Zootaxa 4318 (2): 271–294 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press
Article ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.2.3
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4EE45921-6204-4D47-959A-E2598E89334E

One new Pseudopoda species group (Araneae: Sparassidae) from Yunnan

Province, China, with description of three new species

HE ZHANG1, PETER JÄGER2 & JIE LIU1,3

1
Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Center for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution,
College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
2
Arachnology, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
E-mail: peter.jaeger@senckenberg.de
3
Corresponding author. E-mail: sparassidae@aliyun.com

Abstract

One new species group of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 is described from Yunnan Province, China. The Pseudopoda
daliensis-group includes two known species, Pseudopoda daliensis Jäger & Vedel, 2007 (♂♀), Pseudopoda kunmingensis
Sun & Zhang, 2012 (♂♀), and three new species, Pseudopoda anguilliformis sp. nov. (♂♀), Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp.
nov. (♂♀), Pseudopoda peronata sp. nov. (♀).

Key words: huntsman spiders, biodiversity, systematics, taxonomy

Introduction

With 121 described species, Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 is the third largest genus of the family Sparassidae. It is
exclusively distributed in the southern, eastern and north-western parts of Southeast Asia (Jäger & Vedel 2007).
About half of the known diversity, 51 species, are known from China (World Spider Catalog 2017). The highly
diverse genus Pseudopoda consists of medium sized to large spiders. Most species show limited distribution
ranges, but they may be locally abundant and co-occur frequently. Therefore Pseudopoda is a good model to
analyse evolution and biogeography in the region.
Although extensively studied taxonomically (Jäger 2000; Tang & Yin 2000; Fu & Zhu 2008; Yang et al. 2009;
Sun & Zhang 2012; Zhang et al. 2013a; Zhang et al. 2013b; Quan et al. 2014; Jäger & Logunov 2015; Jäger et al.
2015; Jäger & Kulkarni 2016;) phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphological or molecular data have only
recently been constructed (Moradmand et al. 2014; Jäger et al. 2015; Cao et al. 2016). Jäger (2001) classified 42
species (most of them were collected from the Himalayas and the nearby mountains) into six species groups: P.
diversipunctata-group, P. latembola-group, P. martensi-group, P. parvipunctata-group, P. prompta-group and P.
schwendingeri-group.
This paper is part of a series which aims to clarify the taxonomy and phylogeny of Pseudopoda (Jäger 2001;
Cao et al. 2016; Zhang et al. in prep.). Here we describe a well supported clade in the phylogenetic tree of SE-
Asian Pseudopoda species (Cao et al. 2016) as the P. daliensis-group. This group is characterised morphologically
and includes two known species (P. daliensis and P. kunmingensis) and three new species (P. anguilliformis sp.
nov., Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp. nov., Pseudopoda peronata sp. nov.).

Material and methods

All specimens were kept in 75% ethanol and examined with an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope; details were
further investigated with an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Male palps and female genitalia were
examined and illustrated after dissection from the spider bodies, epigynes were cleared with Proteinase K. Habitus
photos were obtained using a Leica 205C digital microscope.

Accepted by C. Muster: 7 Jul. 2017; published: 7 Sept. 2017 271

 Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Number of spines is
listed for each segment in the following order: prolateral, dorsal, retrolateral, ventral (in femora and patellae ventral
spines are absent and fourth digit is omitted in the spination formula). The terminology used in text and figure
legends follows Quan et al. (2014). All measurements given in millimetres.
For phylogenetic inference, we used the dataset (COI + ITS2) from Cao et al. (2016), and added specimens of
two new species of the P. daliensis-group (Table 1). The final dataset included 144 individuals representing 44
Pseudopoda species and two Sinopoda species as outgroups. The phylogenetic data collection and analyses
methods were same as in Cao et al. (2016). All analyses (BI and ML) gave strong support (92 bootstrap and 100%
posterior possibilities) for the monophyly of the P. daliensis-group (Fig. 1).

