Microscopic Observation Report

Muh Irgi bahqiawan P. 210109512012, group 4, icp geography education

ABSTRACT

is atoollaboratoryused to observe very small objects and objects that are not
visible to the direct sense of sight. The size of the image or image produced by a
microscope can reach millions of times the size of the original object. The
magnification produced by the microscope depends on the type of microscope used.
The types of microscopes can be grouped into various categories. One way is through
the methods used by theinstrumentto interact with the sample and produce an image.
The purpose of this observation is that Makassar State University students are able to
explain the structures contained in very small growing cells. The benefit of this practice
is that we can see firsthand the unexpected that exists in the world. The practical
methods, such as analyzing several plants such as onions, corn leaves, and mango
leaves. by sending a beam of light or electrons through the sample in an optical path,
and detecting the emission ofphotonsfrom the sample to form an image or image, or
by scanning the surface of the sample at a short distance using a probe. The conclusion
is that we cannot see all forms of living things on earth without the help of modern
tools such as microscopes.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
When we only see with the naked eye sometimes we think that living
things are creations that are so simple. Or for example, we see ourselves as
full of shortcomings and simplicity even though Allah swt. has created His
creatures so perfectly.
The body systems of living things are created to be very complex and
structural which makes them known as units that have diversity and
uniqueness. This diversity and uniqueness can be seen from the units that
make up the bodies of these living things.
Living things are composed of the smallest units to form the largest unit
called the individual. The smallest unit of all living things is known as the cell
which has a distinctive structure that regulates the activity of the individual.
These cells also work in a system known as a network which is a collection or
unit that is the consistency of these cells.
Tissue as a constituent of organs of living things has very diverse types
and the constituent cells have a fairly high level of complexity so that an
observation is needed to find out the actual shape of the tissue and what
exactly causes the difference in the shape of one tissue to another.
The diversity of forms and functions of tissues, for example, lies in the
shape of the constituent cells or the structure of the organelles that make up
the tissue. This diversity requires a good knowledge of the structure and its
tissues, which makes us do a practicum on the constituent tissues of plants
and animals.
 B. Objectives
After doing this activity, students are expected to be able to explain the
structure and types of tissues that make up the organs of plants and animals.
C. Benefits
Students can see directly the structures and tissues in plants and animals with the aid
of a microscope. Students are able to show the parts of tissues and the location of
tissues in plants and animals. The benefit of using a microscope is that it is able to
measure objects that cannot be measured with high accuracy by conventional
measuring instruments, such asbacteria,viruses,bloodcells and body cells ofliving
things. The microscope has a measuring scale that can coincide with the image of the
object so that the size of the object can be known with certainty.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Tissue is a collection of cells that are closely related to each other having the
same structure and function. The study of tissue structure is histology. Various
tissues are arranged and organized in the form of organs. (Basic Biology Lecturer
Team, 2014).
Plant cells are the morphological units that make up the plant body. Each cell
is covered by its wall and is attached to each other by the presence of intercellular
substances. The existence of this union, causes the formation of cell groups that
can be distinguished both in structure and function. These groups of cells are
called tissues. (Muhammadiah, 2013).
According to the Basic Biology Lecturer Team (2013), the tissues that make
up the body of higher plants can be divided into two parts according to their age:
1. Young Tissue (Meristem or Growing Point)
This tissue consists of cells that are still embryonic, thin walls, rich in
plasma, vacuoles small. The cells of this network when viewed from all
directions are more or less the same size, so the cells form like a cube.
Meristematic tissue functions to divide and differentiate into mature tissue
cells. And that is, the meristem tissue always divides or reproduces.
According to the location and origin of meristem growth, meristem tissue
can be divided into two:
a. Primary meristem (primary growth point or promeristem)
b. Secondary meristem (secondary growth point or cambium)
