Aralin 7 (KATITIKAN NG PULONG)
nakaraang pulong.
Pag-oorganisa ng pulong
1. Pagpaplano- dito itinatakda ang mga
inaasahang makakamit; pinaguusapan ang mga
posibilidad na mangyari kung hindi
mapagpupulugan ang paksa; Pinagdedesisyunan
rin kung may mga kailangan imbitahan sa
pulong.
2. ISINASAGAWA ANG PULONG UPANG TUGUNAN
ANG MGA SUMUSUNOD NA LAYUNIN
Una pagpaplano para sa organisayon-
pinakamadalas na gawin ay pagpupulong upang
magplano at magkaroon ng mga balakin ang
isang organisasyon.
Pangalawa, pagbibigay ng impormasyon- may
mga mahahalagang impormasyon na dapat ay
maipaalam sa mga kasapi
Pangatlo, pagkokonsulta- tuwing may
kinakaharap na suliranin, nagpupulong upang
magkaroon ng konsultasyon; mahalaga ang
opinion ng bawat isa.
Pang-apat,paglutas ng problema- mareresolba
ang problema kung sama sama itong
pagpupulungan ditto rin makikita kung may
pagkakaisa ang bawat kasapi.
Ikalima, pagtatasa- pagkatapos gawin ang
proyekto sunod na gagawin ay ang pagpupulong
upang matukoy ang kalakasan at kahinaan ng
natapos na Gawain.
3. Paghahanda
Tagapangulo- sa kanya nagmumula ang agenda;
siya ang mangunguna at mamumuno sa
pagpupulong; mangangalap siya ng
impormasyon mula sa mga kasapi at maglilinaw
sa mga iyon.
Kalihim- kailangan niyang ihanda an gang
katitikan ng pagpupulong o talaan noong
nakaraang pulong at iba pang mga ulat at
kasulatan ng organisayon;siya rin ang susulat ng
mga imbitasyon kung kinakailangan at hihingi
ng pagkakataon.
Sa paanyaya(maging pasalita o pasulat man),
kailangan sabihan ang mga taong dapta dumalo
sa pulong; kung kalian (petsa at oras),
saan(lugar ng pulong), at ano ang agenda(mga
bagay na paguusapan) na tatalakayin.
Sa imbitasyon dapat ipaalam at isulat ang mga
paksang pag-uusapan, pagbubukas ng pulong,
pagbasa at pagsangayon sa katitikan ng
Mga kasapi sa pulong- kailangang pag-aralan
nila ang agenda o mga bagay na pag-uusapan
para aktibo ang kanilang pakikilahok.
4. Pagpoproseso- sa mga pormal na pagpupulong
ay may sinusunod na mga patakaran. Ang mga
ito ay itinakda at ginamit sa lahat ng pulon.
Quorom- ito ay bilang ng mga kasapi na kasama
sa pulong na dapat dumalo para maging opisyal
ang pulong.Madalas ito ay 50%+ 1 ng bilang ng
mga inaasahang dadalo sa pulong.
Consensus- proseso ng pagdedesisyon kung
saan tinitiyak na nagkakaisa ang lahat ng mga
kasapi sa pulong ng anumang pasya.
Simpleng mayorya- proseso ng pagdedesisyon
kung saan kinakailangan ang 50%+1 (simple
majority) ng pagsang-ayon o hindi pagsang-ayon
ng mga nakadalo sa pulong.
2/3 majority- proseso ng pagdedesisyon na
kung saan kinakailangan ang 2/3 o 66% ng
pagsang-ayon o hindi pagsang-ayon ng mga
dumalo sa pulong.
5. Pagtatala- ang kalihim ang maghahanda ng
opisyal na tala ng pulong o ng katitikan ito ay
mga record ng mga desisyon at pinag-uusapan
sa pulong; maaari itong balikan ng organisayon
kung may mga kinakailangang linawin sa mga
nakaraang pag-uusap.
MGA DAPAT ISAALANG-ALANG SA PAGSUSULAT
NG KATITIKAN NG PULONG
 Wika- pormal ang wikang ginagamit sa
pagsusulat ng katitikan ng pulong dahil
ito ay mahalagang dokumento.
 Estilo- may konsistensi dapat sa estilong
gagamitin. Pormal ang estilo dahil
pormal din ang paksa at wika.
 Nilalaman- katitkan ang pinakapamagat
ng dokumento, kasunod ang pangalan
ng organisayon o kagawaran na
nagpulong, petsa, lugar at ors ng simula
at pagwawakas ng pulong.
ARALIN 8 (ANG POSISYONG PAPEL)
Pagsulat ang maisisimbolo sa isang ibong mandaragit
na malayang makakarating sa kung saan.
Posisyong Papel- pagsulat na naglalahad ng opinion o
kuro-kuro tungkol sa isyung isyu; posisyong papel na
inilalathala sa isang academy, sa politika, sa batas at iba
pang uri nito.
Sa pagsulat ng isang posisyong papel ay
nangangailangan na ang isang posisyong papel ay
maging KOMUNIKATIBO at INTERAKTIBO upang
maitawid niya nang mabisa ang mensahe ng kaniyang
isinulat.
MGA PATNUBAY
 Ang pormat ay konsistent sa mga patnubay na
isinaayos mismo ng mga komite.
 Alamin ang paksa, petsa, layunin ng posisyong
papel at iba pa upang maging madali ang
pagkilala sa iyo bilang manunulat.
 Kung ang posisyong papel ay maramihan, o
isang organisayon, o komitiba, huwag angkinin
o sarilinin ang pananaliksik. Gawing anyo ng
maramihan ang pagsulat.
 Takdaan ang sarili na ang posisyong papel ay