FIGURE 1. Bayesian tree based on the COI + ITS2 dataset including 144 Pseudopoda individuals belonging to 44 species.
Numbers on nodes are posterior probabilities; bootstrap support from ML analyses is indicated as solid stars for values > 95%,
open stars > 50–95%. Red clade indicates the P. daliensis-group, blue clade indicates the outgroups.

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TABLE 1. Information on newly sequenced Pseudopoda specimens with GenBank accession numbers.
Species COI ITS2 Collection localities
P. peronata sp. nov. Unsuccessful PCR MF279151 Dali City, Weishan County, Weibaoshan
National Forest Park, Yunnan, China
P. sicyoidea sp. nov. MF280237 MF279152 Chuxiong City, Mt. Zixi, Yunnan, China

Abbreviations: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; AME = anterior median eyes; AML= anterior margin of lobe; CH
= clypeus height; CO = copulatory opening; dRTA = dorsal part/branch of RTA; DS = dorsal shield of prosoma; E
= embolus; FD = fertilization duct; Fe = femur; FW = first winding; Mt = metatarsus; OS = Opisthosoma; Pa =
patella; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; Pp = palpus; RTA = retrolateral tibial
apophysis; S = spermathecae; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; vRTA = ventral part/branch of RTA; Ti = tibia. I, II,
III, IV = legs I to IV.
Collections: CBEE = Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei
University, Wuhan, China.

Taxonomy

Family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872

Subfamily Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873

Genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000

Pseudopoda daliensis group

Diagnosis. This group can be recognized by the following combination of characters: 1. Both dorsal and ventral
part of RTA significantly developed, proximal part almost as broad as tibia; 2. The basal part of embolus
significantly wide; 3. Posterior part of lateral lobes with distinct lateral projections; 4. Anterior margins of lateral
lobes almost transversal to body length axis in most species (except P. peronata sp. nov.); 5. Loops of internal duct
system extending laterally beyond first winding.
Species included. P. anguilliformis sp. nov., P. daliensis, P. kunmingensis, P. peronata sp. nov., P. sicyoidea
sp. nov.
Distribution. China (Yunnan) (Fig. 19).

Pseudopoda anguilliformis sp. nov.

Figs 2A–D, 3A–B, 4A–D, 5A–D, 19

Type material. Holotype male: CHINA: Yunnan Province: Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Dali, Eryuan County,
Mt. Yueling, 26.11°N, 99.94°E, 2136 m, 18 May 2014, Yang Zhong & Xiaowei Cao leg. (CBEE). Paratypes: 9
females, with same data as holotype.
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective anguilliformis, -is, -e, meaning eel-shaped
and referring to the eel-shaped spermathecae in dorsal view (Figs 2D, 4D); adjective.
Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from other members of the P. daliensis group by the slightly
smaller tegulum, the large embolus covering most of the tegulum, the RTA arising from proximal half of tibia with
dRTA showing narrow finger-shaped tip, the wrinkled and very broad epigyne, as well as the long and straight
spermathecae (Figs 2A–D, 3A–B).
Description. Male (holotype): Medium sized Heteropodinae. Body length 10.7. Measurements: DS length
5.1, width 4.9, OS length 5.6, width 3.6. Eyes: AME 0.17, ALE 0.23, PME 0.19, PLE 0.20, AME–AME 0.28,
AME–ALE 0.16, PME–PME 0.38, PME–PLE 0.41, AME–PME 0.37, ALE–PLE 0.35, CH AME 0.35, CH ALE
0.30. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2101; Fe: I–III 323, IV 331; Pa: I–II 101, III 100, IV 000; Ti:

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I–II 2128, III–IV 2126; Mt: I–III 2024, III 3034, IV 3036. Measurement of palps and legs: Pp 7.6 (2.4, 0.8, 1.5, –, 2.9);
I 23.7 (6.8, 2.1, 5.8, 6.9, 2.1); II 25.4 (7.0, 2.7, 6.2, 7.1, 2.4); III 20.9 (6.2, 2.1, 5.4, 5.3, 1.9); IV 22.7 (6.5, 1.9, 5.6, 6.7,
2.0). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth, cheliceral furrow with ca. 24 denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Embolus arising from 10- to 11-o’clock-position from tegulum, with covering most part
of conductor, with middle part depressed. Spermophor indistinct in embolus. RTA arising proximally from Ti,
ventral RTA and dorsal RTA folding towards each other, roughly forming a column (Figs 2A, 3A–B, 4A–B), vRTA
broad in retrolateral view, dRTA with finger-shaped extension distally.
Colouration in ethanol: DS light yellow with black markings, fovea and radial furrows distinctly marked. OS
dorsally with alternating light yellow with reddish-brown patches, partly fused, laterally spotted, ventrally with
reddish-brown marks arranged symmetrically (Figs 5A–B).
Female: Measurements: Medium sized Heteropodinae. Body length 10.9–13.1. DS length 4.6, width 4.4, OS
length 4.9, width 3.5. Eyes: AME 0.18, ALE 0.23, PME 0.19, PLE 0.20, AME–AME 0.24, AME–ALE 0.13,
PME–PME 0.33, PME–PLE 0.41, AME–PME 0.37, ALE–PLE 0.35, CH AME 0.39, CH ALE 0.36. Leg formula:
II-I-IV-III. Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; Fe I–III 323, IV 331; Pa I–II 001, III–IV 000; Ti I–II 2128, III–IV
2126; Mt I–II 2024, III 3034, IV 3036. Measurements of palps and legs: Pp 5.8 (1.8, 0.6, 1.5, –, 1.9); I 16.4 (5.2,
1.5, 4.0, 3.8, 1.9); II 16.8 (5.0, 1.6, 4.9, 4.1, 1.2); III 13.9 (4.6, 1.3, 3.7, 3.0, 1.3); IV 15.0 (3.8, 1.9, 3.8, 3.9, 1.6).
Cheliceral furrow with three anterior and four posterior teeth, and with ca. 18 denticles.
Epigyne significantly wider than long, with both anterior and posterior margins distinctly wrinkled. Posterior
part of lateral lobes with small lateral projections. The long and slender loops of internal duct system slightly
extending laterally beyond first winding. Spermathecae long and straight. The fertilisation ducts situated medially
(Figs 2B–D, 4C–D).
Colouration in ethanol: As in male, but with patches on OS lighter. (Figs 5C–D).
Distribution. China (Yunnan) (Fig. 19).

Pseudopoda daliensis Jäger & Vedel, 2007

Figs 6A–D, 7A–B, 8A–D, 19

Pseudopoda daliensis Jäger & Vedel, 2007: 23, figs 79–90 (Description of male and female).

Material examined. CHINA: Yunnan Province: 2 males and 6 females, Dali City, Cangshan, 26.6725°N,
100.1327°E, 2645 m, 17 May 2014, Yang Zhong & Xiaowei Cao (CBEE).
Description. For details see Jäger & Vedel (2007).
Distribution. China (Yunnan) (Fig. 19).

Pseudopoda kunmingensis Sun & Zhang 2012

Figs 9A–D, 10A–B, 11A–D, 19

Pseudopoda kunmingensis Sun & Zhang, 2012: 25, figs 1–7 (Description of male and female).

Material examined. CHINA: Yunnan Province: 1 male and 9 females, Kunming City, Xishan National Forest
Park, 24.9628°N, 102.6308°E, 2138 m, 14 May 2014, Yang Zhong & Xiaowei Cao (CBEE).
Description. For details see Sun & Zhang (2012).
Distribution. China (Yunnan) (Fig. 19).

Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp. nov.

Figs 12A–D, 13A–B, 14A–D, 15A–D, 19

Type material. Holotype male: CHINA: Yunnan Province: Dali City, Weishan County Weibaoshan National
Forest Park, 25.1773°N, 100.3511°E, 2445 m, 15 November 2015, Yang Zhong & Yang Zhu (CBEE). Paratype: 2
males and 2 females, with same data as holotype.

