EE 490 Sustainable Energy

Lecture 1
Linfeng Zhang

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
• Energy: a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to
the capacity of a physical system to do work
• Formats:
 Heat (thermal)
 Light (radiant)
 Motion (kinetic)
 Electrical
 Chemical
 Nuclear energy
 Gravitational
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 two types of energy
• Stored (potential) energy
– Chemical, electrical, gravitational,
• Working (kinetic) energy
– Motion (kinetic)

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 Sustainable energy
Three basic requirements:
1. The long-term availability of the energy source that
guarantees to meet any present or future consumption
needs.
2. The energy source must be replenishable without
human intervention.
3. The amount of energy consumed to exploit the
available resources should not exceed the amount of
energy these resources produce.

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Sustainable energy vs. renewable energy

• Renewable energy sources have all the

sustainable energy characteristics.
• Renewable energy sources are clean.
They do not pollute the environment during
consumption and have minimum impact on
human health and the ecosystems

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 Types of Sustainable and Renewable
Energy Sources
• Solar Energy
• Wind
• Biomass
• Geothermal Energy
• Wave and Sea Power
• Hydrogen

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 Types of Sustainable Energy Sources
but not renewable energy sources
• Nuclear power
• Municipal Waste

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 Units
International System of Units (SI):
meter-kilogram-second system
• Energy: Joules (J)
• Power: Watts (W)

In USA, British thermal unit is preferred

• 1 BTU = 1,055 Joules

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1015

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Why sustainable energy?

Problems with fossil fuels

• How long will they last? No answer
• Pollution
• Greenhouse gases

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Toluene benzene ethylic benzene polycyclic aromatic carbohydrate 12
 electromagnetic waves with a wavelength
between 3.5 and 20 micrometers
o Water vapor
o Carbon dioxide
o Methane
o Nitrogen oxide
o ozone

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2 4

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First law of thermodynamics, Conservation of Energy
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 Earth energy balance
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o The relative stability of Earth’s temperature suggests a near balance between

planetary input and output of energy.
o The recurrence of ice ages shows that the equilibrium between incoming and
outgoing energy is oscillatory.
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The total kinetic energy doesn’t change.

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The perfect/ideal-gas law

PV = nRT

P: pressure (Pa)
V: volume (m3)
n: moles
T: temperature (K)
R: gas constant, 8.314 JK-1mole-1

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 The first law of thermodynamics
The change of the internal
energy of a system
System
∆U = U final − U initial = Q + W

Q: heat Heat Work

W:work

Sign (+ -) Surroundings
+Q or +W -> u increases
-Q or –W -> u decreases
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 Two cases
Isometric process (constant volume)
∆U =
Q

Isobaric process (constant pressure)

∆U = Q p − p∆v

Q p =∆U + p∆v

Enthalpy H= U + pv
∆H =
Qp
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Heat capacity ratio

c p − cv =
R

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-
−dW =pAdx
-− dW =
pdV

∫
- −W =pdV

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 ∆U = q + w
In a isometric process
∆U =
q
See slide 22

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 Why not Cp?
U = U (T , P )
 ∂U   ∂U 
=dU   dP +   dT
 ∂T  p  ∂P T

 ∂U 
Cp =  
 ∂T  p

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 Adiabatic process

dQ = 0
Cp
γ=
Cv

PV
T=
nR

PV γ = const

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?

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Carnot cycle and efficiency

Th

Tc

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Step 1: Isothermal expansion (1-2)
0
∆U =
QH = −W

v2 V1
− ∫ PdV =
W= nRT ln
v1 V2

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Step 2: adiabatic expansion (2-3)
Q2 = 0
TC
W2 = ∫ nCv dT
∆U 2 =
TH

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Step 3: isothermal compression (3-4)
0
∆U 3 =
Qc = −W3
v4 V3
− ∫ PdV =
W3 = nRTc ln
v3 V4

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Step 4: adiabatic compression (4-1)
Q4 = 0
TH
W4 = ∫ nCv dT
∆U 4 =
Tc

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 In one Carnot cycle
State
1 W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
0
∆U = = W1 + W3
State State
V1 V3
4 2
Q = −=
W nRTH ln + nRTC ln
=

V2 V4
State
3 TH V2γ −1 = TCV3γ −1

TH V1γ −1 = TCV4γ −1

Q QH + QC
= V1 V4
=
V2 V3
V1
QH = −nRTH ln V1
V2 W nR(TH − TC ) ln
=
V2

−W TH − TC
η
= =
QH TH 42
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For an arbitrary reversible process

For the reversible process P->Q

(1)Draw two reversible adiabatic
process curves
RP and QW
(2) Draw one isotherm VOW to make
the shaded areas equal
SPVO=SOQW

Process PQ and Process PVOWQ

o Same work
Why?
o Same heat

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 Same work and same heat

Process PQ Process PVOWQ

Process NM Process NYO’XM

Same work (area)

Process PQNMP
Process PVOWYO’XP

Carnot cycle

Qo Qo '
+ 0
=
T0 TO '
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 Q
∑ ( T )R = 0
For a reversible cycle:

δQ
∫ ( T ) =0
R

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If Q=0, the system is isolated.

∆S A→ B > 0 Clausius Inequality

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Problem 1

105

105

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 Problem 2

The initial volume of the 2 mol ideal gas is 20 dm3 and the
initial temperature is 300K. It will be 50 dm3 through
isothermal expansion.

Calculate Q, W, ΔU, ΔH, and ΔS in the following cases:

(1)Reversible expansion
(2)Expansion in vacuum
(3)Expansion with the surrounding pressure as 100kPa.

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