2 - ARC3031 - Framed Systems

3.10.
2017
ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER
Structural design principles
The design and dimensioning of modern buildings require the consideration

of a wide range of technical aspects extending, to varying degrees, into other
fields of architecture, engineering and science.
FRAMED SYSTEMS
October 3-4-5, 2017
Structural design principles
Structural frameworks are designed, dimensioned and constructed

taking into consideration; FRAMED SYSTEMS
• the function,
• architecture, transfer loads to the ground by horizontal members
• construction method, – such as beams and slabs – and vertical members –
• assembly, and cost effectiveness
such as columns and bearing walls – which are
Buildings are large bodies. Entire building sections or single resistant to bending and buckling as a result of their
members can be designed this way, either by treating them as internal moment reactions.
plane structures after sectioning into primary or secondary
structures, or as 3D spatial structures, and continuing the process
down to the smallest detail.
Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements
Reinforced concrete beams - section types
Reinforced concrete beams
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Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements

Pre-stressed concrete beams
Structural design principles - steel Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements
Plates
Steel Beams
Profiles
Sheet bars

Trussed beams;
• R beams,
• Trusses,
• Space frames
R beams
Space frames
Trusses
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R Beams
R Beams
Min 300
Trusses
Trusses

Trusses Space frames
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Space frames Space frames
Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements Structural design principles – Timber
Glued laminated timber – glulam – is

obtained by bonding together a series of
laminations whose grain is essentially
parallel. Glulam members are larger and
longer than those obtained simply by
sawing a normal log.
Glulam has exceptionally low mass, high

strength and considerable stiffness,
reducing foundation
loads and easing delivery and erection.
During its manufacture2 every lamination
is strength graded,
end-jointed and dried, so that moisture
Space frames content is uniform throughout the
finished section.

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Structural design principles – vertical structural elements Structural design principles – vertical structural elements
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete
Steel profiles
Steel profiles
Steel profiles
Steel profiles
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Steel profiles Steel profiles
Structural design principles – lateral stability

Structural design principles – lateral stability
A typical column – beam frame

s assumed to be joined with pin
or hinged connections, which
can potentially resist a laterally
applied load.
The four – hinged quadrilateral is

inherently unstable, however, and
would be unable to resist a
laterally applied load.
Need to prevent deformations Ching, Building Structures Illustrated
Structural design principles – RC - lateral stability Structural design principles – RC - lateral stability
Shear walls should occupy a min of 20 t0 25 % of the total number of bay

The entire frame should incorporate rigid, moment – resisting joints
Ching, Building Structures Illustrated Ching, Building Structures Illustrated
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Structural design principles – steel – lateral stability Structural design principles – steel – lateral stability
Braced Frames
Braced frames consist of column – beam frames made rigid with

a system of diagonal members that create stable triangular
configurations. Examples of the great variety of bracing systems
in use are:
• Knee bracing
• Diagonal bracing
• Cross bracing
• V – bracing
• K – bracing
Composition of horizontal – vertical structural members
Ching, Building Structures Illustrated
The addition of a diagonal bracing

system would provide the requisite
lateral stability fro the frame.
Single diagonal braces must be able to

Knee braces provide lateral resistance handle both tension and comression.
by developing relatively rigid joints at The size of a single diagonal brace is
the beam – column connections determined more by its resistance to
through triangulation. Knee braces, buckling under compression, which, in
which are relatively small in size, must turn, is related to its unsupported
be used in pairs to be able to resist length.
lateral forces from either direction.
Structural design principles – steel – lateral stability

Structural design principles – steel – lateral stability
K – bracing consists of a pair of diagonal braces
that meet near the midpoint of a vertical
frame member. Each diagonal brace can be
subjected to either tension or compression,
depending on the direction of the lateral force
acting on the frame.
Diagonal tension – counter systems consist
V – bracing consists of a pair of diagonal
of cables or rods that work primarily in
braces that meet near the midpoint of a
tension. A pair of cables or rods is always
horizontal frame member. As with K- bracing,
necessary to stabilize the frame against
each diagonal brace can be subjected to either
lateral forces from either direction. For each
tension or compression, depending on the
force direction, one cable or rod will
direction of the lateral force.
operate effectively in tension while the
other becomes slack and is assumed to
Chevron bracing is similar to V – bracing
carry no load.
but its orientation allows for passage
through the space below the inverted V.
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a b c e
d
f g h i j
A min of 25 % of the total number of bays should be braced
Ching, Building Structures Illustrated
Structural design principles – steel – lateral stability Structural design principles – joints of braces
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Structural design principles – joints of horizontal braces Structural design principles – joints of braces
Structural design principles – joints Structural design principles – joints
53 54
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Disadvantages of steel elements

Advantages of steel beams
Corrosion
Improper detailing
Place for equipment such as electricity, lighting, ventilation etc.
Fire Improper detailing
10

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3.10.

Structural design principles

The design and dimensioning of modern buildings require the consideration

Structural design principles

Structural frameworks are designed, dimensioned and constructed

Reinforced concrete beams - section types

Reinforced concrete beams

Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements

Pre-stressed concrete beams

Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements

Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements

Trusses Space frames

Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements

Space frames Space frames

Glued laminated timber – glulam – is

Glulam has exceptionally low mass, high

Structural design principles – horizontal structural elements

Steel profiles Steel profiles

Structural design principles – lateral stability

A typical column – beam frame

The four – hinged quadrilateral is

Shear walls should occupy a min of 20 t0 25 % of the total number of bay

Ching, Building Structures Illustrated Ching, Building Structures Illustrated

Braced frames consist of column – beam frames made rigid with

Ching, Building Structures Illustrated

The addition of a diagonal bracing

Single diagonal braces must be able to

Ching, Building Structures Illustrated Ching, Building Structures Illustrated

Structural design principles – steel – lateral stability

Ching, Building Structures Illustrated

Structural design principles – joints Structural design principles – joints

Structural design principles – joints Structural design principles – joints

Structural design principles – joints Structural design principles – joints

Structural design principles – joints Structural design principles – joints

Disadvantages of steel elements

Place for equipment such as electricity, lighting, ventilation etc.

Fire Improper detailing

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