nasa dalawang pahina para sa pormat ng
gawain.
 Buuin ang mga sumusuportang dukomento at
ebidensya sa magkabilang bahagi nito kasam
ang totoong pangyayari, istatistikal at
pinahintulutang makatotohanang pahayag.
 Ilatag ang mga ito kung kinakailangan at pag
isipan ang nagaganap na pag-aangkin.
 Maging pamilyar sa mga basikong konsepto
upang makaiwas sa mga hindi inaasahang
pagkakataon.
 Isangguni ito sa iba upang tumibay ang iyong
mga argumento.
 Kilalanin ang ilan na hindi sumasang-ayon sa iyo
upang maipagtanggol moa ng iyong sarili.
Pagpapanimula- isaalang-alang ang mga nagmamasid
sayo; magsimula sa paksang salita na makakahatak ng
kanilang pansin at paikliin ang isyu o usapin; ipaalam sa
mga mambabasa kung ano ang iyong punto de bista.
Pagpapaunlad- bigyang pokus ang tatlong pangunahing
punto na pauunlarin; bawat paksa ay pinauunlad ng:
 Pangkalahatang oahayag ng posisyong
 Mas pinalawak na reperensya at mga
pinagkunang mga datos.
 Nagdaang mga pangyayari at patunay na mga
pahayag.
 Konklusyon sa posisyong papel.
Patibayin ang daloy ng mga salita ng talata sa talata:
 Panatilihin ang linaw nito.
 Bigyang halaga ang kinuhang kotasyon mula sa
pinagkunan upang pahintulutan.
 Manatiling pokus sa kabuuan ng inilalahad
 Pokus sa mga lohikal na usaping direkta sap
unto.
 Iwasang lumabis sa ibinubuod upang ito ay
mapaunlad pang lalo.
Konklusyon- pagbubuod at pagpapasya.
REPLEKTIBONG SANAYSAY
Replektibong pagsulat- tumutulong sa atin na mag-isip
nang higit pa hinggil sa ating sarili.
Elemento ng tipikal na replektibong sanaysay
 Panimula ng sanaysay- ang manunulat ay
nagbabahagi ng karanasan, tuwiran man o hindi
ang hatid nito.
 Katawan ng sanaysay- nagpapaliwanag kung
saan sa papaanong paraan ang isang manunulat
ay nabago nito o kaya naman ay kung ano ang
mga natutunan niya mula rito.
 Konklusyon ng sanaysay- ang manunulat ay
naglalahat ng mga pagbabago o ng epekto ng
lahat ng pagbabago na nangyayari dito. Ang
manunulat ay maaaring tumingin sa hinaharap
at maari din naming tumingin sa nakaraan.
LAKBAY SANAYSAY o TRAVELOGUE
Travelogue- ay isang pagsulat ng tungkol sa
paglalakabay sa isang lugar patungo sa ibang ugar.
Airing maisulat sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng
nakalap na impormasyon tungkol sa lugar na napiling
puntahan.; ayon kay Nonon Carandang (2015)
travelogue ay isang uri ng creative non fiction, feature
literary journalism na pangunahing nauukol sa
paglalakabay o pagliliwaliw; Sanaylakbay ang panumbas
na terminolohiya sa salitang travelogue.
Terminolohiyang ito ay binubuo ng tatlong konsepto:
sanaysay, sanay, lakbay, (Carandang, 2015).
Hakbang kung papaano sumulat ng isang travelogue
1. Pag-isipang mabuti kung ano ang layunin ng
iyong travelogue.
2. Habang naglalakabay, magsulat ka ng mga
nakikita mo, mga lugar na pinuntahan mo at
mga taong nakasalamuha mo. Mabisa rin na
 gumamit ng kagamitang teknolohiya gaya ng
camera o video camera o video recorder.
3. Kumuha ka ng larawang magpapakita ng
kabuuan ng iyong paglalakabay.
4. Sa pagbalik sa tahanan, magkaroon ng panahon
upang rebyuhin ang iyong mga naging tala.
5. Lumikha ng outline para sa iyong travelogue
6. Pagktapos mo lumikha ng outline, isulat mo
nang malikhain ang iyong travelogue.
Pagpili ng Paksa- karanasan mo ang kabuuang paksa
nito. Sa pagsulat maari kang magpokus sa: tradisyon,
pagkain, lugar, iyong paglalakabay, sinakyan patungo sa
lugar, libangan sa binisitang lugar, natutuhang gawi na
nagkaroon ng malaking impak sa iyo.
Mga panutong dapat tandaan:
1. Hindi magiging epektibo ang iyong sulatin kung
ilalalaman mo rito ang mga lugar na iyong
pinuntahan lamang.
2. Lampasan o ibahin mo ang karaniwang
pagpunta sa bawat lugar, magkaroon ka ng
eksplorasyon sa iyong tinatahak.
3. Ang pagsulat ng travelogue ay nahahati sa tatlo:
Panimula- maaari magbigay ng mga tala tungkol sa
iyong paksa o maikling kasaysayan ng lugar.
Katawan- ipakilala moa ng imormasyong nais mong
malaman ng iyong mam-babasa.
Wakas- ang pagbubuod mo ng iyong naging karanasan
mula sa paglalakabay.
4. Hindi mo kailangan isulat ang kagandahan g
lugar, ang isang paglalakabay ay hindi lamang sa
ganda o saya ng iyong karanasan maari mo ring
isama ang kagandahan ng kakaibang kultura o
