INTRODUCTIONMICROSCOPE

TOMUH IRGI BAHQIAWAN P, 210109512012, GROUP 4, CIP

GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, technology is very advanced, there are many technologies

that make it easier for us to solve various problems. However, for structures and
objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye, such as cells and tissues in living
things and bacteria, a tool is needed to observe them. A microscope is a tool that
allows us to be able to observe very small or microscopic objects. The purpose of
the practicum is to be able to use a light microscope to observe wet preparations
such as onions, corn leaves, and mango leaves. The tools and materials used were
a microscope, razor blade, glass slide, cover slip, tissue, toothpick, and a dropper.
The materials used were onions, corn leaves and mango leaves. The producer of
the practicum is preparing the microscope preparations used, placing the
microscope in a bright place. Adjusting the position of the mirror so that the
lighting is sufficient, placing the material to be examined on the glass preparation,
observing starting from the lowest magnification. Start observing and adjust
coarse and fine rotations so that objects are clearly visible, observe and draw
observations. Make observations with an objective lens with a high magnification.
The conclusion is that we can observe very small objects (microscopic objects).

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
 Practicum is a learning process in which students experiment by
experiencing what they have learned for themselves. Practicum has its own
advantages with other learning methods, namely: students directly gain experience
and skills in conducting practicals, enhance student participation both individually
and in groups, students learn to think through the principles of the scientific
method or learn to practice work procedures based on scientific methods
(Djamarah). , 2010).
The microscope is the main tool used in the microbiology laboratory.
With the help of a microscope we can observe bacteria that cannot be seen with
the naked eye. The microscope is used to enlarge the object we see, making it
easier for us to observe microscopic objects. A microscope is a tool that allows us
to observe very small objects. This helps to solve human problems about small
organisms (Widyatmoko, 2008).
In addition to the need for knowledge of how to use a microscope
properly and correctly, it is also necessary how to properly and correctly maintain
a microscope so that the microscope can be durable, long lasting in use and when
making observations there are no disturbances in the microscope such as the
presence of fungus, dust and oil on the lens. microscope and other disturbances on
the non-optical part of the microscope if not treated.
Biology is a natural science that studies life in the world from all aspects,
be it about living things, the environment, or the interactions between living
things and their environment. That is why the object of biological study includes
everything, living things and the universe or all objects that can be captured by the
human senses. However, it turns out that there are biological objects that we
cannot see or observe directly, because they are very small. Such objects are
usually called microscopic objects or organisms.
Therefore, to get to know the microscope, this experiment was carried
out.
1.2 Objectives
The purpose of the practice of Introduction to Microscopes and Comparing
Animal and Plant Cells is as follows:
- Knowing and recognizing the parts of a microscope.
- Know how to use a microscope properly.
- Knowing the function of a microscope

1.3 Benefits

Increase students' insight about living things that cannot be seen by the human
senses directly, invisible to the eye and very small in size.