2. Mature Tissue (Old Body Tissue)
Tissue cells are larger than cells meristems, less plasma, larger vacuoles,
sometimes mature tissue cells have died and are filled with air or water
and the cell walls have various thicknesses. Based on the structure and
function of adult tissue, it is divided into:
 a. Ground Tissue (Parenchyma)
Parenchyma is a living cell, thin walls, cell shapes vary, including
isodiametric, round like a pole, like a sponge, like a star.
b. Cover Tissue (Epidermis)
Epidermis is a sheath that covers the entire plant body before
undergoing secondary growth. Usually these epidermal cells consist of
only one cell that is tightly packed so that it can often be released in
the form of thin skin.
c. Mechanical Network (Reinforcement Network) The
bigger the body of a plant, the stronger the body. The strength of the
plant is caused by the tension of the cell wall as a result of turgid
tension in the cells of the plant body tissue. Mechanical tissue is
divided into two, namely collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
d. Transport
Network This transport network consists of cells whose shape and
arrangement are in accordance with their duties as a place for transport
to take place, which consists of cells that have undergone fusion and
are lined up according to the direction of transport. Transport tissue is
divided into 2, namely filter reed tissue (phloem) and wood vascular
tissue (xylem).
According to Hernawati (2008), epithelial tissue consists of an arrangement
of cells that are located close together and are held together byintercellular
substance. The epithelium on one side has a free surface and on the other side is
bordered by other underlying tissues. Epithelial tissue is a very dense layer of cell
arrangement and usually limits the body to its external and internal environment,
such as the intestinal wall, blood vessels, and others. The characteristics of
epithelial tissue, namely:
1. The cells are located close together with a clear and strong junction.
 2. It has a free surface and the cells are cytoplasmic with a specific purpose.
3. Usually stands on the basement membrane (lamina basalis, membrana
proporia)
4. Rarely there are blood vessels in it.
Binding tissue is the second type of ground tissue, which functions as a
support, connects and fills gaps between tissues with the following characteristics:
consisting of various cells, there is cellular substance and derived from
mesenchymal tissue (Undip Teaching Team of Basic Biology, 2004) .
Each nerve cell has a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon. The cell body
is the main part of the neuron, has a cell nucleus, and a number of other organelles
such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. The cell
body also serves as a site for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which are
chemical compounds that are important for helping the propagation of impulses
across the synapse. From the cell body, there are a number of cytoplasmic
protrusions outward, forming structures called dendrites and axons (Isnaeni,
2006).
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day : Tuesday, November 2, 2021: 13.50-17.40
Time : 07.30 to 9.10 WITA
Place : Green House Department of Biology, FMIPA UNM
B. Tools and Materials
Tools:
The tools used in the practicum are stereo microscopes, razor blades, and glass slides , cover
glass, tissue, toothpick, and dropper.
Ingredients: The
ingredients used are shallots (Allium cepa), corn leaves (), aquades, mango leaves (). Corn stalks.
Working procedure:
b. Prepare the microscope according to the rules for how to use it.
c. Taking preserved preparations on dicot leaves, monocot stem preserved
preparations on Zea mays, monocot root preserved preparations onroots
Helianthus annuss,
d. Observing the structural characteristics and location of each tissue that
composes the roots, stems, and leaves.
e. Use 4x magnification to view the entire slide, then switch to 10x
magnification for a clearer view of tissue.
f. Draw the tissues of the three organs as a whole and name their parts.
g. Compare the observations with the next image.
 h. Study the function of each tissue that composes the plant organs.
1. Animal
a. tissue Nervous tissue
1) Observing purkinje cells on cerebellar preserved preparations.
2) Draw and annotate the visible parts.
3) Ask the assistant for directions to see the cells in question. In the
ganglion layer, which consists of a single layer of bottle-shaped
Purkinje cells, these are pale and large, the nucleoli small and dark.
4) Comparing the observations with the images provided
b. Muscle tissue
1) Observing preserved preparations of smooth muscle tissue, striated
muscle, and cardiac muscle with strong magnification.
2) Observe and draw various types of muscle cells, their shape, and the
location of their nuclei and the direction of their fibers.
3) Compare the results of observations with the images that have been
provided.
 CHAPTE
R IV
AND DISCUSSION

