WEEK 4-8 Disciplines and Ideas in The Applied Social Sciences (DIASS)

SDO MALABON CITY
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE

APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
1st QUARTER
WEEK 4
MR. DILLON GONZALES

Malabon National High School- SHS
(SLeM Developer)
LESSON 1: CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
EXPECTATIONS
The clientele and audiences of the counseling dprofession come from different
settings. Counselors deal with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues.
Through the years, special counseling populations have evolved. The special clientele
has been given increasing attention by the counseling profession due to frequent
occurrences and growing number of clients. After your exposure to the counseling
profession, are you not interested to discover your future clients? Do you want to
familiarize yourself with the clientele and audience of counseling? Counseling is
challenging and requires sensitivity in order for you to reach the world of your clients. It
entails capacity and patience to remove the barriers between you and your clients. Are
you accepting the challenge?
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

 identify and describe the different types of clienteles and audience of counseling;
 describe the characteristics and needs of the different types of clienteles; and
 demonstrate appreciation of counseling clientele.
PRETEST
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if it is incorrect.

1. Counselors are concerned with a limited number of issues and problems
of individuals.
2. The counseling profession has diversified because of the development of

special clientele and the growing number of clients.
3. Counselors deal with drug problems only.
4. The desire to quit tobacco smoking is not a concern of a counselor.
_____5. Alcoholism requires professional help because it requires a form of

treatment.
LOOKING BACK
Directions: Fill in the table with corresponding concepts of clientele and audiences in
counseling.
Modified KUD Chart
Topic: Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

Know Understand Do
KNOW includes the key counselling and audiences
UNDERSTAND the significance of counselling
DO include what counsellors do in their real-world wok environments
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
COUNSELING AND ITS CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCE
The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different
settings. Counselors deal with a mixture of people with different concerns and
issues.
 People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health
but to our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug addiction creates
more social problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more
youth victims cry for help and seek for counselors’ attention.
 People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of
tobacco to our health. However, many people still use and continue use tobacco
even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who
desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.
 People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find it
difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it
requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look
at alcoholism as a weakness of self – control and self –discipline. Therefore, this
requires intervention other than treatment.
 Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and
childcare. In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates
this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and the society’s
expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own
values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to develop their full
potential. (Gibson and Mitchel, 2003)
 Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted.
This is a challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that require attention
of counseling include loss of a partner, decline of mental capacity and mobility,
increased loneliness, decline in financial security etc.
 People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been
labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease
are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress
and low self-esteem. Counseling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation
of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors may also help in assisting and
educating the victims’ support system.
 Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence
characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated with
poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become
rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The counselors are
increasingly utilized to help the victims.
 Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment,
violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the
society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and
prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self- acceptance and
understanding.
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Answer the following questions:
A. Why should counselors continue to upgrade and develop their knowledge and
skills as counseling practitioners?
B. Why is it necessary for counselors to be sensitive and patient in the performance

of their jobs and responsibilities?
C. Which particular clientele and audience of counselors needed more attention and
support at present? Why do you think so?
REMEMBER
The clientele and

audiences of the
counseling profession
come from different
settings. Counselors deal
with a mixture of people
with different concerns
and issues.
their profession.
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions:Answer the given question briefly.
How can counselors help women, LGBT community, and older adults? What
issues do these sectors face nowadays that needed the intervention of
counselors?
POSTTEST
1. Alcoholism should be understood as one’s weakness and lack of self-
control and self-discipline.
2. Counselors are responsible in letting women to know and understand
their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interest.
3. Retirees and the aging population require the attention of counselors.
4. In dealing with AIDS and HIV victims, the counseling approach requires a
high degree of insensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the
disease.
______5. Counselors and helping institutions must upgrade themselves to match
the changing requirements of their clientele.
REFERENCES
Webliography
https://www.academia.edu/37131995/DISCIPLINES_AND_IDEAS_IN_THE_APPLIED_SOCIAL
_SCIENCES
LESSON 2: COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND
TOOLS
EXPECTATIONS
The counseling process is considered as an art and a science. The art, which is
the subjective part, requires counseling to be sensitive to the world of the client. It entails
good listening skills and ability to demonstrate care and empathy. The science which
represents the objective part of the process requires the use of scientific tools to obtain
comprehension on what is happening during different stages of the counseling process.
The next and last lesson for this chapter is about processes, methods, and tools of
counseling. If you are not equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills on
counseling processes, methods, and tools, then you cannot appropriately accomplish
your job. So, if you want to know the right gears to be effective and efficient in your
profession, then join us once again!

a. Discuss the different processes in counseling; and
b. Discuss and explain the different methods in counseling.
PRETEST
Directions: Enumerate the following concepts. Write the correct answer on the space
provided.
Stages of the Counseling Process
1.______________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________
3.______________________________________________________________________
4.______________________________________________________________________
5.______________________________________________________________________
6.______________________________________________________________________
LOOKING BACK
Direction: Answer the following questions:
1. Why is it important to know the processes of counseling?
2. For you what is the most important stage of counseling and why?
3. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling

and how can you apply it?
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
STAGES OF COUNSELING PROCESS
There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building,
assessment and diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and
problem solving, termination and follow –up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
 This is the heart of counseling process because it provides the force and
foundation for the counseling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counseling relevant communication, from the client.
2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
 One of the most crucial stages.

 This serves as the window for the counselor to have a thorough appreciation
of the client’s condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation
of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counseling process.

 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counselor relationship.
 Counseling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counselor must agree on the counseling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
 Guidelines:
A. The counselor must provide a mapping of the different
approaches offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each

procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
 The essential goal in counseling is to witness a client progress on his/her own

without the assistance of the counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan
and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counseling
2. Review of the course of counseling
3. Closure of the counselor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counseling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counseling stage.

 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counseling
situation.
METHODS IN COUNSELING
1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud,

Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools because they primed
the underpinning of clinical practice.
A. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counseling

and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the
mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict,
which focuses on the internal forces such as unconscious processes. It focuses on
personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help
him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on
personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to
help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
 The following techniques may be used:

1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss
whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using
dreams.
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure
for patients to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine
areas for further analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner
conflicts which can be reflected in resistance, transference, and other
processes.
B. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY- The approach of Adler in counseling and
psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is psychological functioning. Its
objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave
and think in certain ways.
 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:

1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian
relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle

3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that
promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with
accompanying behavior change.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian
Psychotherapy.
 First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement
-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
 Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process
 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
-Task setting and commitment
C. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY- The counseling and psychology approach of

Jung is referred to as psychotherapy. Jung’s approach highlights the task of the
unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”. The approach applies
dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the
result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and
wellness.
2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES- It falls under the affective theories which are

concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls

A. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling- It has been described as the “if-then”
approach.
 The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
B. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy- It focuses on the here and now. It refers to the dialogue
between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside
what the therapist observes from the outside. The goal of the approach is awareness
on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.
 Gestalt’s techniques include the following:

 ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take
responsibility for it”.
 USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal responsibility by saying
“I or me “instead of “us or us”
 NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with
himself/herself.
 THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through conflicting
parts of personality.
3. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
A. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY- REBT highlights the role of

cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms
of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT views the emotional disorder is
associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on
“defeating cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioral methods
such as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-
monitoring, and homework assignments.
B. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
 DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the
“center of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of
methods to assist clients obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for
difficult situations, and exposing them to feared, preparing for difficult situations,
and exposing them to feared situations”.
C. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- Refers to examining and dissecting

transactions between people. It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent,
adult, and child of each person”. The fundamental goal is for the client to be
“autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy.”
 TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three egos”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with
complementary transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- investigates the “type of life script the client has developed
and how it can be re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play
and how the games interfere with interpersonal functioning.”
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Fill in the required information in the table below.
Theories Founder / Methods Contribution Strengths Weaknesses

Theorist to the field
Freud’s
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Adlerian Counseling
Rogers Person –
Centered
Counseling
Perls Gestalt Theory
Beck’s Cognitive
Theory
Ellis Rational
Emotive Therapy
Berne Transaction
Analysis
REMEMBER
Directions: Match the items in column A with items in column B.
A B
A. Relationship Building 1. This serves as the window for the counselor
to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s
condition.
B. Assessment and Diagnosis
2. It shall serve as the parameter of work and
the client – counselor relationship.
C. Formulation of Counseling Goals
3. The essential goal in counseling to witness
a client progress on his/her own without the
D. Research and Evaluation assistance of the counselor.
E. Termination and Follow –up 4. This stage can be undertaken at any point
in counseling stage.
F. Intervention and Problem solving 5. The guidelines include the following: (a) the
counselor must provide a mapping of the
different approaches offered, (b) describe the
role of the counselor and client for each
procedure, (c) identify possible risks and
benefits that may come and (d) estimate the
time and cost of each procedure.
6. This is the heart of the counseling process

because it provides the force and foundation
for the counseling to succeed.
Directions: Answer the following question briefly on a separate paper.