nakagawian at mga naging balakid sa daan.
Nilalaman, kahalagahan at ang sakop ng nilalaman ng
mga sanaylakbay:
1. Narrative on the First Person- ang karamihan
ang magmumula sa pagmamasid at kaisipan ng
manunulat.
2. Sanaylakbay(lakbay sanyasay)- pag-uulat o
pagtatampok sa mga pook (rehiyon, syudad,
rpobinsya) na binisita o pinuntahan.
3. Human Interest- iba’t ibang kinahihiligan,
kinawiwilihan at inaabangan kasiya-siyang mga
bagay ang maaring maitampok sa paglalakabay.
Kabataan- nakikita sa kanilang kamusmusan ang
pagiging inosente ano man ang kanilang
kinalakihan na kultura at nasyonalidad at kasiya-
siyang gumagawa ng mga bagay na di man nila
sadyain ay lumalabas pa rin na katuwa-tuwa
Pangaraw- araw na trahedya- hindi lahat sa
paglalakabay ay puro kasiya siya ang mga
pangyayari may mga nagiging sakuna ,
karamdaman, o simpleng insidente ng tarhedya.
Mga katatawanan- napakahirap magkuwento
ng nakakatawang pangyayari dahil
nangangailangan ito ng tamang timing o
tiyempo sa pagbitaw ng mga punchline.
Pakikipagsapalaran- mismomg paglalakabay ay
isang pakikipagsapalaran. Tatlong mukha ng
pakikipagsapalaran ang nabigyang pansin: Una
paghahanda sa tour, Pangalawa isyu sa
panalapian at badyet, Ikatlo pagbuo ng
itinerary.
Mga kakatwa o kakaibang bagay- isulat ang mga
bagay, lugar o pangyayari na nakakatuwa sa
isang karanasan sa paglalakbay.
PICTORIAL ESSAY( LARAWANG- SANAYSAY)
Larawang Sanaysay- naglalayong makapagbigay
ng babasahin at larawang magpapakita ng isang
isyung maaring pagusapan; mga inihanay at
sunod-sunod na larawang naglalayon upang
magbigay ng kwent o di kaya ay magpkita ng
emosyon.
Ang photo essay ay larawang nagpapahayag ng
mga sumusunod:
 Kronolohikal na istorya
 Isang ideya
 Isang panig ng isyu
Mga dapat isaalang-alang sa paglikha ng photo
essay:
 Maghanap ng isang paksa na ayon sa
iyong interes.
 Magsagawa ng pananaliksik bago
isagawa ang pictorial essay.
 Hanapin ang tunay na kuwento.
 Ang kuwento ay binubuo upang gisingin
ang damdamin ng mambabasa.
 Magsimula ka nang kumuha ng larawan.
Personal Development
Module 5 (Coping with stress in middle and late  Redirection of blood away from extremities and
adolescence) instead to major organs.
 Release of cortisol and other hormones
Stress- emotional factor that causes bodily or mental
 Stress reponse is intended to give you a burst of
tension.
energy.
Causes and Effects of Stress:
Effective Ways To Handle Stress
 Anxiety
 Understand the causes of stress- understanding
 Misery
why you are under stress is important.
 Strain
 Analyze your stress factors and write them
 Desperation
down- write down your response to stress.
 Tension
 Deal with stressors- develop technique to deal
 Anger
with the causes of stress.
 Panic
 Learn to work under pressure or unusual
 Dejection
conditions- when you can’t reduce the
 Pressure stressors, you need to manage your stress
Stress Signals response.
 Relaxation is a KEY
Physical
Module 6 (the powers of mind)
 Headaches
 Stomach aches Brain- involves wrinkled, pinkish grays, three-pound
 Dizziness organ that is primarily composed of fat and water.
 Backpain Three Major parts of Brain
 Neck stiffness
 Cerebrum- is the largest of the three brain
Emotional sections; Frontal Lobe- determines personality
 Mood changes and emotions. Parietal Lobe- people understand
 Anger what they see and feel. Temporal Lobe- hearing
 Anxiety and word recognition abilities. Occipital Lobe-
 Crying vision functions.
 Cerebellum- region controls voluntary
 Depression
movement.
Behavioral  Brain Stem- connects spinal cord and the brain;
it controls functions that keep people alive such
 Smoking
as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and
 Nail bitting
food digestion.
 Tapping
 Critical Age- brain cells regenerate throughout
 Use of alcohol
life; The size of the brain doesn’t increase much
 Pulling hair
after 3 according to Postels.
Stress Response is the collection of Physiological
Neurons- basic functional units of the nervous systems.
Changes- occur when you face a perceived threat,
Three parts units and are key to brain function. Nerve
where you feel demands outweigh your resources to
Cell Body, Axon and Dendrite.
successfully cope. These situations are known as
stressors.

