Figs. 4-17d and 4-17e.

SEC.4.4 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A FRAME 145

l70kN·m 1.5kN l70kN'm

B~ZOkN"~tt

1.5 kN 2 kN 80kN

2kN

,36.87° ( ~ ~======;=I C

l70 kN'm 2.5 kN

82.5 kN

(e)

80kN

l70 kN· m ( J L-------------.d C 2.5 kN

82.5 kN

V (kN)

x (m)

97.5 kN V (kN) 70

x(m)

M

M(kN'm

4.86

(d)

(e)

146 CH. 4 INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

4.5 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

Since beams are used primarily to resist bending stress, it is important that the moment diagram accompany the solution for their design. In Sec. 4.3 the moment diagram was constructed by first drawing the shear diagram. If we use the principle of superposition, however, each of the loads on the beam can be treated separately and the moment diagram can then be constructed in a series of parts rather than a single and sometimes complicated shape. It will be shown later in the text that this can be particularly advantageous when applying geometric deflection methods to determine both the deflection of a beam and the reactions on statically indeterminate beams.

Most loadings on beams in structural analysis will be a combination of the loadings shown in Fig. 4-18. Construction of the associated moment diagrams has been discussed in Example 4-7. To understand how to use the method of superposition to construct the moment diagram consider the

p

M

-p

(a)

M

parabolic curve

(e)

M

(b)

M

6

cubic curve

(d)

Fig. 4-18

SEC.4.5 MOMENT DIAGRAMS CONSTRUCTED BY THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION 147

M (kft)

II

II

4°Ci
200 kft +
( 300 kft
300 k-ft
500,(! +
25 k M(k·ft)

f.-..-==~------- x(ft)

-200

M(k·ft)

25 k

superposition of cantilevered beams (a)

superposition of associated moment diagrams

Fig. 4-19

(b)

simply supported beam at the top of Fig. 4-19a. Here the reactions have been calculated and so the force system on the beam produces a zero force and moment resultant. The moment diagram for this case is shown at the top of Fig. 4-19b. Note that this same moment diagram is produced for the cantilevered beam when it is subjected to the same statically equivalent system of loads as the simply supported beam. Rather than considering all the loads on this beam simultaneously when drawing the moment diagram, we can instead superimpose the results of the loads acting separately on the three cantilevered beams shown in Fig. 4-19a. Notice that the reaction at end A is indeed 15 k when the reactions on the cantilevered beams are added together. In the same manner, the internal moment at any point in the simply supported beam is equal to the sum of the moments at any point in the three cantilevered beams. Thus, if the moment diagram for each cantilevered beam is drawn, Fig. 4-19b, the superposition of these diagrams yields the resultant moment diagram for the simply supported beam. For example, from each of the separate moment diagrams, the moment at end A is MA = -200 - 300 + 500 = 0, as verified by the top moment diagram in Fig. 4-19b. In some cases it is often easier to construct and use a separate series of statically equivalent moment diagrams for a beam, rather than construct the beam's more complicated "resultant" moment diagram.

148 CR. 4 INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

In a similar manner, we can also simplify construction of the "resultant" moment diagram for a beam by using a superposition of "simply supported" beams. For example, the loading on the beam shown at the top of Fig. 4-20a is equivalent to the beam loadings shown below it. Consequently, the separate moment diagrams for each of these three beams can be used rather than drawing the resultant moment diagram shown in Fig. 4-20b.

M(kN·

x (m)

70

·m

II

M(kN·m)

II

90

x(m)

+

M(kN·

+

x (m)

m---

+

+

M(kN·

20kN·m

superposition of simply supported beams

superposition of associated moment diagrams

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4-20

SEC.4.5 MOMENT DIAGRAMS CONSTRUCTED BY THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION 149

Draw the moment diagrams for the beam shown at the top of Fig. 4-21a using the method of superposition. Consider the beam to be cantilevered from the support at B.

SOLUTION

If the beam was supported as a cantilever from B, it would be subjected to the statically equivalent loadings shown in Fig. 4-21a. The superimposed three cantilevered beams are shown below it together with their associated moment diagrams in Fig. 4-21b. (As an aid to their construction, refer to Fig. 4-18.) Although not needed here, the sum of these diagrams will yield the resultant moment diagram for the beam. For practice, try drawing this diagram and check the results.

5 klft
ISO k . ft
( A

l-s ft+-: 1S ft

22.S k 15 k
5 klft
ISO k· ft
( B
l-s

II M(k· ft)
1S0 k· ft
( x (ft)
-1S0
+ +
M(k· ft)
x (ft)


22.5 k
+ S klft + superposition of cantilevered beams (a)

superposition of associated moment diagrams (b)

Fig. 4-21

366 CH. 9 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD

redundant ME applied (c)

Fig. 9-12

Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown in Fig. 9-12a. EI is constant.

SOLUTION

Principle of Superposition. By inspection, the beam is indeterminate to the first degree. Here, for the sake of illustration, we will choose the internal moment at support B as the redundant. Consequently, the beam is cut open and end pins or an internal hinge are placed at B in order to release only the capacity of the beam to resist moment at this point, Fig. 9-12h. The internal moment at B is applied to the beam in Fig. 9-12c.

