Types of Discontinuities

Quick Overview
• Discontinuities can be classified as jump, infinite, removable, endpoint, or
mixed.
• Removable discontinuities are characterized by the fact that the limit ex-
ists.
• Removable discontinuities can be “fixed” by re-defining the function.

• The other types of discontinuities are characterized by the fact that the
limit does not exist. Specifically,
– Jump Discontinuities: both one-sided limits exist, but have different
values.
– Infinite Discontinuities: both one-sided limits are infinite.
– Endpoint Discontinuities: only one of the one-sided limits exists.
– Mixed: at least one of the one-sided limits does not exist.

Jump Discontinuities
The graph of f (x) below shows a function that is discontinuous at x = a.
y
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x
a

Example of a Jump Discontinuity

In this graph, you can easily see that lim− f (x) = L and lim+ f (x) = M .
x→a x→a

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 The function is approaching different values depending on the direction x is
coming from. When this happens, we say the function has a jump discontinuity
at x = a.

Infinite Discontinuities
The graph below shows a function that is discontinuous at x = a.

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x
a

Example of an Infinite Discontinuity

The arrows on the function indicate it will grow infinitely large as x ap-
proaches a. Since the function doesn’t approach a particular finite value, the
limit does not exist. This is an infinite discontinuity.

The following two graphs are also examples of infinite discontinuities at

x = a. Notice that in all three cases, both of the one-sided limits are infinite.
y y
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x x
a a

Other Examples of Infinite Discontinuities

Removable Discontinuities
In the graphs below, there is a hole in the function at x = a. These holes
are called removable discontinuities.

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 y y

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M

L L

x x
a a

Examples of Removable Discontinuities

Notice that for both graphs, even though there are holes at x = a, the limit
value at x = a exists.

Removable Discontinuities can be Fixed

Removable discontinuities can be fixed by redefining the function, as shown
in the following example.

Example 1
The function below has a removable discontinuity at x = 2. Redefine the
function so the function becomes continuous at x = 2.

x2 − 2x
f (x) =
x2 − 4

Solution
The graph of the function is shown below for reference.

f (x)
5

1
x
1 2 3 4 5
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In order to fix the discontinuity, we need to know the y-value of the hole in
the graph. To determine this, we find the value of lim f (x).
x→2

Examining the form of the limit we see

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 x2 − 2x (2)2 − 2(2) 0
lim 2
= 2
=
x→2 x − 4 (2) − 4 0
0
The division by zero in the 0 form tells us there is definitely a discontinuity
at this point.

Next, using the techniques covered in previous lessons (see Indeterminate

Limits—Factorable) we can easily determine
1
lim f (x) = .
x→2 2
The limit value is also the y-value of the hole in the graph. Now we can
redefine the original function in a piecewise form:
( x2 −2x
x2 −4 , for all x 6= 2
f (x) =
1
2, for x = 2
The first piece preserves the overall behavior of the function, while the second
piece plugs the hole.

f (x)
5

1
x
1 2 3 4 5
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Endpoint Discontinuities
When a function is defined on an interval with a closed endpoint, the limit
cannot exist at that endpoint. This is because the limit has to examine the
function values as x approaches from √
both sides.
For example, consider finding lim x (see the graph below).
x→0

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 f (x)
5

1
x
1 2 3 4 5
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Note that x = 0 is the left-endpoint of the functions domain: [0, ∞), and
the function is technically not continuous there because the limit doesn’t exist
(because x can’t approach from both sides).
We should note that the function is right-hand continuous at x = 0 which
is why we don’t see any jumps, or holes at the endpoint.

Mixed Discontinuities
Consider the graph shown below.
y
5

4
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1
x
1 2 3 4 5

A Mixed Discontinuity

The function is obviously discontinuous at x = 3. From the left, the function

has an infinite discontinuity, but from the right, the discontinuity is removable.
Since there is more than one reason why the discontinuity exists, we say this is
a mixed discontinuity.

Next Lesson: Identifying and Classifying Discontinuities

Previous Lesson: Definitions of Continuity

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 Author: HT Goodwill
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