A. Why do counseling practitioners consider relationship building as the heart of the
counseling process?
B. How do experiential theories generate impact on the emotions of clients to

produce change?
POSTTEST
Directions. Enumerate the following concepts. Write the correct answer on the space
provided.
Goals of Counseling
1._______________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________
4._______________________________________________________________________
Goals of Psychoanalysis
5._______________________________________________________________________
6._______________________________________________________________________
7._______________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
Webliography
_SCIENCES
https://socialwork.utexas.edu/dl/files/academic-programs/other/nasw-code-of-ethics.pdf
SDO MALABON CITY

1st QUARTER
WEEK 5
MR. DILLON GONZALES

(SLeM Developer)
LESSON 1: DEFINITION, GOAL AND SCOPE, CORE VALUES AND
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
EXPECTATIONS
Have you ever volunteered in community programs? Programs that can give
services to the people within the society such as Lingap Barangay, medical
missions, jobs fair, etc. And have you ever seen or know someone who works for
the society? Those deeds fall into the category of Applied Social Sciences,
specifically the Social Work. These questions are raised to deepen our knowledge
in this topic. More so, the topic specifically intends to shed light in the following
questions: How social work is defined by different institutions and practitioners in
the global setting? Whether social work is for everyone or special population? And
lastly, how does social work help our society?

 define social work and identify its goal and scope;
 demonstrate comprehension of the principles of social work; and
 discuss core values of social work.
PRETEST
TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if it is incorrect.
1. The purpose of client-worker relationship is to help the client in some area
of his/her social functioning in which, at the present, he/she is
experiencing some difficulty, and where the worker is in the position to
offer help.
2. Curing refers to the aspect of treating people with problems in social

functioning.
3. Acceptance involves respecting the clients as they are under any

circumstances and understands the meaning and causes of the client’s
behavior.
4. Social work develop cooperative networks within the institutional

resources system.
_____5. Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers in social
reforms.
LOOKING BACK
Directions: Discuss the goals, scope, core values and principles of social work.
GOALS
SCOPE
SOCIAL
WORK
PRINCIPLES
CORE
VALUES
SmartArt graphic organizer
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK
“The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human
relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.” As
defined by The Policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee of the British Association of
Social Workers (2012). It utilizes theories of human behavior and social systems.
Principle of human rights and social justice are fundament to social work. It is concerned
with individual and personal problems but also with broader social issues such as poverty,
unemployment, and domestic violence. According to Dubois & Miley (2008), it is
understood here that social work is a profession that fulfills the social welfare mandate to
promote well-being and quality of life.
Context and Basic Concepts of Social Work
The aim of social work is to help individuals fit better into their environment and
change the environment so that it works better for them. Segal, Cerdes, and Steiner
(2005) locate the history of social work in the history of social welfare in America to
support this context and basic concept of Social Work. They connect it to the history of
Charity Organization Societies founded in 1877 that aims to discover the causes of
poverty among individuals and eliminate poverty from society. Poverty was then seen as
a character defect of an individual. The next movement that emerged was called
Settlement Movement began in 1887. This movement operated on the assumption that
an individual’s well-being was directly related to his/her surroundings therefore, to help a
person involved changing the environment wherein that person lives.
These includes advocating for better neighborhood services, public health
programs and employment conditions. These two (2) movements play role in solving
poverty of individuals by helping them fit better into their environment and changing that
environment and this serves as today’s basic concept of Social Work. The context of
social work is a place that requires professionals to direct their service on the needs and
empowerment of people who experiences some forms of vulnerability, oppression and
living in poverty.
GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK
The principal mission of social work profession is to develop human beings and
assist other institutions in attaining the basic human needs of the people, and empowering
the lost, the least, and the last. Catalyzing the mission of the social work profession are
the goals of social work. Morales and Sheafor (1983) specified three (3) distinguishing
goals of social work. These goals are outlined and described below:
1. The Goal on Caring
Caring refers to the heart of social work and it focuses on the well-being or the
welfare and comfort of the individual and community. The goal on caring involves the
enhancement of the quality of life in prisons, the upgrading humanizing services in
nursing homes and juvenile facilities, and the constant advancement of care given to
populations in need. The caring portion is significantly necessary in the effective
execution of social work’s role in the society. The need for the caring function
increases and it is realized that in the field of social work the curative function is
inadequate in our goal to improve the situation of people in need.
2. The Goal on Curing
Curing refers to the aspect of treating people with problems in social

functioning. This covers a range of aiding techniques for individuals, families, and
groups. Techniques are composed of: (a) popular counseling approaches, comprising
of transactional analysis, family therapy, behavior modification, reality therapy, and
gestalt therapy; (b) unpopular approaches, such as Rolfing therapy, psychomotor
therapy, and psychodrama. The above techniques are individual-focused approaches
which may not automatically provide an effective method of helping clients toward
social functioning. It is necessary to facilitate the participation of the clients in the
helping process and create an appropriate environment for them.
3. The Goal on Changing
Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers in social

reforms. This goal comes from a perspective that there is a persistence of poverty,
environmental destruction, and social disintegration. It recognizes that the political,
economic, and social structures add in the worsening of social conditions. This reality
puts the poor and the needy in a more challenging situation which consequently
becomes a critical concern of social institutions and the social work profession. It is
therefore vital for the social workers to be aware and be actively vigilant in identifying
structures that exacerbate the situation and deepen social destruction. Social reforms
are necessary to improve the social services and the quality of life of those in need.
This is one of the most significant goals because it contributes in the struggle to pursue
a lasting social change.
SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK
Social Work- These are the scope of social works as highlighted by DuBois and Miley
(2008). These scopes are noble and broad. It is to help an individual be included in society
and to transform the very society that creates structure that makes individual to participate
in the enjoyment of social services and resources of the community.
 Empower people individually and collectively to utilize their own problem solving
and coping capabilities more effectively
 Support a proactive position about social and economic policy development to
prevent problems for individuals and society form occurring.
 Uphold the integrity of the profession in all aspects of social work practice.
 Establish linkages between people and societal resources to further social
functioning and enhance quality of life.
 Develop cooperative networks within the institutional resources system.
 Facilitate the responsiveness of the institutional resource systems to meet health
and human service needs.
 Promotes social justice and equality of all people with the regard to full participation
in society.
 Contribute to the development of knowledge for social work profession through
research and evaluation.
 Encourage exchange of information in those institutional systems in which both
problems and resources opportunities are produced.
 Enhance communication through an appreciation of diversity and through
ethnically sensitive, non-sexist social work practice.
 Employ educational strategies for the prevention and resolution of problems.
 Embrace a world view of human issues and solutions to problems.
CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK

