2.3.

Exact Differential Equation

Given any function f(x,y)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 total differential of f(x,y)

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 exact differential
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 exact DE
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
Given the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0, if there exist a function f(x,y) such that 𝑀 =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
and 𝑁 = 𝜕𝑦 , the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact if 𝑀 = 𝜕𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝜕𝑦 are equal.

Solution of Mdx + Ndy = 0 if exact is

1. F (x,y) = c
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦) eq. 1
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥) eq. 2

Note:
a. The first of these equations is integrated partially relative to x (holding
y as constant) while the second is integrated partially to y (holding x as
constant)
b. The constants of partial integration, f(y) and g(x), are found by
comparing there 2 possible solutions.
𝑥
2. ∫𝑎 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑎, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
where a = any convenient constant
c = arbitrary constant or constant of integration

EXAMPLE 1

Test for exactness and solve (4x-2y+5)dx + (2y-2x)dy = 0.

Solution:
(4x-2y+5)dx + (2y-2x)dy = 0
M = 4x-2y+5 N= 2y-2x
ժ𝑀 ժ𝑁
=
ժ𝑦 ժ𝑥
ժ𝑀 ժ𝑁
= −2 = −2
ժ𝑦 ժ𝑥

-2 = -2 ; DE is exact

1st solution
F(x1,y) = c
F = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
= ∫(4x − 2y + 5)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
= ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
 4x2
= 2 – 2xy +5x + 𝑓(𝑦)
= 2x2 – 2xy + 5x + 𝑓(𝑦) (1)

F = ∫(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)

= ∫(2𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)
= ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)
2y2
= 2 – 2xy + g(x)
= y2-2xy + g(x) (2)

Compare (1) and (2)

F(y) = y2
G(x) = 2x2 + 5x

G.S
y2+2x2 + 5x -2xy = c

2nd solution
𝑥
∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑎

𝑥
∫ (4x − 2y + 5)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑎
Let a = 0
𝑥
∫0 (4x − 2y + 5)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 ;

Before integrating substitute x with value of a

𝑥
∫ (4x − 2y + 5)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦 − 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
0
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 − (0 + 0 + 0) + 𝑦 2 = c
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = c

EXAMPLE 2

Test for exactness and solve (3x2 + 3xy2)dx + (3x2y-3y2+2y)dy = 0.

Solution:

(3x2 + 3xy2)dx + (3x2y-3y2+2y)dy = 0

M = 3x2 + 3xy2 N= 3x2y-3y2+2y
ժ𝑀 ժ𝑁
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 6xy
ժ𝑦 ժ𝑥
ժ𝑀 ժ𝑁
= DE is exact
ժ𝑦 ժ𝑥

2nd solution
𝑥
∫𝑎 (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )dx + ∫(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑎=0
𝑥 2 2 2
∫0 (3𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 )dx + ∫(0 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

1
 3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 3𝑦 3 2𝑦 2
+ −0− + =𝑐
3 2 3 2
3
𝑥3 + 𝑥2𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦2
2

1st solution

F(x,y) = c
F = ∫(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 3 + 2 + 𝑓(𝑦) (1)
F = ∫(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= − 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑥) (2)
2

Compare (1) and (2)

f(y) = −𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2
g(x)= 𝑥 3

G.S
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
−𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 + =𝑐
2
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
− 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 = 𝑐
2

2.4. Non-Exact Differential Equation

a. Given M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
If 𝑀 = 𝜕𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝜕𝑦 are not equal, then the DE is non-exact.
b. If however, possible for some few special cases that multiplication of the DE
by ϕ(x,y) that will reduce to an exact DE or Mϕdx + Nϕdy = 0 such that
𝜕(𝑀𝜙) 𝜕(𝑁𝜙)
= 𝜕𝑥 where ϕ(x,y) is called integrating factor.
𝜕𝑦

Determination of the Integrating Factor

• Case 1. When the integrating factor is a function of x alone or
ϕ= ϕ(x)
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑓(𝑥) = ( − )
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜙 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
• Case 2. When the integrating factor is a function of y alone or
ϕ= ϕ(y)
1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑓(𝑦) = ( − )
𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜙 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
• Case 3. When the integrating factor is the product of power of the
variable x & y or ϕ=xmyn

2
 𝑀𝑛 𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Use − = −
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
To determine m & n, the equation must possess the properties of an
identity equation.

EXAMPLE 1

Solve (x2+y2)dx – xydy = 0.

Solution:

(x2+y2)dx – xydy = 0
M=𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 N=−𝑥𝑦
Test for exactness:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = −𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Since 2y ≠ -y
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑦
The given D.E. is non-exact

To determine the integrating factor

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 )
1
= (2𝑦 + 𝑦)
−𝑥𝑦
1
= (3𝑦)
−𝑥𝑦
3 −3
𝑓(𝑥) = = Case 1
−𝑥 𝑥
−3
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ø=𝑒
ø = 𝑒 ∫ −3𝑙𝑛𝑥
−3
ø = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥
1
ø = 𝑥 −3 = 𝑥 −3
1
Multiply 𝑥 −3 to the given D.E.
1
[(x2+y2)dx – xydy = 0] 𝑥 3
1 1
(x2+y2)dx – xydy = 0
𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑦
𝑀ø = 𝑀ø =
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝜕𝑀ø 1 𝜕𝑁ø −2
= (𝑥 3 ) 2𝑦 , = −𝑦 ( 𝑥 3 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
2𝑦 2𝑦
= =
𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦
∫𝑎 ( 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 ; a=1
𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
∫1 ( 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑦2
∫1 (𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 =𝑐
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦2
∫1 𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦2 𝑦2
[ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ] 𝑥1 − 2 = 𝑐

3
 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2
ln 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 0 + − =𝑐
2 2
𝑦2
ln 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 = 𝑐 Ans.

EXAMPLE 2

Solve (x+4y3)dy-ydx=0

Solution:

(x+4y3)dy-ydx=0
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
M=y N=−(𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=1 = −1 ; non-exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑥+4𝑦 3 (1 + 1)
−2
= 𝑥+4𝑦 3
1
𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 (−1 − 1)
−2
= 𝑦
−2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ϕ=𝑒
ϕ = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑛𝑦
1
ϕ = 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4𝑦 3
∫𝑎 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 ; a=0
𝑦 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑦 3
∫0 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦2
[𝑥⁄𝑦] 𝑥0 − ∫ 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥 0 4𝑦 2
−𝑦− =𝑐
𝑦 2

𝑥
− 2𝑦 2 = 𝑐 Ans.
𝑦

EXAMPLE 3

Solve 2ydx + (x-x3y3)dy = 0

Solution:

4
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