LABORATORY MANUAL

CHEMISTRY
CBSE CLASS XII
TERM-1
EXPERIMENT -1

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT -

Prepare 250 ml of M/50 solution of oxalic acid from crystalline oxalic acid.

THEORY

Molecular mass of crystalline oxalic acid (C2H2O4.2H2O) = 126

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M oxalic acid, oxalic acid crystals required = 126 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/50 solution,

Oxalic acid crystals required = 126 X 250 X 1

= 0.63 gm
1000 50

Hence 0.63 gm of oxalic crystals dissolves in 250 ml of water to prepare M/50 solution of oxalic
acid.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Chemical balance, 250 ml beaker, glass rod and 250 ml measuring flask.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED

Oxalic acid crystals and distilled water.

PROCEDURE

1. 0.63 gm of oxalic acid crystals was weighed accurately.

2. The oxalic acid crystals were transferred gently and carefully into a 250 ml beaker.
3. 50 ml of water was added to the beaker.
4. Oxalic acid crystals were dissolved in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean glass rod.
5. When the oxalic acid crystals were completely dissolved, the entire solution was transferred
carefully into a 250 ml measuring flask.
6. Enough water was added to the measuring flask carefully, up to the index mark on it.
7. The measuring flask was shaken gently to make the solution uniform through out
8. Label it as M/50 oxalic acid solution.

CONCLUSION – Hence 250 ml of 𝑀

solution of oxalic acid was prepared.
50
 EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT -
Prepare M/50 solution of oxalic acid. Using this solution, find out the molarity
and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4).

THEORY -

Molecular mass of crystalline oxalic acid (C2H2O4.2H2O) = 126

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M oxalic acid, oxalic acid crystals required = 126 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/50 solution,

Oxalic acid crystals required = 126 X 250 X 1

= 0.63 gm
1000 50

Hence 0.63 gm of oxalic crystals dissolves in 250 ml of water to prepare M/50 solution of oxalic
acid.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -

Molecular equations -
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 +2MnSO4 +3H2O + 5[O]

C2H2O4.2H2O + [O] 2CO2 +3H2O] X 5

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5C2H2O4.2H2O K2SO4 +2MnSO4 +18H2O +10CO2

Ionic equations -
MnO4- + 8H+ +5e- Mn2+ +4H2O] X2

C2O42- 2CO2 +2e-] X5

2MnO4- +16H+ + 5C2O42- 2Mn2+ +8H2O +10CO2

INDICATOR

KMnO4 is a self indicator.

END POINT

Colourless to permanent pink colour (KMnO4 in burette).

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette, burette stand, pipette and conical flask
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Oxalic acid, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution and dilute sulphuric acid.

PROCEDURE
1. 0.63 gm of oxalic acid crystals was weighted.
2. Oxalic acid crystals were dissolved in 50 ml of water then it was made 250 ml in a 250
ml measuring flask.
3. The burette was rinsed with KMnO4 solution and the washing was rejected.
4. The burette was filled with KMnO4 solution and the burette was clamped in burette stand.
5. The pipette was rinsed with oxalic acid solution and the washing was rejected.
6. 10 ml of oxalic acid solution was pipette out into a 250 ml conical flask then 20 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid (one test tube full) was added into the conical flask.
The initial burette reading was noted in the table.
7. The conical flask was heated 600 - 700 C then the KMnO4 solution was added from the
burette till a permanent light pink colour was imparted to the conical flask on addition of
a last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
8. The final burette reading was noted in the table.
9. The process was repeated to got at least three concordant reading.

OBSERVATION -

Weight of oxalic acid = 0.63 gm

Volume of solution prepared = 250 ml
Molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/50
Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.

TABULATION -
S.L Volume of Initial burette Final burette Volume of Remarks
NO oxalic acid(in reading reading KMnO4
ml) (in ml) (in ml) solution used
(in ml)
1

Concordant reading x = mL.

CALCULATION

(a) Molarity of the KMnO4 solution

From the overall balanced chemical equation it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 5
moles of oxalic acid.
𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4 𝑋 𝑉𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4 2
Hence 𝑀𝑜𝑥𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑋 𝑉𝑜𝑥𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 5

Where, M KMnO4 = molarity of KMnO4 solution

V KMnO4 = volume of KMnO4 solution

M oxalic acid = molarity of oxalic acid
V oxalic acid = volume of oxalic acid

𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4 𝑋 𝑥 2
So, 1 =
𝑋 10 5
50

1 2 2
M KMnO4 = X = =?
5 5𝑥 25𝑥
(b) Strength of KMnO4 solution
Strength = molarity of KMnO4 solution X molecular mass of KMnO4
2
= X 158 = ?
25𝑥

CONCLUSION –

Hence, the molarity of KMnO4 solution was found to be -------------- and strength of
KMnO4 was found to be------------------- --.
 EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT -
To detect the presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the given food stuffs

Theory:

The presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in any food stuff is detected by performing the
tests for proteins, fats and carbohydrates with the extract of the foodstuff. The advantage is these
tests do not interfere with each other.

Test for Carbohydrates:

1. Molisch’s test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food A red violet ring is produced Carbohydrates are present.
sample in a test tube then few at the junction of two layers.
drops of Molisch’s reagent added
and then adding 1 ml conc.H2SO4
in the side of the test tube slowly.

2. Fehling’s test–
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food A reddish precipitate is Carbohydrates are present.
sample in a test tube then add 1- formed.
2 ml of Fehling’s solution A and
Fehling’s solution B then keep
the test tube in boiling water
bath.