Core values as a vital organizational component, play a significant role in the
organization. They serve as guiding principles that shape the behavior and action of its
members in interacting with their clients and other people. Social work has its own core
values-values that are instilled among the social workers. Mendoza (2002) cited that the
Council on Social Work Education identified and describes six (6) values that are shared
by the social work profession. These values are outlined below:
1. Right to self-fulfillment- Each person has the right to self-fulfillment which is

derived from his/her inherent capacity and thrust toward the goal.
2. Responsibility to common good- Each person has the responsibility as a
member of the society to seek ways of fulfillment that contribute to common good.
3. Responsibility of the society- The society has the responsibility to facilitate self-
fulfillment of the individual and the right to enrichment through the contribution of
its individual members.
4. Right to satisfy basic needs- Each person requires for the harmonious
development of his powers socially provided and socially safeguarded
opportunities for satisfying his/her basic needs in the physical, psychological,
economic, cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual realms.
5. Social organizations required to facilitate individual’s effort at self-
realization- The notion that individual and society are interdependent provides a
perspective that the society has the responsibility to provide appropriate social
resources, it is the right of the individual to promote change in social resources
that do not serve his/her need-meeting efforts.
6. Self-realization and contribution to society- To permit both self-realization and
contribution to society by the individual, social organization must make available
socially provided devices for need-satisfaction as wide in range, variety, and
quality as the general welfare allows.
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Answer the following questions:
A. Why social work is considered a field of the applied social sciences?
B. What are the core values of social work? Why is it necessary for a social worker
to follow a set of core values?
REMEMBER
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
Social work is based on respect for inherent worth and dignity of all people and it
is cultivated by altruistic and democratic principles. Friedlander (1958) and Biestek (1957)
as cited by Mendoza (2002) indicated seven principles adhered by social workers
including the following:
1. Acceptance- This involves respecting the clients as they are under any
circumstances and understands the meaning and causes of the client’s behavior.
The social worker manifests warmth, interest, and concern about the client and
his/her situation. This also means recognizing the individual or people’s strengths
and potentials, weaknesses, and limitations.
2. Client’s participation in problem-solving- A client is made to understand that
he/she is expected to participate in the entire process. This begins in gathering of
information then in defining the nature of the problem. The client also participates
in planning ways in resolving such problem, identify resources to solve this, and
eventually act on this through the help of different available resources.
3. Self-determination- The idea behind this principle is that the clients (individual,
groups, or communities) who are in need have the right to determine their needs
and how they should be met.
4. Individualization- This involves recognizing and understanding the client’s own
unique characteristics and using different principles and methods for each client.
This means no two clients are exactly alike (in terms of strengths, their
experiences, their problems, etc.) and social work interventions differ for each
client considering their unique qualities and situations.
5. Confidentiality- This means that the client should be accorded with appropriate
protection, within the limits of the law, from any harm that might result from the
information he/she divulges to the worker. The client should be assured that what
he/she tells will be kept in confidence.
6. Worker self-awareness- This means that the social worker is conscious about
her/his role in making use of his/her professional relationship with the client in a
way that will enhance the client’s development rather than his/her own. The social
worker consciously examines his/her feelings, judgments, biases, and responses
whether these are professionally motivated.
7. Client-worker relationship- The purpose of client-worker relationship is to help
the client in some area of his/her social functioning in which, at the present, he/she
is experiencing some difficulty, and where the worker is in the position to offer help.
Directions: Compare and contrast the similarities and differences of counseling and
social work. Write your answer using the Venn Diagram.
Counseling
Social
Work
POSTTEST
TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if it is
incorrect.
1. Confidentiality means that the client should be accorded with appropriate
protection, within the limits of the law, from any harm that might result
from the information he/she divulges to the worker. The client should be
assured that what he/she tells will be kept in confidence.
2. The aim of social work is to help individuals fit better into their environment
and change the environment so that it works better for them.
3. The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in

human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to
enhance well-being
4. Individualization involves recognizing and understanding the client’s own

unique characteristics and using different principles and methods for each
client.
_____5. Caring refers to the heart of social work and it focuses on the well-being
or the welfare and comfort of the individual and community.
REFERENCES
Webliography
_SCIENCES
LESSON 2: ROLES, FUNCTIONS, RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND
ACCOUNTABILITIES OF SOCIAL WORK
EXPECTATIONS
Social work is an active profession with a wide array of responsibilities in the areas
of caring, curing, and changing. It is also present in the diverse settings in the community
and the society. From this context, it is assumed that the roles and functions of social
workers are likewise varied. Social workers’ association have formulated their own ethical
standards. The ethical standards usually define the rights, responsibilities, and
accountabilities of their members. In this lesson, you will understand the various roles
and functions, as well as the rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities of social workers.

 identify the roles and functions of social workers;
 explain and understand the roles and functions of social workers; and
 display understanding on the rights, responsibilities, accountabilities, and
code of ethics of social workers.
PRETEST
TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is True or F if the statement is false.
_______ 1. Social worker’s association have formulated their own ethical standards
which usually define the rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities of the
members.
_______ 2. The social workers’ role as an advocate involves networking, enabling,
bargaining, negotiating, and manipulating the environment on behalf of the
client.
_______ 3. Respect is one of the ethical standards relative to the ethical responsibility
to colleagues which allowed unwarranted negative criticism of colleagues in
communications with clients or with other professionals.
_______ 4. Parole is the administration of penalty in such a way that the offender is
corrected, that is, his/her present behavior is kept within acceptable limits at
the same time his general life adjustment is modified.
_______ 5. The following are social workers’ roles in direct service: social broker,
enabler, therapist, documenter, and mobilizer of community elite.
LOOKING BACK
Directions. Give at least five ethical responsibilities of social workers in each aspect.
A. Clients D. Professionals
B. Colleagues E. Social work profession
C. Practice setting F. Broader society
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Mendoza (2002) termed the roles as interventive roles which refer to the combination of
tasks that are expected to be performed by the social worker to accomplish the goals
agreed upon with the client. Compton and Galaway (1994), Mendoza (1981) as cited in
Mendoza (2002) summarized the interventive roles based on the appropriateness and
relevance to the client’s problems in the local setting.
Roles Description
1.Resource broker This role is about the direct provision of material aid and
other resources that will be helpful in reducing
situational deficiencies. These resources are mobilized
and created or directly provided to the client being
assisted.
2. Social broker This role involves a process of negotiating the “service
jungle” for clients. The social worker links the client to
the needed services and ensures quick delivery of
these services. This can also be associated with
“networking” which establishes and maintains
relationship with other community entities to gain
support and additional resources.
3. Mediator This role includes acting as an intermediary or
conciliator between persons or in groups and the social
worker engages his/her efforts to resolve disputes
between the client and other parties. The worker
facilitates in meeting halfway or finding a common
ground to make all possibilities to resolve such dispute.
4. Advocate This role involves taking a partisan interest in the client
and his/her cause and aims to influence another party
in the interest of the client through arguing, bargaining,
negotiating and manipulating the environment on behalf
of the client.
5. Enabler This role is about activities that the social worker
engages in order to help the clients cope with the
current situation and eventually find strengths and
resources within themselves to solve problems they
encountered. This also involves the worker’s task of
performing a supportive and empowering function to
facilitate the clients’ accomplishment of a particular goal
or task.
6. Counselor/Therapist This role intends to restore, maintain, or enhance the
clients’ capacity to adapt to his/her current reality. Such
goal may be achieved through provision of necessary
services on an individual or group basis to provide
emotional support to facilitate adjustment. This can be
done through purposive listening, reassurance,
teaching guidance, logical discussions among others.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
To further enlighten our understanding of social work, it is necessary to identify