When you stress response is triggered, a series of Module 7 (mental health and well-being)
changes occur within the body:
Mental Health- it’s the way your thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors affect your life.
Self Esteem- about how much you feel you are worth
and how much you feel other people value you.
Body Image- is how you view your physical self including
whether you feel you are attractive and whether others
like your looks.
Influences a Person’s Self-Esteem
 Starts to have more intellectual interest.
 Seeks friends that share same beliefs.
 Friends become more important.
 More an more aware of social behaviors with
others.
 Shifts in relationship with parents from
dependency and subordination .

 Puberty and development- people struggles Mental Development

with their self-esteem and body image when
 Becomes better able to set goals and think in
they begin puberty it’s time when the body
terms of the future.
goes through mang changes.
 Has a better understanding of complex
 Media Images and Other Influences- become
problems and ssues.
more aware of celebrities and media images as
 Starts to develop moral ideals and to select role
well a how other kids look and how we fit in.
models.
 Families and School- family life can sometimes
influences our body imagaes. Encouragement- the key ingredient for improving your
relationships with others.
Common eating disorders
Being Happy- is finding strength in forgiveness.
 Anorexia Nervosa- have a real fear of weight
gain and distorted view of their body size and Problem solving skills
shape.
 Bulimia Nervosa- people might binge eat and Mind Mapping- is a powerful thinking tool
then try to compensate in extreme ways, such Creativity
as throw up or exercising all the time.
Generating ideas
Module 4 Challenges of middle and late adolescence
Moviegoer- person watches the movie of their lives,
Physical Development admires, criticize others.
 Most girls have completed the physical changes Actor- person does not only watch the movie of her life,
related to puberty by age 15. she actually realizes she’s the actor
 Boys are still maturing and gaining strength,
muscles mass… Scriptwriter- person does not only watch doesn’t only
act but she actually creates an entire moviefrom her
Emotional Development mind.
 May stress over school and test scores Problem
 Seeks privacy and time alone.
Emotions- are also known as feelings.
 Is concerned about physical and sexual
attractiveness Positive Emotions- do not usually cause stress
 The experiences of intimate partnerships
 Self- involved Negative Emotions- are more often held inside
 Complain that parents prevent him or her from Practice
doing things independently
Awareness
Social Development
Positive attitude
 Explores romantic and sexual behaviors with
others.
 May be influenced by peers to try risky
behaviors (alcohol, tobacco,sex).
21st Century Sanskrit- literature of india; Sanskrit means cultivated or
perfected.
ASIAN LITERATURE
Vedas- the bible of the Indians.
Asia- is known as the most populous and largest
continent in the world; cradle of human race, world Most important epics of India
religion and civilization; composed of varieties of ethnic
1. Ramayana- is about the reincarnation.
groups diverse culture; wealthy of written and spoken
2. Mahabharata- deals with other
text.
reincarnation.
East Asian Literature
Rig Veda- made up of hymns in praise of the gods.
Chinese Literature
Upanishads- consists of a group sketches, illustrations,
China- Chinese civilization is the most oldest civilizations explanations, explanations and critical comments.
in the world that dates back to the Shang Dynasty;
Bhasa- first great name in Indian Drama.
known as “the red dragon”.
Kalidasa- the greatest writer of plays; author of
Confucius- greatest philosopher of the world has
shakuntala.
known; his name Kung Fu-tze, Kung-proper name, Fu-
signifying revered, tze- signifying teacher. Shakuntala- it is a story of a king who goes hunting in
the woods and meets a beautiful maiden.
The Confucian works as a set works known as the Four
Books and Five Classics. Panchatantra- a book that said to contain the first fables
ever written.
Japan- known as the “the land of the rising sun”.
Rabindranath Tagore- was a great Indian poet and
Katakana- basic alphabet in Japan which consist 47
dramatist.
characters.
Southeast Asian Literature
Earliest Japanese Literary Work- “Kojiki”, “Nihongi”
Indonesian Literature- refers to literature produced in
Drama- favourite form of amusement; Three types of
the Indonesian archipelago.
Japanese Drama (Noh Play, Joruri or Puppet Play, Kabuki
Play) Genres- in written poetry and prose, a number of
traditional forms dominate, mainly;
Noh Play- national theatre of Japan.
1. Syair (traditional narrative poetry)
The Puppet Play- beautifully made and lifelike in size.
2. Pantun (quatrains made up of two seemingly
Kabuki Play- the play of the masses. disconnected couplets)
3. Gurindam (brief ophorisms)
Manyo Shu- oldest collection of poetry in Japan.
4. Hikayat (stories, fairy tales, animal fables,
Haiku- shortest form of Japanese poetry but most chronicles)
popular. 5. Babad (histories or characters)