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FIGURES 2A–D. Pseudopoda anguilliformis sp. nov. A Left male palp, ventral; B Epigyne, ventral; C Schematic course of
internal duct system in right part, dorsal; D Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: C—conductor; E—embolus; RTA—retrolateral tibial
apophysis; T—tegulum; CO—copulatory opening; LL—lateral lobes; FD—fertilization duct; FW—first winding; LL—lateral
lobes; S—spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

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FIGURES 3A–B. Pseudopoda anguilliformis sp. nov. Left male palp (A prolateral, B retrolatera)l. Abbreviation: ST—
subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.5mm.

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FIGURES 4A–D. Pseudopoda anguilliformis sp. nov. A–B Left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral); C Epigyne, ventral;
D.Vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

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FIGURES 5A–D. Pseudopoda anguilliformis sp. nov. A–B Male habitus (A dorsal, B ventral); C–D Female habitus (C dorsal,
D ventral). Scale bars: 2 mm.

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FIGURES 6A–D. Pseudopoda daliensis Jäger & Vedel, 2007. A Left male palp, ventral; B Epigyne, ventral; C Schematic
course of internal duct system in right part, dorsal; D Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: C—conductor; E—embolus; RTA—
retrolateral tibial apophysis; T—tegulum; CO—copulatory opening; LL—lateral lobes; FD—fertilization duct; FW—first
winding; LL—lateral lobes; S—spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

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FIGURES 7A–B. Pseudopoda daliensis Jäger & Vedel, 2007. Left male palp (A prolateral, B retrolateral). Abbreviation: ST—
subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.5mm.

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FIGURES 8A–D. Pseudopoda daliensis Jäger & Vedel, 2007. A–B Male habitus (A dorsal, B ventral); C–D Female habitus (C
dorsal, D ventral). Scale bars: 2mm.

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FIGURES 9A–D. Pseudopoda kunmingensis Sun & Zhang, 2012. A Left male palp, ventral; B Epigyne, ventral; C Schematic
course of internal duct system in right part, dorsal; D Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: E—embolus; RTA—retrolateral tibial
apophysis; T—tegulum; CO—copulatory opening; LL—lateral lobes; FD—fertilization duct; FW—first winding; LL—lateral
lobes; S—spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

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FIGURES 10A–B. Pseudopoda kunmingensis Sun & Zhang, 2012. Left male palp (A prolateral, B retrolateral).
Abbreviations: C—conductor; ST—subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.5mm.

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FIGURES 11A–D. Pseudopoda kunmingensis Sun & Zhang, 2012. A–B Male habitus (A dorsal, B ventral); C–D Female
habitus (C dorsal, D ventral). Scale bars: 2mm.

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FIGURES 12A–D. Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp. nov. A Left male palp, ventral; B Epigyne, ventral; C Schematic course of
internal duct system in right part, dorsal; D Vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: E—embolus; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; T—
tegulum; CO—copulatory opening; LL—lateral lobes; FD—fertilization duct; FW—first winding; LL—lateral lobes; S—
spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

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FIGURES 13A–B. Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp. nov. Left male palp (A prolateral, B retrolateral). Abbreviations: C—conductor;
ST—subtegulum. Scale bar: 0.5mm.

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FIGURES 14A–B. Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp. nov. A–B Left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral); C Epigyne, ventral; D
Vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5mm.

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FIGURES 15A–D. Pseudopoda sicyoidea sp. nov. A–B Male habitus (A dorsal, B ventral); C–D Female habitus (C dorsal, D
ventral). Scale bars: 2 mm.