and define its functions. According to Mendoza (2002), the Commission on Practice of
the US National Association of Social Workers in 1958 came up with a statement
containing the three functions of social work.
Functions Description
1.Rehabilitative Function Refers to restorative, curative and remedial actions.
Social workers are responsible for assisting individuals
and groups to determine and settle or reduce the
problem that came out of the imbalance between the
individuals and the environment. This functions
attempts to put back the person to a balanced state of
social functioning.
2. Preventive Function This function encompasses early detection, control, and
eradication of situations which may have a damaging
effect on the social functioning.
3. Mediator This function seeks to help the individual make full use
of his/her potentials and capacities and to enhance the
effectiveness of available social or community
resources.
CODE RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, ACCOUNTABILITIES, AND CODE OF ETHICS
Social Worker’s Ethical Responsibility to Clients
Element Description
1.Commitment to Clients Social workers' primary responsibility is to promote the well-being
of clients. In general, clients' interests are primary. However, social
workers' responsibility to the larger society or specific legal
obligations may on limited occasions supersede the loyalty owed
clients, and clients should be so advised. (Examples include when
a social worker is required by law to report that a client has abused
a child or has threatened to harm self or others.)
2. Self-determination Social workers respect and promote the right of clients to self-
determination and assist clients in their efforts to identify and clarify
their goals. Social workers may limit clients' right to self-
determination when, in the social workers' professional judgment,
clients' actions or potential actions pose a serious, foreseeable,
and imminent risk to themselves or others.
3. Informed Consent Provide services to clients only in the context of a professional
relationship based, when appropriate, on valid informed consent.
Social workers should use clear and understandable language to
inform clients of the purpose of the services, limits to services
because of the requirements of a third-party payer, relevant costs,
reasonable alternatives, clients’ right to refuse or withdraw consent,
and the time frame covered by the consent
4. Competence Provide services and represent themselves as competent only
within the boundaries of their education, training, license,
certification, consultation received, supervised experience, or other
relevant professional experience.
5. Cultural Competence and Understand culture and its function in human behavior and
Social Diversity society, recognizing the strengths that exist in all cultures,
demonstrate competence in the provision of services that are
sensitive to clients’ cultures, and to differences among people and
cultural groups.
6. Conflict of Interest Social workers should be alert to and avoid conflicts of interest that
interfere with the exercise of professional discretion and impartial
judgment. Social workers should inform clients when a real or
potential conflict of interest arises and take reasonable steps to
resolve the issue in a manner that makes the clients' interests
primary and protects clients' interests to the greatest extent
possible. In some cases, protecting clients' interests may require
termination of the professional relationship with proper referral of
the client.
7. Privacy and Confidentiality Respect client’s right to privacy. Social workers should not solicit
private information from client unless it is essential to providing
services or conducting social work evaluation or research. Once
private information is shared, standards of confidentiality apply.
8. Access to Records Social workers should provide clients with reasonable access to
records concerning the clients. Social workers who are concerned
that clients' access to their records could cause serious
misunderstanding or harm to the client should aid in interpreting the
records and consultation with the client regarding the records.
Social workers should limit clients' access to their records, or
portions of their records, only in exceptional circumstances when
there is compelling evidence that such access would cause serious
harm to the client. Both clients' requests and the rationale for
withholding some or all the record should be documented in clients'
files.
9. Sexual Relationships Do not engage in sexual activities or sexual contact with current
clients, whether such contact is consensual or forced.
10. Physical Contact Social workers should not engage in physical contact with clients
when there is a possibility of psychological harm to the client
because of the contact (such as cradling or caressing clients).
Social workers who engage in appropriate physical contact with
clients are responsible for setting clear, appropriate, and culturally
sensitive boundaries that govern such physical contact.
11. Sexual Harassment Social workers should not sexually harass clients. Sexual
harassment includes sexual advances; sexual solicitation; requests
for sexual favors; and other verbal, written, electronic, or physical
contact of a sexual nature.
12. Derogatory Language Social workers should not use derogatory language in their written,
verbal, or electronic communications to or about clients. Social
workers should use accurate and respectful language in all
communications to and about clients.
13. Payment to Services Ensures that the fees are fair, reasonable, and commensurate with
the services performed. Consideration should be given to clients’
ability to pay. Avoid accepting goods or services from clients as
payment for professional services. Do not solicit private fee or other
remuneration for providing services to clients who are entitled to
such available services through the social workers’ employer or
agency.
14. Clients who lack decision- When social workers act on behalf of clients who lack the capacity
making capacity to make informed decisions, social workers should take reasonable
steps to safeguard the interests and rights of those clients.
15. Interruption of Services Social workers should make reasonable efforts to ensure continuity
of services in the event that services are interrupted by factors such
as unavailability, disruptions in electronic communication,
relocation, illness, mental or physical ability, or death.
16. Termination of Services Social workers should terminate services to clients and
professional relationships with them when such services and
relationships are no longer required or no longer serve the clients'
needs or interests.
Social Worker’s Ethical Responsibility to Colleagues
Element Description
1.Respect Social workers should treat colleagues with respect and should
represent accurately and fairly the qualifications, views, and
obligations of colleagues; avoid unwarranted negative criticism of
colleagues in verbal, written, and electronic communications with
clients or with other professionals; and cooperate with social work
colleagues and with colleagues of other professions when such
cooperation serves the well-being of clients.
2. Confidentiality Social workers should respect confidential information shared by
colleagues during their professional relationships and transactions.
Social workers should ensure that such colleagues understand
social workers' obligation to respect confidentiality and any
exceptions related to it.
3. Interdisciplinary Participate in and contribute to decisions that affect the well-being
Collaboration of clients by drawing on the perspectives, values, and experiences
of the social work profession. The professional and ethical
obligations of the interdisciplinary team as a whole and of its
individual members should be clearly established. Attempt to
resolve disagreement through appropriate channels.
4. Dispute Involving Social workers should not take advantage of a dispute between a
Colleagues colleague and an employer to obtain a position or otherwise
advance the social workers' own interests and should not exploit
clients in disputes with colleagues or engage clients in any
inappropriate discussion of conflicts between social workers and
their colleagues.
5. Consultation Social workers should seek the advice and counsel of colleagues
whenever such consultation is in the best interests of clients. Social
workers should keep themselves informed about colleagues' areas
of expertise and competencies. Social workers should seek
consultation only from colleagues who have demonstrated
knowledge, expertise, and competence related to the subject of the
consultation. When consulting with colleagues about clients, social
workers should disclose the least amount of information necessary
to achieve the purposes of the consultation
6. Sexual Relationships Social workers who function as supervisors or educators should
not engage in sexual activities or contact (including verbal, written,
electronic, or physical contact) with supervisees, students,
trainees, or other colleagues over whom they exercise professional
authority. Social workers should avoid engaging in sexual
relationships with colleagues when there is potential for a conflict
of interest. Social workers who become involved in, or anticipate
becoming involved in, a sexual relationship with a colleague have
a duty to transfer professional responsibilities, when necessary, to
avoid a conflict of interest.
7. Sexual Harassment Social workers should not sexually harass supervisees, students,
trainees, or colleagues. Sexual harassment includes sexual
advances; sexual solicitation; requests for sexual favors; and other
verbal, written, electronic, or physical contact of a sexual nature.
8. Impairment of Colleagues Social workers who have direct knowledge of a social work
colleague's impairment that is due to personal problems,
psychosocial distress, substance abuse, or mental health
difficulties and that interferes with practice effectiveness should
consult with that colleague when feasible and assist the colleague
in taking remedial action. Social workers who believe that a social
work colleague's impairment interferes with practice effectiveness
and that the colleague has not taken adequate steps to address
the impairment should act through appropriate channels
established by employers, agencies, NASW, licensing and
regulatory bodies, and other professional organizations.
9. Incompetence of Colleagues Social workers who have direct knowledge of a social work
colleague's incompetence should consult with that colleague when
feasible and assist the colleague in taking remedial action. Social
workers who believe that a social work colleague is incompetent
and has not taken adequate steps to address the incompetence
should act through appropriate channels established by employers,
agencies, NASW, licensing and regulatory bodies, and other
professional organizations.
10. Unethical Conduct of Take adequate measures to discourage, prevent, expose, and
Colleagues correct the unethical conduct of colleagues, including unethical
conduct using technology. Social workers should be
knowledgeable about established policies and procedures for
handling concerns about colleagues' unethical behavior. Social
workers should be familiar with national, state, and local
procedures for handling ethics complaints. These include policies
and procedures created by NASW, licensing and regulatory
bodies, employers, agencies, and other professional organizations.
Social workers who believe that a colleague has acted unethically
should seek resolution by discussing their concerns with the
colleague when feasible and when such discussion is likely to be
productive.
Social Worker’s Ethical Responsibility in Practice Setting
Element Description
1. Supervision and Social workers who provide supervision or consultation (whether
Consultation in-person or remotely) should have the necessary knowledge and
skill to supervise or consult appropriately and should do so only
within their areas of knowledge and competence. Social workers
who provide supervision or consultation are responsible for setting
clear, appropriate, and culturally sensitive boundaries. Social
workers should not engage in any dual or multiple relationships
with supervisees in which there is a risk of exploitation of or
potential harm to the supervisee, including dual relationships that
may arise while using social networking sites or other electronic
media.
2. Education and Training Social workers who function as educators, field instructors for
students, or trainers should provide instruction only within their
areas of knowledge and competence and should provide
instruction based on the most current information and knowledge
available in the profession. Social workers who function as
educators or field instructors for students should evaluate students'
performance in a manner that is fair and respectful. Social workers
who function as educators or field instructors for students should
take reasonable steps to ensure that clients are routinely informed
when services are being provided by students.
3. Performance Evaluation Social workers who have responsibility for evaluating the
performance of others should fulfill such responsibility in a fair and
considerate manner and based on clearly stated criteria.
4. Client Records Social workers should take reasonable steps to ensure that
documentation in electronic and paper records is accurate and
reflects the services provided. Social workers should include
sufficient and timely documentation in records to facilitate the
delivery of services and to ensure continuity of services provided
to clients in the future. Social workers' documentation should
protect clients' privacy to the extent that is possible and appropriate
and should include only information that is directly relevant to the
delivery of services.
5. Billing Social workers should establish and maintain billing practices that
accurately reflect the nature and extent of services provided and
that identify who provided the service in the practice setting.
6. Client Transfer When an individual who is receiving services from another agency
or colleague contacts a social worker for services, the social
worker should carefully consider the client's needs before agreeing
to provide services. To minimize possible confusion and conflict,
social workers should discuss with potential clients the nature of
the clients' current relationship with other service providers and the
implications, including possible benefits or risks, of entering a
relationship with a new service provider. If a new client has been
served by another agency or colleague, social workers should
discuss with the client whether consultation with the previous
service provider is in the client's best interest.
7. Administration Social work administrators should advocate within and outside
their agencies for adequate resources to meet clients' needs.
Social workers should advocate for resource allocation procedures
that are open and fair. When not all clients' needs can be met, an
allocation procedure should be developed that is non-
discriminatory and based on appropriate and consistently applied
principles. Social workers who are administrators should take
reasonable steps to ensure that adequate agency or organizational
resources are available to provide appropriate staff supervision.
8. Continuing Education and Social work administrators and supervisors should take
Staff Development reasonable steps to provide or arrange for continuing education
and staff development for all staff for whom they are responsible.
Continuing education and staff development should address
current knowledge and emerging developments related to social
work practice and ethics.
9. Commitment to Employer Social workers generally should adhere to commitments made to
employers and employing organizations. Social workers should
work to improve employing agencies' policies and procedures and
the efficiency and effectiveness of their services. Social workers
should take reasonable steps to ensure that employers are aware
of social workers' ethical obligations as set forth in the NASW Code
of Ethics and of the implications of those obligations for social work
practice.
10. Labor-Management Social workers may engage in organized action, including the
Disputes formation of and participation in labor unions, to improve services
to clients and working conditions. The actions of social workers
who are involved in labor-management disputes, job actions, or
labor strikes should be guided by the profession's values, ethical
principles, and ethical standards. Reasonable differences of
opinion exist among social workers concerning their primary
obligation as professionals during an actual or threatened labor
strike or job action.
Social Worker’s Ethical Responsibility as Professionals
Element Description
1. Competence Social workers should accept responsibility or employment only
based on existing competence or the intention to acquire the
necessary competence. Social workers should strive to become
and remain proficient in professional practice and the performance
of professional functions. Social workers should critically examine
and keep current with emerging knowledge relevant to social work.
Social workers should routinely review the professional literature
and participate in continuing education relevant to social work
practice and social work ethics.
2. Discrimination Social workers should not practice, condone, facilitate, or
collaborate with any form of discrimination based on race, ethnicity,
national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or
expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration
status, or mental or physical ability.
3. Private Conduct Social workers should not permit their private conduct to interfere
with their ability to fulfill their professional responsibilities.
4. Dishonesty, Fraud, Social workers should not participate in, condone, or be associated
Deception with dishonesty, fraud, or deception.
5. Impairment Social workers should not allow their own personal problems,
psychosocial distress, legal problems, substance abuse, or mental
health difficulties to interfere with their professional judgment and
performance or to jeopardize the best interests of people for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
6. Misrepresentation Social workers should make clear distinctions between statements
made and actions engaged in as a private individual and as a
representative of the social work profession, a professional social
work organization, or the social worker's employing agency. Social
workers who speak on behalf of professional social work
organizations should accurately represent the official and
authorized positions of the organizations.
7. Solicitations Social workers should not engage in uninvited solicitation of
potential clients who, because of their circumstances, are
vulnerable to undue influence, manipulation, or coercion. Social
workers should not engage in solicitation of testimonial
endorsements (including solicitation of consent to use a client's
prior statement as a testimonial endorsement) from current clients
or from other people who, because of their particular
circumstances, are vulnerable to undue influence.
8. Acknowledging Credit Social workers should take responsibility and credit, including
authorship credit, only for work they have performed and to which
they have contributed. Social workers should honestly
acknowledge the work of, and the contributions made by others.
Social Worker’s Ethical Responsibility to the Social Work Profession
Element Description
1. Integrity of the Profession (a) Social workers should work toward the maintenance and
promotion of high standards of practice. (b) Social workers should
uphold and advance the values, ethics, knowledge, and mission of
the profession. Social workers should protect, enhance, and
improve the integrity of the profession through appropriate study
and research, active discussion, and responsible criticism of the
profession. (c) Social workers should contribute time and
professional expertise to activities that promote respect for the
value, integrity, and competence of the social work profession.
These activities may include teaching, research, consultation,
service, legislative testimony, presentations in the community, and
participation in their professional organizations. (d) Social workers
should contribute to the knowledge base of social work and share
with colleagues their knowledge related to practice, research, and
ethics. Social workers should seek to contribute to the profession's
literature and to share their knowledge at professional meetings
and conferences. (e) Social workers should act to prevent the
unauthorized and unqualified practice of social work.
2. Evaluation and Research  Social workers should monitor and evaluate policies, the
implementation of programs, and practice interventions.
 Social workers should promote and facilitate evaluation
and research to contribute to the development of
knowledge.
 Social workers should critically examine and keep current
with emerging knowledge relevant to social work and fully
use evaluation and research evidence in their professional
practice.
 Social workers engaged in evaluation or research should
carefully consider possible consequences and should
follow guidelines developed for the protection of evaluation
and research participants. Appropriate institutional review
boards should be consulted.
obtain voluntary and written informed consent from
participants, when appropriate, without any implied or
actual deprivation or penalty for refusal to participate;
without undue inducement to participate; and with due
regard for participants' well-being, privacy, and dignity.
Informed consent should include information about the
nature, extent, and duration of the participation requested
and disclosure of the risks and benefits of participation in
the research.
 When using electronic technology to facilitate evaluation or
research, social workers should ensure that participants
provide informed consent for the use of such technology.
Social workers should assess whether participants are able
to use the technology and, when appropriate, offer
reasonable alternatives to participate in the evaluation or
research.
 When evaluation or research participants are incapable of
giving informed consent, social workers should provide an
appropriate explanation to the participants, obtain the
participants' assent to the extent they are able, and obtain
written consent from an appropriate proxy.
 Social workers should never design or conduct evaluation
or research that does not use consent procedures, such as
certain forms of naturalistic observation and archival
research, unless rigorous and responsible review of the
research has found it to be justified because of its
prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and
unless equally effective alternative procedures that do not
involve waiver of consent are not feasible.
 Social workers should inform participants of their right to
withdraw from evaluation and research at any time without
penalty.
 Social workers should take appropriate steps to ensure that
participants in evaluation and research have access to
appropriate supportive services.
protect participants from unwarranted physical or mental
distress, harm, danger, or deprivation.
 Social workers engaged in the evaluation of services
should discuss collected information only for professional
purposes and only with people professionally concerned
with this information.
ensure the anonymity or confidentiality of participants and
of the data obtained from them. Social workers should
inform participants of any limits of confidentiality, the
measures that will be taken to ensure confidentiality, and
when any records containing research data will be
destroyed.
 Social workers who report evaluation and research results
should protect participants' confidentiality by omitting
identifying information unless proper consent has been
obtained authorizing disclosure.
 Social workers should report evaluation and research
findings accurately. They should not fabricate or falsify
results and should take steps to correct any errors later
found in published data using standard publication
methods.
be alert to and avoid conflicts of interest and dual
relationships with participants, should inform participants
when a real or potential conflict of interest arises, and
should take steps to resolve the issue in a manner that
makes participants' interests primary.
 Social workers should educate themselves, their students,
and their colleagues about responsible research practices.
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.
A. How does a social worker perform the following roles and functions?
 Interventive roles
 Rehabilitative function
 Preventive function
 Developmental function
B. Why should social workers uphold the right of clients to self-determination?
C. Why is privacy and confidentiality a core responsibility of social workers?