A. RESULTSObservation
1. NetworkPlant

nam Comparative Image

e Ca Internet
Plant pti
on

1. phloem
corn 2. kroteks
stalkpr 3. epidermis
esevati zz 4. parenchy
on www.google ma
.co m 5. xylem

red 1. cellscore
onion 2. cell walls
3. liquids.

www.google
.co m
1. Collenchy
ma Vessel

corn 2. tissue
leaf 3. Paren
chym
a
www.google
com
 1. margine
2. blade
, leaf bone

Mango
leaves
B. Discussion of
1. Plant Tissue
a. Stem Monocots
1) Epidermis, serves as a protector of the underlying tissue.
2) Xylem, to transport water and mineral salts from the soil to all parts of
the plant.
3) Phloem, functions in the transport of photosynthetic products. In
monocot stems there is no cambium so the stem cannot enlarge and
branch.
4) The cortex, consisting of parenchyma cells, is located in the interior of
the epidermis and serves as a food reserve area.
b. Monocot Root Structure
of monocot root:
1) Epidermis, cortex, and pericycle have the same structure, location and function
as in the roots of Dicot plants.
2) The function of xylem and phloem is the same as in dicotyledonous plants, but the
location of the two is close to each other because they do not have a cambium.
3) Pith, located in the middle and surrounded byxylem and phloem
alternating.
c. Monocot leaves Anatomical

structure, namely:
 1) Epidermis is the outermost layer that covers the upper and lower
surfaces of the leaf. Serves to prevent evaporation of water and gas
exchange.
2) The palisade tissue is the site of photosynthesis and the site of
chlorophyll.
3) Sponge tissue (sponge) has a tenuous arrangement (there are spaces
between cells).
4) Xylem is found in the leaf bones. Xylem functions to transport
nutrients and mineral salts from the soil to all parts of the plant, but is
more specific to the leaves as the raw material for photosynthesis.
5) Phloem is found in the leaf bones and has an arrangement like the
stem. Phloem functions to transport the products of photosynthesis to
all parts of the plant.
6) Stomata are located in the epidermis, which function as a gap in the
entry and exit of gases.
d. Dicot leaf
1) epidermis is the outer layer that covers the upper and lower leaf
surfaces. Serves to prevent evaporation of water and gas exchange.
2) The palisade tissue is the site of photosynthesis and the site of
chlorophyll.
3) Sponge tissue (sponge) has a tenuous arrangement (there are spaces
between cells).
4) Guard cells are two specialized cells that line the stomata that function
in gas exchange and evaporation.
5) Stomata are located in the epidermis, which function as a gap in the
entry and exit of gases.
6) Xylem is found in the leaf bones. Xylem functions to transport
nutrients and mineral salts from the soil to all parts of the plant, but is
more specific to the leaves as the raw material for
 photosynthesis. Phloem is found in the leaf bones and has an
arrangement like the stem. Phloem functions to transport the products
of photosynthesis to all parts of the plant.
2. Animal

a. Tissue Nervous

tissue Nerve parts:

1) Neurites/axons are cytoplasmic projections that arise from the nerve

cell body that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body.

2) Dendrites are cytoplasmic projections that arise from the nerve cell
body, are short (less than one mm), are numerous, and branched.
Serves to carry impulses to the nervous body.

3) Mitochondria function as energy factories of cells that produce energy

in the form of ATP.

4) Nissl body functions to synthesize protein Schwann

5) cells function as a protector and provider of nutrients.

6) Meylin and neurelema membranes function as insulators, protectors,

and providers of fat.

7) Renvier node serves to accelerate impulses.

8) The nucleus functions to process stimuli to be passed on to the next

nerve cell.
b. Cardiac muscle Cardiac
muscle is striped and consists of long, single-branched cells that are
parallel to each other. The anatomical structure of the constituent,
namely:
 1) The nucleus of the cell is a cell organelle that functions to regulate and
control all activities in the cell.

2) Intercalated discs are areas of contact from end to end.

c. SkeletalSkeletal
musclemuscle consists of very long bundles of cells, which show
transverse stripes. The muscle fibers have many nuclei located at the
edges. Its anatomical structure, namely the
1) nucleus of the cell, functions to regulate and control all activities in
the cell.

1) Dark bands are transverse stripes of dark striated muscle.

2) Bright bands are transverse lines in light striated muscle or bright

areas in striated muscle.

3) Myofibrils are fine fibers in muscle which contain long contractile

proteins that allow the muscle to contract.

4) Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of striated muscle.

d. SmoothSmooth
musclemuscle is shaped like a spindle. It has one nucleus which is
located in the middle. The anatomical structure of the constituent,
namely:
1) The nucleus of the cell functions to regulate and control all activities
in the cell.
2) Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of smooth muscle.
3) Myofibrils are muscle fibers. Muscle tissue can contract because it
contains long contractile proteins in the form of fine fibers, myofibrils.
4) The cell membrane functions to protect the deeper parts of the cell.
Plant tissue consists of meristematic tissue and mature tissue. Meristematic
tissue is a network that is always actively dividing.tissue
Matureconsists of parenchyma tissue, protective tissue (epidermis), reinforcement
tissue and transport tissue. These tissues make up the various organs of the plant
body, namely roots, stems and leaves. The materials used in this experiment were
monocot roots, monocot stems, leaves of dicots and monocots. In
monocotyledonous plants, the institutional roots die, then at the base of the stem
will grow roots that have the same size to form fibrous roots. In monocot stems,
the epidermis consists of a single layer, the boundary between the cortex and the
stele is generally not clear and there is no cambium and scattered vascular
bundles. In dicotyledonous plants, the epidermal cells are tightly packed, there is a
cortex consisting of several layers of cells, an endodermis and there is a cambium
between the xylem and phloem so that this plant can enlarge. Monocot leaf types
are mostly unifacial, for example, iris vascular tissue has only one row to 2 rows.
Most monocot leaves are formed by sclerenchyma in some species there are leaf
fibers that are important in trade and are located in association with vascular tissue
and some are separated from vascular tissue.
Animal tissue is divided into four main types of tissue, namely epithelial
tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. However, in this lab,
only muscle tissue and nerve tissue were observed. Muscle tissue is divided into
three namely cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and striated muscle. Cardiac muscle
is cylindrical in shape with one or two centrally located and branched nuclei.
Smooth muscle is shaped like a spindle with one nucleus in the middle. The
striated muscle is a cylindrical multinucleated muscle located on the edge and
looks striped. While the nervous tissue consists of dendrites which are short
extensions of the cell body, many in number and branching. The nucleus is
contained in the cell body that functions to process stimuli to be transmitted to
other nerve cells by the axon. The axon is a cytoplasmic projection that arises
from the cell body of the nerve, long with branching ends. Some axons are
covered by a myelin sheath and some are not.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Plant tissue consists of meristem tissue and adult tissue. Meristematic
tissue is a network that is always actively dividing. Mature tissue consists of
parenchyma tissue, protective tissue (epidermis), reinforcement tissue and
transport tissue. These tissues make up the various organs of the plant body,
namely roots, stems and leaves.
Animal tissue consists of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous
tissue, muscle tissue, all of which have different structures and functions.
Smooth muscle tissue resembles spindle fibers and has one nucleus in the
middle. Skeletal muscle tissue has light and dark lines. Cardiac muscle tissue
is branched and has two to three nuclei in the middle. Nervous tissue is
composed of dendrites, cell body, nucleus, and axon.
B. Suggestions
The suggestions for the next practicum are as follows.
1. The next practitioner should be more careful in observing the structure of
the preparations observed under a microscope.
2. It is hoped that the assistant can improve his guidance so that the
practitioner can make observations properly and correctly.
3. It is hoped that the laboratory assistant will provide more complete and
better preserved preparations so that the practicum runs smoothly.
 REFERENCES

Hernawati. 2008. Animal Structure Lecture Materials. Bandung: Department of

Biology Education FPMIPA UPI.

Isnaeni, Wiwi. 2006. Animal Physiology. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Muhammadiah, Asia. 2013. Plant Anatomy Teaching Materials. Makassar: Department

of Biology, FMIPA UNM.

Basic Biology Teaching Team. 2004. Textbook of Biology. Semarang: Faculty of

Animal Science UNDIP.

Basic Biology Lecturer Team. 2013. Basic Biology Teaching Materials Part One.
Makassar: Department of Biology, FMIPA UNM.

Basic Biology Lecturer Team. 2014. General Biology Practicum Guide. Makassar:
Department of Biology, FMIPA UNM.