CWTS REVIEWER Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Module 2 3 Basic Vital Functions:

 Breathing
 NSTP (National Service Training  Circulation
Program)  Consciousness
 Refers to the program aimed at
enhancing civic consciousness and Thoracic Pump Theory
defense preparedness in the youth  The chest compression propels blood out of
by enhancing the ethics of service the thorax by increasing intrathoracic
while undergoing training in any of pressure.
the three program components,  The time of the chest compression and
specifically designed to enhance the decompression should be equal.
youth’s active contribution to the  Pressure should be completely released
general welfare.  Hands should remain in the contact with the
 Legal Basis for the Implementation of chest
NSTP Cause of Cardiac Arrest and Emergency
 Republic Act 9163 or otherwise System Activation
known as National Service Training  Adults
Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 that  Ischemic Heart Disease – AMI –
revises the ROTC curriculum. with/or ventricular fibrillation (>80%)
 Guiding Principle behind the NSTP  Children
 It is the prime duty of the  Suffocation or choking with
government to serve and protect its hypoxemia or asphyxia. (Ventricular
citizens, in turn it shall be the fibrillation is rare in children (5-8%)
responsibility of all citizens to defend
the security of the State and in Different approach to the emergency system
fulfillment thereof, the government activation
may require each citizen to render  Adults
personal military or civil service.  Electric defibrillator is necessary as
 3 Components of NSTP soon as possible; therefore, if
 ROTC (Reserve Officer Training telephone is available and you are
Corps) alone:
 CWTS ( 1. Call for Help then;
 LTS 2. Start with CPR
 Children
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT 1. Start CPR immediately for 1
 Approximately 700,000 cardiac arrest per min to provide some tissue
year in Europe. oxygenation
2. Then call for help
OUTCOME: Barrier Devices
 Survival to hospital discharge  S-Tube
presently approximately 5-10-14%  Face Shields (resuscitation veil)
 Bystander CPR=intervention before  Pocket Face Mask + One-way valve
arrival of emergency services.  Handkerchief
 Early resuscitation and prompt  Towel
defibrillation (within 1-2 mins) can
result in >60% survival. Stop CPR if
 Victim starts to breathe normally
CHAIN SURVIVAL  Medical assistance arrives and instructs you
 Early recognition and call for help (to to stop the CPR
prevent cardiac arrest)  You are physically exhausted
 Early CPR (to buy time)  When CPR has been performed for 20 mins
 Early Defibrillation (to restart the heart) without restoration of the spontaneous
 Post Resuscitation Care (to restore quality circulation
of life) IT CAN BE STOPPED EARLIER WHEN:
  Rescuer is physically exhausted
 When signs of biological death develop)
post mortal rigidity, post-mortal cooling and
gravity-dependent livid stains)
BLS (Basic Life Support) Sequence
 Kneel by the side of the victim
 Shake shoulders. Ask “Are you alright?”
 If he/she responds:
 Leave as you find him
 Find out what is wrong
 Reassess regularly
 Unresponsive
 Shout for help
 Open airway
 Check breathing
 Look, listen and feel for
NORMAL breathing
 No Breathing- apnea
 Gasps- agonal breathing
 Occurs shortly after
heart stops in up to
40% of cardiac
arrests
 Described as barely
heavy, noisy, or
gasping breathing
 Recognize as a sign of cardiac arrest
 Do not confuse agonal breathing with
NORMAL breathing
 Call 155 (112)
 30 Chest Compressions
o Place the heel of one hand in
the center of the chest
o Place other hand on top
o Interlock the fingers
o Compress the chest
 Rate 100 min-1
 Depth 4-5 cm
 Equal compression:
relaxation
o When possible (2 or more
rescuers) change CPR
operator every 2 min to
prevent fatigue.
 2 Rescue Breaths
o Pinch Nose
o Place and seal your lips over
the victim’s mouth
o Blow until the chest rises
o Takes about 1 sec
o Allow chest to fall
o Repeat (10-12 times per min)
Breathing
 Expired air resuscitation – several
techniques
 Mouth-to-mouth breathing
 Mouth-to-nose breathing
 Mouth-to-mouth + nose breathing
(small children)
 Mouth to the barrier device (to
protect the rescuer)
 Mouth-to-tracheostomy
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Artificial breath during expired air resuscitation
 Volum= normal breathing volum
 Volum= 6-7ml/kg bw= 500ml
 Breath duration in adults= 1 sec
Expiration – passive
 Check the chest rise during rescue breath
Self-Inflating Bag
 Ratio 30:2
 One Uniform Ratio
o Always in adults
o In children in the prehospital
CPR
o In children when the rescuer
is alone.
NOTE: If the victim starts to breathe normally
place him in recovery position
A. Airway Management
 Head tilted backward
 Chin lift
 Unconscious Patient
 Tilt the head backward + lift the chin
 Conscious Patient
 Encourage the victim to cough
 Add several hits to his/her back
Note: cough is much more effective than any
other maneuver.
 iii. Other energized electrical equip.
D. Combustible
1.Foreign Body Airways obstruction i. Magnesium
2.Potentially Treatable ii. Sodium
3.Mostly during eating iii. Potassium
4.Commonly witnessed event iv. Titanium
5.Opportunity for early intervention v. Other flammable metal
6.Can cause mild (partial) or severe
(complete) airway obstruction. Class K Fires
 Heimlich Manoeuvre (several thrusts (5))  Recently recognized by NFPA 10
o Pregnant ladies, children  Fires involving combustible oils, lards and
fats in commercial cooking.
Signs of Mild (Partial) Large Airways
Obstruction