REMEMBER
Social Worker’s Ethical Responsibility to the Broader Society
Element Description
1. Social Welfare Social workers should promote the general welfare of society, from
local to global levels, and the development of people, their
communities, and their environments. Social workers should
advocate for living conditions conducive to the fulfillment of basic
human needs and should promote social, economic, political, and
cultural values and institutions that are compatible with the
realization of social justice.
2. Public Participation Social workers should facilitate informed participation by the public
in shaping social policies and institutions.
3. Public Emergencies Social workers should provide appropriate professional services in
public emergencies to the greatest extent possible.
4. Social and Political Action  Social workers should engage in social and political action
that seeks to ensure that all people have equal access to
the resources, employment, services, and opportunities
they require to meet their basic human needs and to
develop fully. Social workers should be aware of the impact
of the political arena on practice and should advocate for
changes in policy and legislation to improve social
conditions in order to meet basic human needs and
promote social justice.
 Social workers should act to expand choice and
opportunity for all people, with special regard for
vulnerable, disadvantaged, oppressed, and exploited
people and groups.
 Social workers should promote conditions that encourage
respect for cultural and social diversity within the United
States and globally. Social workers should promote
policies and practices that demonstrate respect for
difference, support the expansion of cultural knowledge
and resources, advocate for programs and institutions that
demonstrate cultural competence, and promote policies
that safeguard the rights of and confirm equity and social
justice for all people.
 Social workers should act to prevent and eliminate
domination of, exploitation of, and discrimination against
any person, group, or class based on race, ethnicity,
national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender
identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief,
religion, immigration status, or mental or physical ability.
Source: NASW Ethical Standards
Directions: Answer the following question briefly on a separate paper.