Tanka- a five-line poem; 31 syllables per poem. West Asian Literature

South Asian Literature Arabic Literature- is the writing, both prose and poetry,
produced by writers in the Arabic language; Arabic word
Indian Literature used for literature is “Adab” meaning of etiquette and
India- known as “land of prayer”; based on piety, a which implies politeness, culture and enrichment.
deeply religious spirit. The Qur’an – the finest piece of literature in the Arabic
Dravidians- earliest people in India. language; Qur’an had significant influences on the Arab
Language; the language used in it is called classical
Arabic.
Anglo American Literature
England- derived from the Old English name
ENGLALAND which means “land of the angles”
Old English(Anglo-Saxon)
 Few surviving texts with little in common.
 Language closer to modern German than
Modern English.
 Frequently reflect non-English influences.
 Beowulf, “The Wanderer”
Beowulf- the earliest literature, the national epic of the
Angle-Saxon, one of the striking features the use of
Alliteration.
Geoffrey Chaucer- family names derives from the
French chausseur, meaning “shoemaker”; known as the
Father of English Literature; considered the greatest
English poet of the middle Ages; first poet have been
buried in Post’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.
The 3 Estates in the Middle Ages
The idea of estates, or orders, was encouraged during
the Age, but this ordering was breaking down.
Clergy- Latin chiefly spoken; those who pray; purpose
was to save everyone’s soul.
Nobles- French chiefly spoken; those who fight; purpose
was to protect, allowa for all to work in peace, and
provide justice.
Commoners- English spoken; those who works; purpose
was to feed and clothe all above them.; Commoners
(peasant) lived in feudal manor. The lord of the manor
gave his vassals (the peasants land to farm).
Feudalism- important as it created ties of obedience
and fostered a sense of loyalty.
Chivalry- was an idealized system of manners and
morals; restricted to nobility
The Medieval Knight- bound to the chivalric code to be
loyal to, God, his lord, his lady.
Chivalric ideals include, benevolence, brotherly love,
politeness.
Characteristic of Medieval Literature
 Heroism- from both Germanic and Christian
traditions, sometimes mingled
 Presentations of idealized behavior- literature
as moral- loyalty to king Chivalry.
 Romance- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight;
narrative in prose or verse that tells of the
adventures and heroic exploits of chivalric
heroes; exploits of knights-often a supernatural
element involved.
 Christian Message- concern with salvation and
the world to come; no interest in social
change(until late 14th century, Chaucer signals
new thinking, up-ending social order).
John Milton- a revolutionary poet, political both in his
life and his art; Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,
Samson Agonistes.
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)- born in London, England, his
real name was Daniel Foe; he wrote his world famous
novel “The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of
Robinson Crusoe”.
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)- father of short stories;
American writer, known as a poet and critic but most
famous as the first master of the short story form.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)- born wealthy New York
family; his most popular work by far was “The Sketch
Book”, which contains two of his most beloved stories:
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and “Rip van Winkle”.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)- most widely
read American poets of the 19th century; he is best
remembered for poems such as “The Song of Hiawatha”
and “Paul Revere’s Ride”.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)- novelist who provided
Victorian England with one of its greatest champions of
reform; most popular novels include: “David
Copperfield”, “Oliver Twist”, “A Tale of two Cities”,
“Christmas Carol” and “Great Expectations”.
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)- born in Bombay, India;
awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature; Kipling is most
widely known for his works for children, especially the
“Jungle Book”.
Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)- was Poet Laureate of
Great Britain and Ireland during Queen Victoria’s reign;
Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as
“bReak, Break, Break”, “The Charge of the Light
Brigade”.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)-was one of the
most prominent English poets of the Victorian Era; her
poetry was widely popular in both Britain and the
United States during her lifetime.
Mark Twain (1835-1910)- born in a small village of
Florida; real name was Samuel Clemens he create some
popular novels using his childhood memories, his novels
: “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and “The Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn”; his novels used humor to develop
many serious themes to help society see itself more
clearly.
O’henry (1862-1910)- well know American short-story
writer; wrote many popular stories and earned a
reputation as the master of surprise endings; he wrote
over 600 stories, the most famous of them “the Ransom
of Red Chief”, “The Gift of the Magi” and “The
Furnished Room”.
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by
Mark Haddon (England)
 Story takes place in Swyndon England
 Christopher Boone has Autism
Silk by Alessandro Baricco (Italy)
 Herve Joncour (France)
 The Girl
 Hara Kei
 Helene
Sakoku (isolation)- policy that lasted 200 years.
Commodore Matthew Perry- forced Japan to open their
shores to foreign trade and diplomacy; he succeeded in
making Shogun sign of Treaty of Peace and Amity at the
convention of Kanagawa.
Context- refers to the occasion , situation, that informs
the reader about why a document as written and how it
was written; it helps the readers to understand the
cultural, social, philosophical, and political ideas.
Types of Context
 Authorial Context- also known as biographical
context; type of context that connects a
particular work to the author’s life. Sources are
Biographies, Autobiographies.
 Socio-Historical Context- works which repond to
the society in which they were written, and
most often that response takes the form of
criticism. Sources are Books and Articles of
history or sociology that talks about the
strength, weaknesses, changes.
 Philosophical Context- type of context where
the author consciously or subconsciously
address questions that may captivate the
humanity’s attention.
Metaphysics- philosophical concept in literature
to describe the things that are beyond the
description of physical existence: Example
Existence of God, Existence of the Universe; also
it may talk about humanity, life, death, thought,
love, time.
Ethics- involves systematizing, defending and
recommending concepts of right and wrong
conduct; resolve questions of human morality,
good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice,
justice and crime.
 Literary Context- responds to other literary
works. They may respond to other authors
positively, negatively or both.
 Critical Context- once any work is published, it
begins to attract criticism- if its noticed at all;
Sources are essays of critical works that attempt
to answer some of these questions are useful,
too.
Elements of Literary Text
 Characters- people or animals in the story;
Flat Characters and Round Characters.
 Settings- where was the story takes place.
 PLOT- what happens in a story; plot will
keep readers guessing what happens next
until they hit the climax.
Exposition- introduction of the opposing
forces.
Conflict- struggle between opposing forced
that dries the action of the story.
Rising Action- action that leads up to the
climax.
Climax- action from rising action leads up to
the story’s ost important part which is the
climax.
Falling Action- known as “denoument”
consists of everything that falls out from the
climax.
Resolution- falling action leads to the
resolution another way of saying how
everything ends up.
  Point of View- relates to the person telling
the story.
 Mood- feeling of the author creates using
the story.
 Theme- lesson or the message of the story.
Reading and Writing
2 Types of Reading
 Simple Reading- reader absorbs and
understand; it gives the basic definition of a
text; recognizes what the text says; it’s central
idea is the message being imparted.
 Critical Reading- evaluate the credibility of the
writer; it goals is to recognize the author’s
purpose, understand the tone, and to recognize
bias in text.
Strategies for Effective Critical Reading
1. You have to read with an open mind.
2. Ask higher order questions whenever possible.
HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills): creating,
evaluating and analyzing.
LOTS (Lower Order Thinking Skills): applying,
understanding, remembering.
3. Examine the facts and examples.
4. Check for the accuracy and reliability of the
sources.
5. Remember to evaluate the credibility of the
writer.
Reading- is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to
derived meaning from a text.
Outsider’s perspective- if the author is not a teacher
(not belong).
Insider’s perspective- if the author is a teacher (belong).
“why should we read critically?”- to improve our critical
thinking skills.
Critical Thinking- by practicing critical reading, we can
sharpen our inquisitive thinking on a particular reading
selection; the weight of critical thinking lies on
questioning because it begins with a thorough analysis
of ideas, separating the main topic from the supporting
ones.
Components of Critical Thinking
 Getting the main idea
 Summarizing
 Inferring
 Drawing conclusions
 Analyzing the sequence
 Determining fact vs opinion
 Understanding cause and effect
 Comparing and contrasting
 Identifying the problem and solution.
Formulating assertions
Assertion- a statement that exhibits a firm expression or
idea that is true or a declaration of strong statement
that an idea is true.
Types of assertion
 Assertion of Fact- can be proven objectively
through direct experience, testimonies and
result of research.
 Assertion of Convention (convention of
agreement)- something is done similar to
traditions and norms; depends on law, rules,
customs, and history; values and beliefs.
 Assertion of Opinion- cannot be proven
objectively because of the uncertainty of
producing satisfactory results.
 Assertion of Preference- based on personal
choice.
Fact- factum; something actually done; could be
verifiable in time and space; fact is not definition,
opinion, scientific theory, cannot be wrong, not the
same as the truth and not a phenomenological
representation of reality.
Claim- claimer; an assertion of belief about what is true
or what should be; a claim can be judgement; a claim