Compatibility Equations. From Fig. 9-12a we require the relative rotation of one end of one beam with respect to the end of the other beam to be zero, that is,

cr+ )

where

and

(a)

II

primary structure

(b)

+

SEC. 9.4 FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: BEAMS 367

448

The slopes and angular flexibility coefficients can be determined from the table on the inside front cover, that is,

wL3 120(12)3 86401b·ft2

()' = -~----~-

B 24E1 24E1 E1

e: = _!'~~ =~~10)~ = 31251~!~

B 16E1 16E1 E1

, ML 1(12) 4ft

a = =-~-~ =

BB 3E1 3E1 E1

II ML 1(10) 3.33 ft

a =--=-~--=

BB 3D 3E1 E1

Thus

~~~j1J'ft~ + ~~~~b.!!= + MB(~~t + ~.~J~) = 0

MB = -16041b·ft

The negative sign indicates ME acts in the opposite direction to that shown in Fig. 9-12c. Using this result, the reactions at the supports are calculated as shown in Fig. 9-12d. Furthermore, the shear and moment diagrams are shown in Fig. 9-12e.

Cd)

V (Ib) 586

M (Ib·ft)

410

1431

368 CH. 9 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD

9.5 Force Method of Analysis: Frames

The force method is very useful for solving problems involving statically indeterminate frames that have a single story and unusual geometry, such as gabled frames. Problems involving multistory frames, or those with a high degree of indeterminacy, are best solved using the slope-deflection, momentdistribution, or the stiffness method discussed in later chapters.

The following examples illustrate the application of the force method using the procedure for analysis outlined in Sec. 9.2.

Determine the support reactions on the frame shown in Fig. 9-13a. EI is constant.

SOLUTION

Principle of Superposition. By inspection the frame is statically indeterminate to the first degree. We will choose the horizontal reaction at B to be the redundant. Consequently, the pin at B is replaced by a roller, since a roller will not constrain B in the horizontal direction. The principle of superposition applied to the frame is therefore as shown in Fig. 9-13b.

Compatibility Equation. Reference to point B in Fig. 9-13b requires

\ \

\ \

4m

\ + \

\ \

B

redundant Ex applied

B --

actual frame

primary structure

(a)

(b)

Fig. 9-13

(1)

SEC. 9.5 FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: FRAMES 369

The terms AB and fBB will be computed using the method of virtual work. The frame's x coordinates and internal moments are shown in Fig. 9-13c and 9-13d. It is important that in each case the selected coordinate Xl or X2 be the same for both the real and virtual loadings. Also, the positive directions for M and m must be the same.

For AB we require application of real loads, Fig. 9-13c, and a virtual unit load at B, Fig. 9-13d. Thus,

A B i L~j- dx = i 5 ~~()-~L_~~~(__Q'_8y:_l)_c!X_L + fa 4 ()-(~1~-c!X_~

166.7 166.7

= ---- + 0 = -----

El El

For jIm we require application of a real unit load acting at B, Fig. 9-13d, and a virtual unit load acting at B, Fig. 9-13d. Thus,

j~B = iL ~7 dx = i5 ~()_:83_%;c!X_l_ + i4(!;(_~c!Y:2

26.7 21.3 48.0

= ---- + --.- =--_.

El El El

Substituting the data into Eq. (1) and solving yields

o = liP- + e, (\~())

s, = 3.47 kN

Ans.

(c)

20kN

Cd)

kN

Equilibrium Equations. Showing B, on the free-body diagram of the frame in the correct direction, Fig. 9-13e, and applying the equations of equilibrium, we have

.:t. 'LFx = 0; Ax - 3.47 = 0 Ax = 3.47 kN Ans.
1+'LMA = 0; - 40(2.5) + By(5) 3.47(4) = 0 By = 22.8 kN Ans.
+ I'LF = o. Ay - 40 + 22.8 = 0 Ay = 17.2 kN Ans.
y , m-~I--2.5

3.47kN

Ce)

By

370 CH. 9 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD

Determine the moment at the fixed support A for the frame shown in Fig. 9-14a. EI is constant.

1-3ft~(a) Fig. 9-14

SOLUTION

Principle of Superposition. The frame is indeterminate to the first degree. A direct solution for MA can be obtained by choosing this as the redundant. Thus the capacity of the frame to support a moment at A is removed and therefore a pin is used at A for support. The principle of superposition applied to the frame is shown in Fig. 9-l4h.

Compatibility Equation. Reference to point A in Fig. 9-14h requires

cr+)

(1)

As in the preceding example, 8A and Q'AA will be computed using the method of virtual work. The frame's x coordinates and internal moments are shown in Fig. 9-14c and 9-14d.

c

:::::::

A

actual frame

primary structure

(b)

+

redundant MA applied

SEC.9.S FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: FRAMES 371

O.051b

~

I -,

222.51b

"

I -,

O.08331b

3001b 0

~ ~

For 8A we require application of the real loads, Fig. 9-14c, and a virtual unit couple moment at A, Fig. 9-14d. Thus,

8A = 22 f MI~~dX

18 l~~.1_2XJ2Q_~10.~833~)~1

+ f(2,C)_?:7~2_~_J_031}(0~066?!:2)__4~l

518.5 303.2 821.8

= --~-- + --~- = ~-~~--

E1 E1 E1

For C\'AA we require application of a real unit couple moment acting at A, and a virtual unit couple moment acting at A, Fig. 9-l4d. Thus,

Substituting these results into Eq. (I) and solving yields

o =8~/_ + MA(~~)

Ans.

MA = -204lb·ft

The negative sign indicates MA acts in the opposite direction to that shown in Fig. 9-14h.