How did the National Association of Social Workers explain the ethical standards
of social workers with respect to the following?
 Responsibilities to clients
 Responsibilities to colleagues
 Responsibilities in practice setting
 Responsibilities as professionals
 Responsibilities to social work profession
POSTTEST
TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is True or F if the statement is false.
_______ 1. Interventive role refers to the combination of tasks that is expected to be

performed by the social worker to accomplish the goals agreed upon with
the client.
_______ 2. Cultural competence and social diversity mean understanding culture and
its function in human behavior and society, recognizing the strengths that
exist in all cultures.
_______ 3. The NASW ethical standards are divided into six areas that include:
responsibilities to clients, responsibilities to colleagues, responsibilities in
practice setting, responsibilities as professionals, responsibilities to social
work profession, and responsibilities to broader society.
_______ 4. The preventive function of social work ascertains and strengthens the full
potential in individuals, groups, and communities. This function seeks to
help the individual make full use of his/her potentials and capacities and to
enhance the effectiveness of available social or community resources.
_______ 5. The social worker’s role as a mediator involves acting as an intermediary or
conciliator between persons or in groups and the social worker engages
his/her efforts to resolve disputes between the client and other parties.
REFERENCES
Webliography
_SCIENCES
SDO MALABON CITY

1st QUARTER
WEEK 6
MR. DILLON GONZALES

(SLeM Developer)
LESSON 1: CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN SOCIAL WORK
EXPECTATIONS
The type of health information that is most appropriate and ‘impactful’ will be
influenced by the characteristics of your target audience, including their gender, ethnicity,
culture, age, disability, sexuality, lifestyle, communication needs, location, health literacy,
socio-economic status, beliefs, preferences, health condition, and coping strategies. You
will need to consider the characteristics of your audience, such as disability, language
spoken and health literacy, and the impact of this on how it is most effective to
communicate with them. Knowing audience members’ attitudes about a topic will help a
speaker determine the best way to reach their goals. Giving a brief review of important
terms and concepts is almost always appropriate and can sometimes be done by
acknowledging the heterogeneous audience and the importance of ‘putting everyone on
the same page. You need to have a lot more understanding about their social problems,
be good and patient to have a good communication with them.

 describe the clientele and audience of social work; and
 distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and
communities.
PRETEST
Directions: Provide your own words on the blanks after each statement.
Today I learned that Individual as Client of Social Work is

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Today I learned that Group/organization as Client of Social Work is

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Today I learned that Community as Client of Social Work is

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
LOOKING BACK
Directions: Answer the given question briefly.
A. Why is social group work important?
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
AUDIENCES AND CLIENTELE OF SOCIAL WORK
The Individual as Client of Social Work
Social workers must have transactional relationships between people and their
social environments. They must learn also social work practice methods to restore,
maintain and promote social functioning as it relates to individuals, families, and small
groups. Integrates on multiculturalism, diversity, and social justice issues. You will
examine social work values and ethics as well as issues of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual
orientation, socio-economic status, age, religion, and ability as these relate to social work
practice. You will learn how to perform various social work roles (i.e. counselor/clinical
social worker, group facilitator, mediator, and advocate), recognizing that these roles
must adhere to social work values and ethics. You will learn the importance of developing
relationships with clients, colleagues, supervisors, other professionals, and other
constituencies.
You will learn how to apply skills such as active listening, empathic responding,
contracting, and critical and creative thinking in practice.
The Group and Organization as Client of Social Work
Social workers work with a variety of groups in all settings in which social work
is practiced. It is means that inside of a group of people it needs of commonly identity or
similarity with each other. It’s like a small group that working with service, like group of
organization or place of employment, or pupils and student in school setup. Social work
applies social sciences, such as sociology, psychology, political science, public health,
community development, law, and economics, to engage with client systems, conduct
assessments, and develop interventions to solve social and personal problems; and
create social change. Social work practice is often divided into micro-work, which involves
working with individuals or small groups; and macro-work, which involves working
communities, and within social policy, to create change on a larger scale.
The Community as Client of Social Work
Working with the community requires the generalist practitioner to be able to

assess community functioning and design specific intervention techniques. Community
organization has been recognized for many years as one of the main methods of social
work. Community has the largest share because everyone, what i mean is, individual and
families is essentially members of the community. A community can be powerless sector
so that means the social work service can free from control or power of another and
empowerment. A group of individuals or families that share certain values, services,
institutions, interests, or geographical proximity. A functional special unit that meets
people’s sustenance needs, helps form collective identities, and patterned social
interaction. Social work may focus on community transformation to cause environmental
change to make it possible and to achieve social well-being or social justice.
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Discuss the following clients of social work.
INDIVIDUAL
SOCIAL
WORK
GROUP
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
SmartArt Graphic Organizer

REMEMBER
The audiences and clientele of social work

are the individual, group and organization,
and community. The type of health
information that is most appropriate and
‘impactful’ will be influenced by the
characteristics of your target audience,
including their gender, ethnicity, culture,
age, disability, sexuality, lifestyle,
communication needs, location, health
literacy, socio-economic status, beliefs,
preferences, health condition, and coping
strategies.

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.
A. What is the significance of community organization?