3. Benedict’s test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food A reddish precipitate is Carbohydrates are present.
sample in a test tube then add 2 formed.
ml of Benedict’s reagent and
then keep the test tube in boiling
water bath.

4. Tollen’s test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food A shining silver mirror is Present of Carbohydrates
sample in a test tube then add 2- formed. was confirmed.
3 ml of Tollen’s reagent and
then keep the test tube in boiling
water bath.
Test for Proteins:
1. Biuret test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food Bluish violet colour is Proteins are present.
sample in a test tube then add obtained.
2ml of NaOH solution and
4-5 drops of CuSO4 solution
then warm the mixture for
about five minutes.

2. Xanthoproteic test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food A yellow colour is Proteins are present.
sample in a test tube then add obtained.
few drops of conc. HNO3 and
heat.

3. Ninhydrin test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food A blue colour is Present of proteins was
sample in a test tube then add obtained. confirmed.
3-4 drops of Ninhydrin
solution and heat.

Test for Oils and Fats:

1. Solubility test –
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food Immiscible with water. Present of fats was
sample in a test tube then add confirmed.
3-4 drops of alcohol solution
and heat.

2. Translucent spot test –

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 2 ml of the given food presence of translucent spot. Present of fats was
sample in a test tube then confirmed.
rubbed between the folds of
filter paper
 3. Acrolein test –

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take 2 ml of the given food Pungent irritating odour Present of fats or oil was
sample in a test tube then add confirmed.
3-4 drops of Potassium
bisulphate KHSO4 solution
and heat.

CHEMICAL REQUIRED
1. Molisch’s reagent
2. Fehling’s reagent
3. Benedict’s reagent
4. Tollen’s reagent
5. Iodine solution
6. Copper sulphate solution
7. Sodium hydroxide
8. Nitric acid
9. Mercuric sulphate
10. Sodium nitrite
11. Alcohol
12. Chloroform
13. Potassium bisulphate
14. Concentrated hydrochloric acid

MATERIALS REQUIRED

15. Test tubes

16. Test tube holder
17. Water bath
18. Dropper
19. Stirrer
20. Bunsen burner

PROCEDURE
To test the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils in the given food sample, first
the extract of the given foodstuff should be prepared. Dry the given foodstuff in the mortar
with a pestle or by boiling with minimum quantity of water extracting with a small quantity
of an organic solvent after grinding the foodstuff.
Some of the examples of preparing extract of food stuff is given below.
 1. For potatoes – cut to slices and boil with water.
2. For rice – boil with water
3. For biscuits – boil with water

Observation and Inference:

For Stuff For Carbohydrates For Proteins For Fats and Oils

Molisch’s Fehling’s Tollen’s Iodine Biuret Ninhydrin Solubility Spot Acrolein

Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test

1.Potatoes

2.Rice

3.Biscuits

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The given food sample contains (carbohydrates/ proteins/ fats).
EXPERIMENT-04
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-:
DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL AND ACID REDICAL OF THE GIVEN
UNKNOWN SALT.

A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION

1. Salt No.-
2. Colour of the salt- Colourless
3. Texture of the salt- Crystalline
4. Solubility-The salt is soluble in cold water
B. DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

TEST TUBE HEATING

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is The salt was volatalised and May be volatile salt of NH+4 ,
taken in a clean and dry test white sublimate is formed. As3+ , Hg2+.
tube & heated first slowly and
strongly for about 3-4
minutes.
CHARCOAL CAVITY TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small cavity was made in a The salt is completely May be volatile salt of NH  ,
4
charcoal block. The cavity volatilised. As3+ ,Hg2+ .( sodalime test is
was filled with the supplied to be performed).
salt. The salt moistened with a
droups of water. The salt was
heated with the oxidising
flame with the help of a blow
pipe.
SODALIME TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is A colourless gas with smell of May be NH  salt.
4
taken in a watch glass rubbed ammonia came out.
with soda lime (NaOH + CaO)
and few drops of water with
the thump.
 C. WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
GROUP ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of the salt was taken Ammonia smell comes out. Group zero basic radical may
in a test tube, few drops of be present.
conc. sodium hydroxide
solution was added and heat it.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP-ZERO

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

1ML of salt solution is A brown precipitate is formed. NH4+ is confirmed.
prepared in a clean test tube
and to it 5 droups of NaOH
solution is added followed by
the addition of a little nessler’s
reagent.
D. DRY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
I. TEST WITH DILUTE HCL OR DILUTE H2SO4 (CO32-,SO32-,S2-,NO2-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a No effervescence no gas was CO32- , SO32- , S2- , NO2-
clean and dry test tube, then evolved. were absent. So test for other
2ml of dilute H2SO4 was acid radical.
added.
II. TEST WITH CONC. H2SO4 (Cl- ,Br- ,I-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a
clean and dry test tube, then 2
to 3 drops of conc.H2SO4 was
added.
Effervescence took place with may be Cl-
evolution of colourless gas
with pungent odour. white
fumes were produced when a
glass rod Dipped in
conc.NH4OH was shown to the
gas.
 E. WET TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cl- (CHLORIDE)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2ml of salt solution was taken
in test tube was acidified with
dilute HNO3 and silver nitrate
(AgNO3) was Added.
-
A curdy white ppt. was Cl was confirmed.
formed. which was soluble in
dilute NH4OH and reapperred
on addition of dilute HNO3 .

CONCLUSION:- Hence the Basic radical found to be NH4+ and Acid radical found to be Cl-.