Makes it easier for us to know the structures of very small plants very clearly.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Chromosomes
1000 times. This microscope has three lens systems, namely the objective
lens, ocular lens and condenser. In this microscope, the light source still comes
from the reflected sun. The light is reflected by a plane or concave mirror located
under the condenser. But now it has been equipped with lights as a substitute for
the sun's light source. The objective lens works in the formation of the first image.
This lens determines the structure and details that will be visible in the final
image. The eyepiece is used to magnify the image produced by the objective lens.
While the condenser lens functions to support the creation of lighting on the
object to be focused on (Widyatmoko, 2008).
1. Stereo Microscope Stereo
microscope is a type of microscope that can only be used for relatively large
objects. This microscope has a magnification of 7 to 30 times. Observable objects
can be seen in 3 dimensions. The main components of a stereo microscope are
almost the same as a light microscope. The lens consists of an ocular lens and an
objective lens (Widyatmoko, 2008).
The difference between a stereo microscope and a light microscope is as follows:
- The sharpness of the lens of a tereo microscope is much higher than that of
a light microscope. The light
- source comes from above so that thick objects can be observed
(Widyatmoko, 2008).
Stereo microscopes are used to observe objects thick or thin, transparent or not
penetrating light. The irradiation is usually from above but can also be adjusted
from below. Stereo microscopes are made to be able to observe images in three
dimensions and not upside down. Revolutionary power is relatively weak with a
wide field of view (Gabriel, 1988).
2. Electron Microscope Electron
microscope has a magnification of up to 100,000 times. Electrons are used instead
of light. There are two types of electron microscopes, namely scanning electron
and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy is used to
study the architectural details of cell surfaces or other microscopic surfaces and
observe objects in three dimensions. The transmission electron microscope is used
to observe the detailed internal structure of cells (Widyatmoko, 2008).
Image formation in electron microscopy is primarily the result of scattered
electrons. The importance of the electron microscope lies in its high separation
capability which can be obtained, which is about 0.2 nm. One limitation of the
electron microscope is that the ability of the electron beam to penetrate is small
(Geneser, 1987).
3. UltravioletUltraviolet
Microscopemicroscope is a variation of the ordinary light microscope.
Because ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength than visible light, the use of
ultraviolet light for lighting can increase the power of separation by two times that
of an ordinary microscope. This microscope uses a quartz lens (Wheeler, 1988).
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHODS

3.1 Time and Place

of the General Biology Practicum with the title Introduction to
Microscopes and Comparing Animal Cells and Plant Cells we will do on Tuesday,
November 2, 2021: 13.50-17.40 WIT. The place we used to do the practicum was
at the Biology Laboratory, Makassar State University.

3.2 Tools and Materials

3.2.1 Tools
The tools used in the practicum are stereo microscope, razor blade, glass
slide, cover slip, tissue, toothpick, and dropper.
3.2.3 Materials The
materials used are shallots, corn leaves, mango leaves, corn stalks, corn
stalk preservation

3.3 HowWorks Place the

3.1.1 Plant Cell Observation
- stereo microscope on a sturdy table, then the microscope light is turned on.
- Keep the objective position by using a coarse adjustment knob. The objective lens
of the weakest magnification is moved to the optical axis.
- Peel the membrane of the onion until it produces the thinnest layer possible.
- Do the same for Rhoeo discolor on the underside of the purple leaves.
- Place the membranes of shallots and Rhoeo discolor on the respective glass slides
that have been provided, dripping with distilled water using a dropper.
- Covered with a cover slip (the two objects observed) attempted not to form air
bubbles when closed.
- Observed and shown its parts (cell wall, nucleus, and vacuole).
- The cell parts (cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, and vacuole) are
- identified. The oral mucosal cells are described and their parts are mentioned.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Observations
From the practicum conducted, the following observations were obtained:
Comparison picture Description
1. Ocular
2. tube
3. Revolver
4. lensObjective lens
5. table
6. Condenser
7. Diaphragm
8. mirror
9. Leg
10. Inclination joint
11. Handle ready
12. Handle
13. Fine guide
14. screw Coarse guide screw
 4.2 Discussion