B. How do relationship components/reactions affect or influence the helping
relationship between the client and the worker?
C. Do you think community organization workers are needed at present time? Why
do you think so?
POSTTEST
Directions: Write a 2-page essay paper that analyzes the issues, problems and concerns
of at least three (3) different clienteles or audiences of social workers. Be able to explain
clearly the probles besetting the three (3) clienteles that you chose and discuss as well
how a social worker can help them. Be guided with the rubric below in checking an
essay.
REFERENCES
Webliography
_SCIENCES
https://socialworkeducationbd.blogspot.com/2017/08/methods-of-social-work.html
LESSON 2: SOCIAL WORK PROCESSES AND METHODS
EXPECTATIONS
In the practice setting Social Workers utilize the generalist intervention model. The
generalist intervention model is a multilevel approach that allows social workers to work
within a variety of environments, whether it be on a micro, mezzo, or macro level. It rests
on 4 major premises: (1) that human behavior is inextricably connected to the social and
physical environment; (2) opportunities for enhancing the functioning of any human
system include changing the system itself, modifying its interactions with the environment,
and altering other systems within its environment; (3) work with any level of a human
system-from individual to society-uses similar social work processes; and (4) generalist
practitioners have responsibilities beyond direct practice to work toward just social
policies as well as to conduct and apply research. Generally, a method implies the
systematic way of doing something.

 describe the different processes and methods involves in social work
practice.
LOOKING BACK
Directions: Complete the data retrieval chart below.
STEPS ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIAL WORKER

Engagement
Assessment
Intervention
Evaluation
Termination
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
SOCIAL WORK PROCESSES
Engagement
The engagement stage of social work practice is when the social worker and the
client have their first interaction. It can last anywhere from a couple of minutes to an hour
or more, depending on the circumstances and avenue of practice. It is crucial for the
worker to not only be friendly and open to the client in order to establish a level of trust,
but also to have excellent listening and questioning skills in order to get an idea of what
the true problem or problems are. Skills necessary to implement on the part of the social
worker include eye contact, empathy and empathetic responses, open ended question,
focusing on the client's thoughts and feelings, active listening to ensure the client is heard,
and note taking for assessment purposes.
Assessment
The assessment stage is when the social worker and the client review the
information shared by the client to develop strategies for intervening. Social workers
utilize their abilities to reiterate what was said to clarify with the client. Strengths in the
client that are recognized by the social worker are shared and reiterated to the client to
boost confidence in both the client and the helping process. Systems that affect the client
are also shared so the client can see where he or she spends his or her time and how
that can have a positive or negative experiences. Missing information is also gathered so
a clear picture can be painted for the social worker and the client to begin establishing an
action plan for change.
Intervention (Planning and Implementing)
Intervening in the client involves both the planning and implementing stages of the
Generalist Intervention Model. In the planning stage the social worker begins working with
the client, and much like the assessing stage begins developing a plan with the client to
accomplish goals that work to resolve the targeted issues. Specific actions and objectives
are created for the goals to become more attainable. If needed a contract can be drafted
to ensure that the goals and objectives are clear, concise, and easily understood by both
parties. Implementation then is when the contract is executed, and each side does their
part in ensuring the contract gets met. The contract can be revised if both parties agree
to a revision. The social worker is generally responsible for monitoring progress and
attaining information so services can be rendered to the client. The client then acts on
those services and implements the objectives and actions for the goals to be achieved.
Evaluation
The Evaluation stage is executed throughout the intervention stage and is crucial to
determining whether goals have been met. Evaluations can take the forms of a
questionnaire, a one-on-one meeting where the social worker receives feedback from the
client about the process, a goal attainment scale which the client fills out, and many other
ways. The hope is that the goals are met, and the client begins to feel better and takes
steps to independently continue to work on the issues. However sometimes it is
necessary to begin the assessment and implementation stages over if the client feels that
specific issues were not adequately addressed.
Termination
Mendoza (2002) mentions the most common reasons for terminating the client-
worker relationship as follows:
1. When the goals set by the worker and the client have been reached.
2. When, after a reasonable period, there has been little movement toward the
attainment of the goals formulated, and the prospect for any change in the situation
is held unlikely.
3. When the client thinks that the worker has provided sufficient help so that it is now
possible for the client to pursue problem-solving on his/her own.
4. When an agency does not have the resources needed by the client or the worker
does not get his/her agency’s approval to provide the services needed by the
client.
5. When the systems outside the client make it difficult for the client to continue with
the helping relationship or when these systems influence the client to discontinue
the relationship; and
6. When for one reason or another, the worker must leave the agency.
SOCIAL WORK METHODS
The first three of the methods given above are known as the primary or direct
methods. These are direct and primary in the sense that they are directly applied in the
field situation among the people to solve their problems. These methods are involved to
solve the problems at the grass-root level by the social worker’s direct intervention. The
latter three are known as secondary or indirect methods, because they are involved
indirectly by some specialized agencies or a set of organized people. Unlike the primary
methods, these methods generally operate at the secondary levels but not with the people
directly.
1. Social case work

It is primary method of social work. It deals with individual problems through
one-to-one relationship which is guided by professional knowledge of the social
case worker. Under method the social case worker attempts to repair the impaired
relationship of the client with his social environment and through a guided
interaction he/she enables the client to adapt with his/her social environment.
Through this method the case worker discovers different aspects of the client’s
problem, prepares an appropriate treatment plan and finally with professional
knowledge in social relationship tries to bring about necessary changes in the
attitude and behavior of the client in favor of his own growth and development.
2. Social group work

Social group work is another primary method of social work. It is a process
in which the individuals in a social group are helped by a professionally qualified
worker, who guides their interaction through planned program activities so that
they may be able to relate themselves with others and find growth opportunities in
accordance with their needs and capacities towards the noble end of individual
group and community development. In this method the group worker uses the
group as a potential tool for the positive change and personality development of
individuals. In group work individuals in the group are most important and all
program activities revolve around their needs for development. Through the group
work process, they are helped to improve their relationship and personality traits
which may help them to develop themselves and their community as whole.
3. Community Organization
Community organization as a method of social work is a process through
which efforts are directed towards meeting the community needs by organizing
human and material resources of the community. Identifying problems, finding
resources relevant to their needs, developing, and organizing inter-personal and
inter-group relationship, planning and executing effective program activities are
some of the specific activities in community organization method. Organized and
collaborative effort of the members of the community for their own development is
the main concern of this method.
. 4. Social welfare administration

Social welfare administration is one of the secondary methods of social
work. It refers to a process through which social policy is transformed into social
service. In the other words, it is a process to manage the affairs of social work or
social welfare. Developing programs, mobilizing resources, recruiting, and
involving suitable personnel, proper organization, coordination, providing skillful
leadership, supervision and guidance of staff, budgeting and evaluation are some
of the specified activities involved in social welfare administration method.
5. Social work research

Social work research is another important method of social work. It refers
to the systematic and critical enquiry of the questions encountered by social work
professional in the field of application. Through this method efforts are made to
find answers to the existing and emerging problems of social work to make them
use in the practical fields. Social work research like that of other social sciences is
contributing a lot to the store house of its knowledge and helping in the better
planning and implementation of social work programs.
6. Social action
Social action method of social work is the one that is used to bring about
desirable changes in the defective system for ensuring social progress. Through
this method attempts are made to mobilize people, to create awareness on existing
problems, to organize them and to encourage them to raise their voice against
undesirable practices which hampers their development and finally to create
pressure for bringing about suitable legislation for social progress. This method
seeks to relate the community needs with the solution of the problems mainly
through collective initiatives.
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Discuss and explain the social work processes.
ENGAGEMENT
TERMINATION ASSESSMENT
SOCIAL WORK
PROCESS
EVALUATION INTERVENTION
REMEMBER
In social work, method is understood as the systematic and planned way of helping
the people. The main concern of social work is to solve psycho-social problems of
individuals, groups, and communities through the conscious application of knowledge in
methods, tools, techniques, and skills of social work. In this task, the social worker has to
be equipped with all the necessary methods of social work that ease his work to help the
people in solving their own problems.
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly on a separate paper.