 Suffocation
 Difficult Intensive Inspiration
 Neck and Thorax soft tissues retraction
 Hoarse (croupy) sounds accompanying
inspiration (noisy breathing)
 Barking Cough

Signs Severe (Complete) Large Airways

Obstruction

 Difficult intensive inspiratory effort

 Powerful breathing movements
 Neck and thorax soft tissues retraction
 No breathing phenomena hearable
 Patients non-cooperation, restlessness,
convulsions, coma, blue skin color

EXTINGUISHER (Fire Safety and Fire

Extinguisher Use)

The Combustion Process

 Three Components
 Oxygen
 Heat
 Fuel

Fire Classes
A. Trash Wood Paper
i. Wood
ii. Paper
iii. Cloth
iv. Etc.
B. Liquids Grease
i. Gasoline
ii. Oil
iii. Grease
iv. Other Solvents
C. Electrical Equipment
i. Computers
ii. Fax machine
Leadership Training

 Human Behavior
o According to business
dictionary.com, human behavior is
the “capacity of mental, physical,
emotional, and social activities
experienced during the five stages of
human being’s life-prenatal, infancy,
childhood, adolescence and
adulthood that includes the
behaviors as dictated by culture,
society, values, morals, ethics and
genetics.
 Motivation
o Encompasses the internal and
external factors that stimulate desire
and energy in people to be
continually interested in and
committed to a job role or subject
and to exert persistent efforts in
attaining goal. It results from the
interaction among conscious and
unconscious factors such as the (a)
intensity of desire or need, (b)
 incentive or reward, (c) expectations
of the individual and of his/her
significant others.
10 Essential Characteristics of a Good Leader
1. Vision
o know where they want to go and
they can motivate people
o view things as what they could be
and not simply as what they are.
2. Wit
o can make a sound judgement and
decisions even during crucial
situations.
3. Passion
o Very passionate and intensely
obsessed in whatever they are
focused on, be it business, sport or
hobby.
4. Compassion
o Shows compassion for their
supporters and followers. Possess
exemplary coaching and
development skills.
5. Charisma
o Captivating, charming individuals
who tend to draw people toward
them.
6. Communication Skills
o Great orators and persuaders.
7. Persistence
o Determined to attain their goals in
spite of the obstacles and problems.
8. Integrity
o Mean what they say.
9. Daring
o Bold, willing to take the risk and
determined to chase their dream
amid the reality of fear and
uncertainty.
10. Discipline
o Observed self-control and order.
2. Use stories and symbols to communicate
his/her vision and message
3. Specifies the importance of having a strong
sense of purpose and a collective mission.
4. Talk optimistically and enthusiastically and
expresses confidence that goals will be
achieved.
5. Engenders the trust and respect of his/her
followers
6. Instills pride in employees
7. Talks most about important values and
beliefs.
8. Considers the moral and ethical
consequences of decisions
9. Seeks different perspectives when solving
problems
10. Encourage employees to challenge old
assumptions and to think about problems in
new ways
11. Spend time teaching and coaching
12. Considers each individual employee’s
different needs, abilities and inspirations
13. Compassionate, appreciative and
responsive
Four Components of Transformational
Leadership
1. Charisma
2. Inspirational Motivation
3. Intellectual Stimulation
4. Individualized Consideration

Traits of the Leader

1. Character
2. Charisma
3. Commitment
4. Communication
5. Competence
6. Courage

Behaviors of a Transformational Leader

1. Articulate in creating compelling vision of
the future