4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr.

Firas Mohammed

Sequence Impedances

The impedance offered to the flow of a sequence current creating

sequence voltages
• positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances.

Augmented network models

• wye-connected balanced loads
• transmission line
• 3-phase transformers
• generators

Balanced Loads

Model and governing equations

Ia ZS
Va

Va = Z S I a + Z M I b + Z M I c + Z n I n
Vb = Z M I a + Z S I b + Z M I c + Z n I n
Vc = Z M I a + Z M I b + Z S I c + Z n I n
In = Ia + Ib + Ic

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Va   Z S + Z n ZM + Zn Z M + Z n  I a 
V  =  Z + Z ZS + Zn Z M + Z n   I b 
 b  M n

Vc   Z M + Z n ZM + Zn Z S + Z n   I c 
Vabc = Z abc I abc
Vabc = Z abc I abc → ( AV012 ) = Z abc ( AI 012 )
 
V012 = A −1 Z abc A I 012 → V012 = Z 012 I 012
Z 012 = A −1
Z abc A
1 1 1  Z S + Z n ZM + Zn Z M + Z n  1 1 1
1
= 1 a a 2   Z M + Z n ZS + Zn Z M + Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
1 a 2 a   Z M + Z n ZM + Zn Z S + Z n  1 a a 2 
 Z S + 3Z n + 2Z M 0 0 
=  0 ZS − ZM 0 

 0 0 Z S − Z M 

Transmission Line

Model and governing equations

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Va1 = Z S I a − Z n I n + Va 2
Vb1 = Z S I b − Z n I n + Vb 2
Vc1 = Z S I c − Z n I n + Vc 2
Vn = 0 + Z n I n
In = Ia + Ib + Ic
Va1  Z S + Z n Zn Z n   I a  Va 2 
V  =  Z Z + Z Z   I  + V 
  
b1 n S n n   b   b2 
Vc1   Z n Zn Z S + Z n   I c  Vc 2 
Vabc1 = Z abc I abc + Vabc2
Vabc1 = Z abc I abc + Vabc2 → ( AV012−1 ) = Z abc ( AI 012 ) + ( AV012− 2 )
V012−1 = A −1 Z abc AI 012 + V012− 2 = Z 012 I 012 + V012− 2
Z 012 = A −1 Z abc A
1 1 1   Z S + Z n Zn Zn  1 1 1
= 1 a a 2   Z n
1
ZS + Zn Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
1 a 2 a   Z n Zn Z S + Z n  1 a a 2 
 Z S + 3Z n 0 0
=  0 Z S 0 
 0 0 Z S 

Loaded Generators
Typical values for common generators
• Remember that the transient fault impedance is a function of time.
• Positive sequence values are the same as Xd, Xd’, and Xd”.
• Negative sequence values are affected by the rotation of the rotor
X2 ~ Xd”
• Zero sequence values are isolated from the airgap of the machine, and
the zero sequence reactance is approximated to the leakage reactance

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

X0 ~ XL
Figure below represents a three phase synchronous generator with
neutral grounded through an impedance Zn. the generator is supplying a three
phase balanced load.

The synchronous machine generates balanced three phase internal

voltages and is represented as a positive sequence set of phasors.
1
Eabc = a 2  Ea
 a 
The machine is supplying a three phase balanced load. Applying Kirchhoffs
voltage law to each phase we obtain
Va = Ea − Z S I a − Z n I n
Vb = Eb − Z S I b − Z n I n
Vc = Ec − Z S I c − Z n I n
Substituting for I n = I a + I b + I c , we get
Va   Ea  Z S + Z n Zn Zn  I a 
V  =  E  −  Z ZS + Zn Z n   I b 
 b  b  n

Vc   Ec   Z n Zn Z S + Z n   I c 
Or
Vabc = Eabc − Z abc I abc

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

AV012 = AE012 − Z abc AI 012

−1
Multiplying by A , we get
V012 = E012 − A−1Z abc AI 012 = E012 − Z 012 I 012
Where

1 1 1  Z S + Z n Zn Zn  1 1 1
Z 012 = 1 a a 2   Z n Z n  1 a 2 a 
1
ZS + Zn
3
1 a 2 a   Z n Zn Z S + Z n  1 a a 2 

 Z S + 3Z n 0 0  Z 0 0 0 
Z 012 =  0 ZS 0  =  0 Z1 0 
 0 0 Z S   0 0 Z 2 

The three equivalent sequence networks are shown below

Z0
V0

Z1
Ea V1

Z2
V2

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Transformers
• Series Leakage Impedance
The magnetization current and core losses represented by the shunt
branch are neglected (they represent only 1% of the total load current).
The transformer is modeled with the equivalent series leakage
impedance.

• Three single-phase units & five-legged core three-phase units

The series leakage impedance is the same for all the sequences.
Z0=Z1=Z2=ZL

• Three-legged core three-phase units

The series leakage impedance is the same for the positive and negative
sequence only.
Z1=Z2=ZL

• Wye-delta transformers create a phase shifting pattern for the

various sequences
The positive sequence quantities rotate by +30 degrees
The negative sequence quantities rotate by -30 degrees
The zero sequence quantities can not pass through the transformer

• Zero-sequence network connections of the transformer depends on

the winding connection
Primary winding - wye / wye-grounded / delta
Secondary winding - wye / wye-grounded / delta

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed
Zero-sequence network for various connections are shown below:

delta delta

delta delta

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Reactors
A series reactor is an inductive coil connected in a circuit or system
to limit a short circuit current.
Whenever a fault occurs in a system, the circuit breaker interrupts
the fault current and isolate the faulty circuit. The circuit breakers in the
system are selected so that they can interrupt the maximum short circuit
current in the system. However for some systems the short circuit may be
so high that it may be worthwhile to limit the current by the use of reactors
connected suitably in the circuit. In that case circuit breakers of lesser
breaking capacity would be needed. Moreover whenever a system
extension takes place, the short circuit current increases. In case it is
desired not to place the circuit breakers, the current can be limited by the
use of reactors.
A series reactor may be of fixed or switched type. A fixed reactor is
permanently connected in the circuit. A switched reactor is one whose
reactance can be varied so that at any time a desired amount of reactance
can be connected in the system.
The specifications for a reactor include the type, location (indoor or
outdoor), reactance in ohms, kVA rating, rated voltage, rated current and
frequency.
Reactors use now-a-days are mostly air cored coils. They are built in
two types, the dry type reactor and oil immersed reactor.
Reactor locations:
Generator Reactor: it is connected in series with the alternator as shown
in Figure below. Modern alternators have high inherent reactance and
therefore do not need any external reactor for limiting the current. However
they are still use for some old machines.

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 2 Dr. Firas Mohammed

G G G

Reactors

Tie bar
b) Feeder Reactor: A reactor is connected in series with each feeder
as shown in Figure below. Since the number of feeders is generally large,
this connection entails the use of a large number of reactors. Moreover
since the reactors carry full load current, a constant power loss occurs.

G G

Reactors

c) Bus Bar Reactor: The reactors are inserted in between bus

sections. As shown in Figure below. During the normal operations only a
small power flows through the reactor and hence no power loss takes place.
During short circuit only the generator feeds the fault directly.

G G G

Reactor Reactor

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