A. How do social workers use social action or social reform to address mass social
problems?
B. Why is interview or face-to-face interaction an important tool used in social work

practice?
POSTTEST
Interview at least one social worker in different work settings (in this case, your
community will do). During the interview, ask them about the similarities and differences
of their respective work settings, careers, and functions/responsibilities. After conducting
the interview, complete the table below and write a short reflection about your realizations
on the work settings and functions of a social worker.
Take note: Interview must be done by providing questionnaire to be given to the

interviewee and retrieve on the following day to avoid face to face contact.
Social Worker Name_____________________________________

Company Name/Description
of Work Setting
Discuss his/her work setting

Job and Job Description
What does he or she do in the

work setting?
Everyday activity in the work
setting
What is the daily work activity

of the social worker?
Importance of his/her
functions as a social worker
in the work setting?
How important is his/her job as

a social worker in the work
setting?
REFERENCES
Webliography
_SCIENCES
https://socialworkeducationbd.blogspot.com/2017/08/methods-of-social-work.html
https://sites.google.com/site/robertsseniorpresentation/social-work-practice-engage-assess-
intervene-evaluate
SDO MALABON CITY

1st QUARTER
WEEK 7
MR. DILLON GONZALES

(SLeM Developer)
Name : __________________________ Date : _________ Remarks _______
Definition, Goal and Scope, Core Values, Principles of Social work and Roles,
Functions, Rights, Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Social work
Activity 1
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the purpose of client-worker
relationship?
A. To help the client in some areas of his/her social functioning
B. At present, he/she is experiencing some difficulty
C. Claim and receive an item anywhere they want.
D. The worker is in the position to offer help.
_____2. Which is TRUE about changes in social work?

A. Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers in social
reforms.
B. Changing refers to the inactive participation of the social workers in
social reforms.
C. Changing refers to the defective participation of the social workers in
social reforms.
D. Changing refers to the ineffective participation of the social workers in
social reforms.
_____3. What does the social work try to aim?
A. To help individuals to be unfit into their environment and change the

environment so that it works better for them
B. To help individuals fit better into their environment and change the
C. To help individuals cross and run into their environment and unchanged the
D. To keep close contacts among people and limit their progress
_____4. What does “Caring” in social work refers to?
A. The brain of the social work that gives a maneuver to the well-being
B. The restoration of the well-being in social work
C. Gives constraints in all plans in social work
D. The heart of social work and it focuses on the well-being or the welfare
and comfort of the individual and community
_____5. How does confidentiality define in social work?
A. Confidentiality means that the client should be accorded with appropriate

protection, within the limits of the law, from any harm that might result from
the information he/she divulges to the worker. The client should be assured
that what he/she tells will be kept in confidence.
B. Confidentiality should be in an over depth between the worker and must be
always disclosed.
C. Confidentiality does not give any importance to the relation between the
workers and should be misinformed by any legal certainties.
D. Confidentiality is only an abrupt action that may tend to arise only when it is
needed.
Activity 2.
Directions: Read the given statements carefully. Arrange the jumbled letters to form
the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. These are the scope of social works as highlighted by DuBois and Miley (2008)
COSLAI KWOR
2. Refers to the aspect of treating people with problems in social functioning

NGIRUC
3. Promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment
and liberation of people to enhance well-being
CIALSO RKWO SSIOPRFEN
4. Refers to the heart of social work and it focuses on the well-being or the welfare and
comfort of the individual and community
CNGRIA
5. The goals of social work

CAZINGALTI EHT CISLAO KWOR
Activity 3.
Matching Type
Directions: Match column A with Column B. Write the letters only in a separate sheet.
Column A Column B
____ 1. Ensures that the fees are fair, reasonable, A. Payment to service
and commensurate with the services
performed
____ 2. Not engaging in sexual activities or sexual B. Sexual relationship

contact with current clients, whether such
contact is consensual or forced
___ 3. Provide services to clients only in the context C. Informed Consent
of a professional relationship based, when
appropriate, on valid informed consent
____ 4. Provide services and represent themselves as D. Competence

injustice competent only within the boundaries
of their education, training, license, certification,
consultation received, etc.
____ 5. This function attempts to put back the person E. Rehabilitative function
to a balanced state of social functioning
Activity 4.
Directions: On the first column are some statements/ideas. Write some ideas about the
following word or statement on the next column.
Situation / concept Understanding about the

situation/concept
The aims of social work
The social work as a profession
Scope of social work
Social service
Changing as goal
Core values
Advocacy
Goals of social work
Activity 5.
Directions: In the box below, write a simple meme about social service.
Activity 6.
Directions: Write a short paragraph that tells something about your involvement in
social service in your community.
SDO MALABON CITY

1st QUARTER
WEEK 8
MR. DILLON GONZALES

(SLeM Developer)
Name : __________________________ Date : _________ Remarks _______
Clientele and Audiences in Social Work and Social Work Processes

and Methods
Activity 1
Directions: Read the given statements carefully. Arrange the jumbled letters to form
the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is when the social worker and the client have their first interaction.
NMENTGGAENE
2. Necessary to implement on the part of the social worker include eye contact, empathy
and empathetic responses, open ended question, focusing on the client's thoughts and
feelings, active listening to ensure the client is heard, and note taking for assessment
purposes
KLLISS
3. It is when the social worker and the client review the information shared by the client to
develop strategies for intervening.
MENTASSES GETSA
4. Social worker begins working with the client, and much like the assessing stage begins
developing a plan with the client to accomplish goals that work to resolve the targeted
issues
NNPILANG ASTEG
5. It is executed throughout the intervention stage and is crucial to determining

whether goals have been met.
ELAVUATNOI
Activity 2.
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if it is incorrect.
_____1. Community is an underpowered group of individuals or families that share

certain values, services, institutions, interests, or geographical proximity.
_____2. Social workers work with a variety of groups in all settings in which social
work is practiced.
_____3. Working with the community requires the generalist practitioner to be able
to assess community functioning and design specific intervention
techniques.
_____4. A community can be a powerful sector so it means that the social work
service can be free from control or power of another.
_____5. Social work may focus on community transformation to cause
environmental change to make it possible and to achieve social well-being
or social justice.
Activity 3.
Directions: On the first column are some words or concept. Write some ideas about
the following word or statement on the next column.
Idea word / concept concept
Individual
Community
Organization
Intervention
Planning
Termination
Activity 4.
Directions: Create a group and sample names of organization as your client in social
work.
GROUP/ ORGANIZATION WHY DO YOU CHOOSE THE GROUP
/ORGANIZATION IN THE SOCIAL
WORK SERVICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 5.
Directions: Cite some works/projects of your community wherein social works are
present and active.

WEEK 4-8 Disciplines and Ideas in The Applied Social Sciences (DIASS)

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SDO MALABON CITY

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE

MR. DILLON GONZALES

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if it is incorrect.

2. The counseling profession has diversified because of the development of

3. Counselors deal with drug problems only.

4. The desire to quit tobacco smoking is not a concern of a counselor.

_____5. Alcoholism requires professional help because it requires a form of

Modified KUD Chart

Topic: Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

UNDERSTAND the significance of counselling

DO include what counsellors do in their real-world wok environments

Directions: Answer the following questions:

B. Why is it necessary for counselors to be sensitive and patient in the performance

The clientele and

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

Stages of the Counseling Process

Direction: Answer the following questions:

1. Why is it important to know the processes of counseling?

3. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling

1. Stage One: Relationship Building

 One of the most crucial stages.

 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counseling process.

B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each

C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.

D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up

 The essential goal in counseling is to witness a client progress on his/her own

2. Review of the course of counseling

3. Closure of the counselor-client relationship

4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counseling plan

6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation

 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counseling stage.

1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud,

A. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counseling

 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

 The following techniques may be used:

 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:

2. analysis of client’s lifestyle

C. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY- The counseling and psychology approach of

2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES- It falls under the affective theories which are

The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls

 Gestalt’s techniques include the following:

A. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY- REBT highlights the role of

B. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY

C. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- Refers to examining and dissecting

Theories Founder / Methods Contribution Strengths Weaknesses

6. This is the heart of the counseling process

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Answer the following question briefly on a separate paper.

B. How do experiential theories generate impact on the emotions of clients to

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE

MR. DILLON GONZALES

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

2. Curing refers to the aspect of treating people with problems in social

3. Acceptance involves respecting the clients as they are under any

4. Social work develop cooperative networks within the institutional

SmartArt graphic organizer

Context and Basic Concepts of Social Work

GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK