MODULE 1

TOPIC/ Origin and Structure of the Earth

LESSON NAME
The Universe
and the Solar System

Content Standards The learners demonstrate an

understanding of

1. the formation of the universe

 The learners will
 Describe how the universe
evolved using various
Performance theories
Standards  Describe how the star
systems evolved based on
the hypotheses and
theories.
 The learners
 Describe the historical development of
theories that explain the origin of the
(S11ES-Ia-1).

 State the different hypotheses

Learning Competencies explaining the origin of the universe.
 Describe the different hypothesis
explaining the origin of the solar system
 Recognize the uniqueness of Earth,
being the only planet in the solar
system
 At the end of the lesson, the learners will be
able to:
• Describe the structure and composition of
the Universe;
• State the different hypothesis that preceded
Specific Learning
the Big Bang
Outcomes Theory of the Origin of the Universe.
• Explain the red-shift and how it used as proof
of an expanding universe
• Explain the Big Bang Theory and evidences
supporting the
theory.

Time Allotment Four hours and 30 minutes ( 1 week)

A. Universe & Solar System
contains billions of galaxies,
each containing millions or
billions of stars. The space
between the stars and galaxies
is largely empty.
is made up of the sun and
everything that orbits
around it, including planets,
moons, asteroids, comets
and meteoroids.
Formation of the Universe
The science of cosmology
provides various hypothesis
that explain the origins of the
universe based on its present
properties or
characteristics.
Numerous theories were then
made about the formation of
the universe.
 THEORY DESCRIPTION PROPONENT
the universe was once very
small and very hot, and
then it expanded over time
until it reached its peak
Georges Henri Joseph
Big Bang around 13.7 billion years Édouard Lemaître
ago. Provides the best
explanation of the origin
of the universe.
This theory states that the Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey
Steady State universe is always Burbidge and
expanding in a constant
Theory average density.
Jayant V. Narlikar
Fundamental Particles:

neutrons

electrons

protons
STEADY
STATE
THEORY
 This theory states that
the universe is always
expanding in a constant
average density.
 The steady state
theory was first
proposed by Sir James
Jeans (1877-1946) in
1920.
Sir James Jeans (1877-
1946) in 1920.
Fred Hoyle (1915-2001)

.
Hermann Bondi (1919-
2005)
Thomas Gold (1920-2004) in
1948.
 Cosmic
Inflation
Theory
 The most recent cosmic
inflation theory was
proposed by physicist Alan
Guth (1947- present) and
Andrei Linde (1948-
present) in the 1980s.
 Nebular
Hypothesis
The nebular hypothesis was
developed by Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804) and Pierre-
Simon Laplace (1749-1827)
in the 18th century.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
 The Planetesimal and Tidal
Theories

Thomas Chamberlin (1843-1928)

Forest Moulton (1872-1952)

James Jeans (1877-1946)

Harold Jeffreys (1891-1989)

 four inner planets, Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars) that are
known to be much smaller
compared to the other four
outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune.
 The four outer planets are
called gas planets because
they are made up of only
primary materials that make
up the sun.
On the other hand, the four inner
planets are called terrestrial or
telluric planets because they have
solid surfaces and are mostly of
silicate rocks and metals.
 Advancements and
Discoveries on the Solar
System
For the past 20 years, there
have been changes and
developments in our
understandings of the things
outside Earth
1. Pluto was once considered
the outermost planet in the
solar system. In 2006, it was
observed to belong to a
different region, the Kuiper
belt
 2. Mars may have had
prehistoric living forms. The
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
has been obtaining data on
Mars through their space
rovers.
3. The expansion of the
universe is accelerating.
 The farthest interstellar travel is
outside the solar system. The U.S.
spacecraft Voyager 1 was
launched in 1977 and had been
in space traveling for nearly 35
years.
 THEORY DESCRIPTION PROPONENT
The nebular hypothesis,
Formation of Star seems to be the accepted
theory for the formation of the
Systems solar system.

According to which a rotating

nebula underwent
Nebular gravitational collapsed into a
star with an accretion disk, Immanuel Kant
Hypothesis
from which planets are
condensed or formed by
coagulation of dust particles
into increasingly larger
bodies.
 THEORY DESCRIPTION PROPONENT
In both theories, a star
supposedly passed close to
the sun. These theories are
also backed up by old
The Planetesimal meteorites found on Earth,
and Tidal Theories chemically dating back 4.56
billion years—the time
approximated to be the
formation of the solar system.
Stated that the
gravitational pull of the
stars raised tides found on
the surface and erupted
matter was detatched.
A.
B. Earth & Earth Systems

https://youtu.be/fY0jAVfmcqM
 The Development of Earth
& Earth Systems
The earth developed an immense
amount of biological and geological
changes in its entire time.
 Shapes of the Earth
Earth’s present shape is not a
perfect sphere but an oblate
spheroid. Earth got its present
shape specifically because of its
gravity and rotation.
 History of the Earth
The age of Earth is deemed to be
around one-third of the age of
the universe. Hence, it is more
than 4 billion years old.
Earth Subsystems
ATMOSPHERE
The primitive atmosphere of Earth is assumed to be similar to
the composition of the solar nebula from which Earth came
from.

BIOSPHERE
The biosphere makes up all the living components on Earth. It
is the subsystem that comprises all living things, including those
which have not yet been identified.
Earth Subsystems

GEOSPHERE
The geosphere is the portion of Earth that includes the interior
structure, rocks and minerals, landforms, and all physical
processes on land that shape Earth’s surface.

HYDROSPHERE
The hydrosphere encompasses all the waters found on earth.
Earth’s Internal Structure
CRUST
Crust is the outermost layer of a planet that is composed of eight elements: oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.
MANTLE
Below the crust is the mantle. The mantle is made up of silicate rocks and considered to
be the thickest layer of Earth.
CORE
Below the mantle of the Earth is the core, which is the very
center of the Earth, made mostly of heavy metals, especially
iron.
 SCIENTISTS WITH SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF EARTH:

• James Hutton – was a Scottish naturalist and farmer and believed that
Earth is endlessly changing.
• Charles Darwin – Was an English naturalist known for the Theory of
Evolution.
• Andrija Mohorovicic – Was a Croatian meteorologist and Seismologist
who suggested that there lies a boundary between crust and the mantle.
• Stanley Miller – Was an American Chemist who conducted an
experiment to test the hypothesis of Oparins primordial soup theory.
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS:
Color – used to identify minerals easily.
Streak – color of the mineral in powder form
hardness – is the measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching.
Moh’s Scale OF Minerals from Highest to Lowest degree of hardness:
Diamond, Corundum, Topaz
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS:
> Igneous Rocks – Are crystallized from magma
or partially molten volcanic materials that
came within Earth.
Sedimentary Rocks – This are rocks that have
formed the deposition of different materials
on Earth’s surface.
> Metamorphic Rocks – This are combination of
two rocks deep below the surface of the
Earth. PNEUMONOULTRAMICROSCOPICSILICONVOLCANOCONIOSIS
The Hydrological Cycle
 Distribution of Waters on Earth
Water resides on:
1%
03
Freshwater 30% Glaciers
Surface
Ocean Underground

Lakes, Rivers and

97 69% Swamps

The distribution of water on the Earth's surface is extremely uneven. Only 3%

of water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean. Of
freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, 30% underground, and less than 1% is located
in lakes, rivers and swamps.
 with Significant Contributions
Scientists To Our Knowledge of Earth

James Hutton (1726-1797)

The founder of modern geology. He also asserted the theory of
uniformitarianism.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

He was an English naturalist known for the theory of evolution.

Andrija Mohorovicic (1857-1936)

Croatian meteorologist and seismologist who suggested that there lies
a boundary between the crust and the mantle.
 with Significant Contributions
Scientists To Our Knowledge of Earth

Beno Gutenberg (1889-1960)

He was a German seismologist who discovered the Gutenberg
boundary that lies between the solid silicate mantle and the liquid iron-
nickel core of Earth.

Inge Lehmann (1888-1993)

She was a Danish seismologist who, in 1936, asserted that Earth’s
core is not just a single molten sphere but it comes with a solid inner
core based on seismic data she obtained from careful measurements
of seismic waves from earthquake.
 with Significant Contributions
Scientists To Our Knowledge of Earth

Alexander Oparin (1894-1980)

He was a Soviet biochemist who proposed the primordial soup theory
in 1924 to explain the origin of life on Earth.

Stanley Miller (1930-2007)

He was a Jewish-American chemist who conducted an experiment in
1952 to test the hypothesis of Oparin’s primordial soup theory.