4.2.1 Introduction to Microscopes A microscope

is a tool capable of magnification up to hundreds of times, which is used to
observe microscopic or micro objects such as viruses and bacteria. There are two
different principles for microscopes namely: 1.) optical microscopes, divided into
biological microscopes and stereo microscopes; 2.) electron microscope (Gabriel,
1988).
Biological microscopes are used with only one eye so that the visible
image only hits the length and width of the object. Generally, the object to be
observed with a biological microscope must be small and thin so that light can
penetrate. Its mechanism of action is done by concentrating light or rays that are
visible to the eye to form an image of an object. This microscope has two main
lenses, namely the objective lens and the eyepiece (Gabriel, 1988).
A stereo microscope is a type of microscope that can only be used for
relatively large objects. This microscope has a magnification of 7 to 30 times.
Observable objects can be seen in three dimensions (Widyatmoko, 2008).
Stereo microscope is also an observation tool, with this microscope the
surface of an object can be observed more clearly. The image formed is a
reflection of light that falls on the surface of the object, the main component is the
objective lens, and the eyepiece is connected by a tube, microscope table and
microscope body (Gabriel, 1988).
An electron microscope is a microscope capable of magnifying objects up
to two million times, which uses electrostatic and magnetic electrons to control
lighting and image display and a much better resolution than a light microscope.
This electron microscope uses much more energy and shorter electromagnetic
radiation than a light microscope (Clark, 2007). The
microscope has parts that have different functions and uses. Usually a
microscope consists of two parts, namely a mechanical part and an optical part.
The following are the functions of the microscope:
Optical function:
1. Diaphragm, has a function to adjust the size of the reflected light
2. Objective Lens, has a function to enlarge the image of an object, with a
magnification of 100x, 40x and 400x
3. Ocular Lens, has a function to enlarge the image of the object is located at the top
of the tube, close to the eye of the observer. The
4. condenser functions to unite the incoming light and regulate the intensity of the
light.
5. The lamp has a function to replace sunlight and also to transmit light into the
microscope tube so that the object being observed can be seen clearly .
The function of the mechanical parts:
1. Cable, me has a function to connect the microscope with a power source.
2. The on/off button functions as a button to turn the microscope on or off.
3. The microscope leg serves as a support for the microscope.
4. Microscope Arm, serves as a microscope support.
5. Preparations table or microscope table, has a function as a place to put
preparations for the object to be observed. In this section there is a place where
the light rays pass.
6. Mechanical slider, serves to help shift objects to the right or left and up or down
to get a clear image.
7. The ocular tube serves as a link between the eyepiece and the objective lens.
8. Revolver, serves as an objective lens player to get the magnification we want.
9. Clamp, serves to clamp the glass object to be observed so as not to shift.
10. Light control, we can use our efforts to set the standard of light that does not
damage the eyes. The control knob can be rotated to explain or dim the light
according to our wishes.
11. Reflection, consists of two types of mirrors, namely plane mirrors and concave
mirrors. Serves to reflect light from the mirror to the object table.
12. Smooth dial, functions to move up and down the microscope table.
13. Coarse swivel, serves to raise and lower the microscope tube.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

5.1 Conclusions
From observations regarding the introduction of the microscope,
conclusions can be drawn, including:
- Microscope parts
15. Diaphragm
16. Objective
17. Lens Ocular Lens
18. Condenser
19. Lamp
20. Cable
21. On/off button
22. Microscope Legs Microscope
23. Arm
24. Table Preparations
25. Mechanical Shifter Eyepiece
26. Tube
27. Revolver
28. Clamps
29. Light Adjuster
30. Reflection
31. Weevil smooth
32. rotation Coarse turning
33. knob Inclination axis
- How to use the microscope properly: The
1. microscope is placed on a sturdy table, before the microscope was
taken from the storage area. How to carry a microscope by holding
the arm of the microscope with one hand, while the other hand
supports the legs of the microscope.
 2. The microscope is pointed at the light source and the revolver is
rotated until a click is heard, so that the weak objective lens is directly
facing the object.
3. The condenser is raised to the upper limit and the diaphragm is
opened.
4. The microscope tube is lowered to the lower limit and the light is
sought. If the light obtained is sufficient, then viewed from the ocular
lens, the field of view or the optical field becomes bright and clearly
visible.
REFERENCES

Djamarah, Syaiful Bahri, Aswan Zain. 2010.. Teaching and Learning

StrategiesJakarta:Rineka
Clark, L George. 2007. Popular Science Volume 5. PT. Widyadara : Yogyakarta.

Gabriel, JF 1998. Medical Physics. ECG : Jakarta.

Geneser, Finn. 1987. Histology Textbook. Binapura Aksara : Jakarta.

Stanfield, William, et al. 2006. Molecular and Cell Biology. Erlangga : Jakarta.

Weller, Volk. 1988. Basic Microbiology. Gramedia : Jakarta.

Widyatmoko, Arif. 2008. Getting to know the Biology Laboratory. Erlangga : Jakarta