can be an inference; a claim can be supported by
research. A claim is not an opinion and evidence.
Counterclaim- opposite of claim.
2 Categories of Claim
 Explicit Claim- explicitus; to unfold; information
that is clearly written and explained in the text.
 Implicit Claim- implicitus; to entwine;
suggested, but not clearly stated.
 Types of Claims
 Fact- existence of something; definition or
classification; inference about past, present and
future.
 Value- asserts judgement whether it is good or
bad, more or less desirable; claiming that the
other is better than the other one.
 Policy- something that should or should not be
done.
Intertext- referencing to one text within the other.
Hypertext- connects topics on a screen to related
information, graphics, videos, and music.
Forms of Intertext
 Parody- makes light of a situation.
 Imitation- shows another work of same
likeness.
 Pastiche- almost the same as parody but it pays
respect to the original.
 Transposition- change of orders; shift in place,
or a literature.
 Continuation- work that is a sequel of another
work.
Academic and Professional Writing
Context- situation where professional writing is
performed.
Message- the content of the document.
Language- channel used to convey the message.
Purpose- reason or motive that you have when
communicating; 2 levels of purpose: GENERAL- 2 type of
general are To Inform and To Persuade, SPECIFIC.
Audience- the receiver of the message; can be primary
or secondary.
Product- output that you intend to produce.
Academic Writing
 Academic essays
 Thesis
 Dissertation
 Library research
 Coursework
 Reaction paper
 Book review
 Literature review
 Research report
 Project proposal
 Position paper
Professional Writing
 Instructional manuals
 Specification
 Brochure
 Business correspondence (letter or memo)
 Business and technical report
Book Review- a written opinion of what you think of a
certain book as well as an accompanying summary.
A good Book Review
 Gives statement telling the genre and what type
of people would enjoy reading this book.
 Gives your personal opinions and thoughts
about the book and relates the book to your
personal life.
 Gives brief summary of what goes on in the
book BUT NOT giving away to the final event.
Literature Review- type of academic writing that
provides an overview of a specific topic.
Structure of Literature Review
 Introduction- purpose and importance;
scope and limitations; criteria used for
selecting the literature.
 Body- relationship between and among
studies; strengths and weaknesses.
 Conclusion- restatement of the main
argument or thesis; main arguments and
disagreements in the literature.
Research Report
Analysis- how would you define research report based
from the activity you have done?
Research Report- an expanded paper that presents
interpretations and analysis of a phenomenon based on
experiments and previous information.
Parts of Research Report
 Title Page- title; name of the author’s; date of
submission.
 Abstract- summary of the research findings and
conclusions; 250 words.
  Introduction- Background of the study;
statement of the problem; objectives;
significance of the study; scope and limitation.
 Literature review- summary and synthesis of all
available sources directly related to the study;
related concepts and related studies.
 Methodology- how the experiments or tests in
the research were conducted.
 Results and Discussion- describes the data
gathered and the tables and graphs that
summarize the collection data.
 Conclusion- restatement of major findings,
limitations, recommendations, implications.
 References
 Appendix
Guidelines
 Avoid plagiarism
 Strictly follow the format given
 Limit the use of direct quotations
 Choose relevant, significant, manageable, and
interesting topic.
 Practice good time management
 Save what you write!
Resume- applicant’s skills; educational background;
experiences; other qualifications.
Functions of a Resume
 Informs the employers of the skills that you can
bring to the company.
 Shows how qualified you are for a job.
 Persuasive document which allows you to
proceed to the next stage of the recruitment
process is Interview.
Components of Resume
 Contact information
 Summary of qualifications
 Objective statement
 Employment history
 Education
 Skills
 Trainings
 Organizations
 Professional licensure and certifications
 Honors and awards
 Reference and signature (except for fresh
graduates)
PAGBASA
Pananaliksik- malalimang pagtalakay sa isang tiyak
at naiibang paksa; masusing pagsisiyasat at
pagsusuri sa mag ideya, tao, bagay isyu at iba pa.
Tatlong pangunahing Layunin ng Pananaliksik
 Isinasagawa upang makahanap ng teorya
 Mula sa pananaliksik malalaman o
mababatid ang katotohanan sa teoryang ito
 Isinasagawa ang pananaliksik upang
makuha ang kasagutan sa mga makaagham
na problema.
Katangian ng Pananaliksik
 Obhetibo
 Sistematiko
 Napapanahon
 Empirical
 Kritikal
 Masinop
 Dokumentado
Katangian ng isang Mananaliksik
 Matiyaga
 Mapamaraan
 Maingat sa pagpili ng datos
 Analitikal
 Kritikal sa pagbibigay ng interpretasyon
 Konklusyon at rekomendasyon
 Matapat
 Responsible sa paggamit ng datos
Uri ng Pananaliksik
 Basic Research- nagbibigay karagdagang
impormasyon sa isang kaalamang umiiral sa
kasaysayang
 Action Research- ginagamit upang makahanap
ng solusyon sa mga espesipikong tanong o
problema sa kaniyang larangan.
 Applied Research- ang resulta ng pananaliksik
na ito ay ginagamit sa majority ng populasyon.
Mga Uri ng Datos
  Datos ng Kalidad o Qualitative Data- mga kulay,
tekstura, lasa, damdamin, mga pangyayari at
sasagot sa mga tanong na paano at bakit.
 Datos ng Kailanan o Quantitative Data- dami o
bilang ng mga bagay o sagot ng mga sinarbey o
interbyu ng respondyente.
Mga Paraan ng Pangangalap ng Datos
 Sarbey (survey)- paggamit ng mga
talatanungang nabibilang nang tumpak ang mga
resulta.
 Pakikipanayam (interview)- pagtatanong sa
isang taong dalubhasa o maalam sa paksang
pinag-aaralan.
 Etnograpiya (ethnography)- ang pakikipamuhay
sa subject ng pag-aaral upang direktang
makakuha ng impormasyon.
Ang Konseptong Papel- mailalahad moa ng magagawa
mo upang mapatunayan ang iyong paksa at pahayag na
tesis; ito ang magsisilbing proposal oara sa gagawin
mong pananaliksik.
Ayon kay Hanover Grants
 Panimula
 Rasyonal
 Paglalarawan ng Proyekto ng layunin, metodo
at pangunahing layunin.
 Papopondo o budget
 Paraan kung paano makontak ang mananaliksik.
Ayon kay Zafra at Constantino
 Rationale- bahaging nagsasaad sa kasaysayan o
dahilang kung bakit napili ang paksa.
 Layunin- ditto mababasa ang hangarin o
tunguhin ng pananaliksik base sa paksa.
 Metodolohiya- nilalahad dito ang mga kaparaan
gagamitin ng pananaliksik sa pangangalap ng
datos.
 Inaasahang output o resulta- inilahad ang
inaasahang kalalabasan o resulta ng
pananaliksik.
Mga Pangunahing Bahagi ng Pananaliksik:
 Kabanata 1: Panimula
Kaligiran ng pag-aaral- bahaging ngalalatag ng
panimulang impormasyon tungkol sa paksa.
 Paglalaahd ng pag-aaral
 Kahalagahan ng pag-aaral
 Batayang konseptwal- dayagram na
nagpapaliwanag sa magiging takbo ng
pananaliksik.
 Saklaw at rekomendasyon- naglalatag ng
pangyayaring kinakahaap ng mga mananaliksik
na maaaring nakaapekto sa resulta ng
pananaliksik.
 Depinisyon ng mga Termino- iniisa-isa ang
mahahalagang termino ginagamit sa pg-aaral.
Operasyunal na pagpapakahulugan- paraan
kung papaano ginagamit sa loob ng
pangungusap o sa pananaliksik ang termino.
Konseptwal na pagpapakahulugan- standard na
kahulugan na matatagpuan sa diksyunaryo;
binubuo ito ng mga sumusunod: Termino-
salitang binigbigyang depinasyon. Genus- uri ng
klasipikasyon ng salitang binibigyang
depinisyon. Differentia- aktuwal na katangian o
kahulugan ng salita.
Mga uri ng tala
 Direktang sipi- gianagamit kung isang bahagi
lamang ng aklat ang nais sipiin; kinakailangang
lagyan ng panipi (“”) ang bawat mungkahi at
ellipsis(…) naman kung bahagi lamang ng sipi
ang gagamitin.
 Buod ng tala- ginagamit kung ng nais lamang
gamitin ay ang pinakamahalagang ideya.
 Presi- mula sa salitang Pranses na Presi na ang
ibigsabihin ay pruned or cut down; ginagamit ito
upang panatilihin ang punto de visita na may
akda sa pamamagitan ng keywords.
 Sipi ng sipi- ang ganitong uri ay ginagamit din na
panipi.
 Hawig o paraphrase- hustong paglalahad ng
mga ideya ngunit sa mas higit na payak na
salita.
 Salin/Sariling salin- ginagakt kung ang tala ay
nasa wikang banyaga.
Pagsasa-ayos ng Datos
 Kronolohikal- ginagamit kung ang datos ay ayon
sa pagkakasunod-sunod ng pangyayari.
 Heograpikal o batay sa espasyo- ginagamit kung
ang ipnapakita ay ang lokayson, lugar o iba pang
ginagamit ng espasyo.
 Komparatibo- ginagamit kung nais ipakita ang
pagkakaiba at pagkakatulad ng dalawang bagay.
  Sanhi/Bunga- ginagamit kung nais bigyang diin
ang sanhi at bunga ng paksang sinisiyasat.
 Pagsusuri- ginagamit kung nais ipakita ang
paghihimay-himay ng isang buong kaisipan.
Bibliografi- tinatawag ding talaaklatan o talasanggunian
ay listahan o talaan ng mga aklat, peryodikal, journal,
magasin, pahayagan at iab pang sanggunian ginagamit
sa pananaliksik.
Sitasyon- kung gagamit ng salita, sulat, o ideya ng iba =,
kailngang bigyan ng kredito ang orihinal na mag-aral ng
mga ito.
APA (American Psychological Association)- madalas na
ginagamit sa mga dokumento sa mga kursong
panlipunan, pinapahalagahan nito ang petsa; sa pahina
ng “references” ang petsa ay inilalagay pagkatapos na
pagkatapos ng pangalan ng awtor.
 Grapikal na presentasyon- biswal na
presentasyong kumakatawan sa isang
kwantiteytib na baryasyon o pagbabago ng
baryabol.(Line graph, Pie graph, Bar graph at
Pictograph).
Kabanata 5: Lagom, Konklusyon at Rekomendasyon.
 Lagom- paglalahad na nabuo ng mga
mananaliksik matapos gawin ang pag-aaral.
 Konklusyon- pagbuo ng interpretasyon mula sa
paghahambing ng mga saik at ng suliranin ng
pananaliksik.
 Rekomendasyon- inilalatag ang mga mungkahi
ng mananaliksik upang mapaunlad ang
anumang resultang nakuha sa pananaliksik.

APA encyclopedia

May akda.(petsa ng pagkakalathala).Pamagat ng

artikulo.Pamagat ng peryodikal,(Bolyum isyu),pahina.

Kabanata 3 Metodolohiya

 Kwalitatibo- disensyo ng pananaliksik na

inoobserbahan at sisnusuring realidad sa
layuning makabuo ng teoryang
makapagpapaliwanag ditto.
 Kantitatibo- gumagamit ng datos na nabibilang.

Kabanata 4: Presentasyon at Interpretasyon.

- Bahaging ito inilalahad ang mga resultang

natuklasan sa pa-aaral.
- Presentasyon- tumutukoy sa proseso ng
pagoorganisa ng mga datos sa lohikal
sikwensyal at makabuluhang kategorya at
klasipikasyon.

3 Paraan ng Presentasyon ng mga datos (claderon at

gonazales)

 Tekstwal na presentasyon- gumagamit ng

patalatang pahayag upang ilarawan ang ma
datos; layuning maipokus ang atensyon sa ilang
mahahalagang datos; kailangan tatlong
katangian: kaisahan, kohirens at emphasis
(bernales et al 2002).
 Tabular na Presentasyon- ginagamitan ng isang
istatistikal na talahanayan.