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 Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective sicyoideus, -a, -um, meaning “gourd-
shaped”, referring to the shape of spermathecae in dorsal view (Fig. 12D); adjective.
Diagnosis. The species is similar to P. daliensis in having similar palpal structures and gourd-shaped
spermathecae, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: 1. Embolus tip slightly curved
towards embolic base in P. daliensis, but significantly curved in P. sicyoidea sp. nov.; 2. Margin of ventral RTA
smooth in P. daliensis, but curved in P. sicyoidea sp. nov.; 3. Margin between vRTA and dRTA U-shaped in P.
daliensis, but V-shaped in P. sicyoidea sp. nov.; 4. Posterior part of lateral lobes with large lateral projections in P.
daliensis, but with small lateral projections in P. sicyoidea sp. nov.; 5. Anterior margins of lateral lobes almost
horizontal in P. daliensis, but curved laterally in P. sicyoidea sp. nov.; 6. Posterior margin of FW visible in P.
daliensis, but not so in P. sicyoidea sp. nov. (Figs 12A–D, 13A–B, 14A–D).
Description. Male (holotype): Measurements: Small-sized Heteropodinae. Body length 7.8–8.9. DS length
4.0, width 3.7, OS length 4.4, width 2.7. Eyes: AME 0.20, ALE 0.26, PME 0.18, PLE 0.23, AME–AME 0.20,
AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.34, PME–PLE 0.39, AME–PME 0.35, ALE–PLE 0.32, CH AME 0.34, CH ALE
0.30. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III. Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2101; Fe I–II 323, III 322, IV 331; Pa I–III 001, IV 000; Ti
I–II 2128, III–IV 2126; Mt I–II 2024, III 3034, IV 3036. Measurement of palps and legs: Pp 5.5 (1.6, 0.7, 1.0, –,
2.2); I 18.7 (5.4, 1.7, 5.1, 4.7, 1.8); II 20.3 (6.0, 1.6, 5.9, 5.1, 1.7); III 16.0 (4.9, 1.6, 4.1, 3.8, 1.6); IV 17.0 (5.0, 1.5,
4.6, 4.7, 1.2). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth, cheliceral furrow with ca. 28
denticles.
Palp as in diagnosis. Cymbium with large retrolateral bulge. Tegulum occupying entire alveolus. Embolus
arising from 10.30-o’clock-position on tegulum, with tip prolaterad. RTA arising proximally from Ti, its broad
ventral part with two distinct margins that looks like mountains (Figs 12A, 13A–B, 14A–B).
Colouration in ethanol: Chelicerae with irregular spots. Legs light yellow with black hairs and reddish-brown
irregular markings. DS light yellow with irregular pattern consisting of dark spots and small patches of dark hairs,
fovea and radial furrows distinctly marked. OS dorsally with yellowish- and reddish-brown patches, laterally
spotted. OS ventrally lighter with reddish-brown marks arranged symmetrically (Figs 15A–B).
Female: Measurements: Small-sized Heteropodinae. Body length 8–9.5. DS length 4.0, width 3.6, OS length
4.6, width 2.8. Eyes: AME 0.15, ALE 0.20, PME 0.16, PLE 0.20, AME–AME 0.27, AME–ALE 0.13, PME–PME
0.33, PME–PLE 0.41, AME–PME 0.35, ALE–PLE 0.32, CH AME 0.31, CH ALE 0.29. Leg formula: II-I-IV-III.
Spination: Pp 131, 101, 2121, 1014; Fe I–II 323, III 322, IV 331; Pa I–III 001, IV 000; Ti I–II 2228, III–IV 2126;
Mt I–II 2024, III 3034, IV 3036. Measurements of palps and legs: Pp 5.0 (1.5, 0.8, 0.9, –, 1.8); I 13.0 (4.2, 1.0, 3.4,
3.0, 1.4); II 13.8 (4.4, 1.5, 3.5, 2.9, 1.5); III 11.4 (3.6, 1.3, 2.8, 2.3, 1.4); IV 12.5 (3.7, 1.3, 2.9, 3.2, 1.4). Cheliceral
furrow with three anterior and four posterior teeth, and with ca. 23 denticles.
Epigynal field wider than long. FW covering middle loops of spermathecae, posterior part of lateral lobes with
indistinct lateral projection, anterior margins of lateral lobes bowl-like (Figs 12B–D, 14C–D).
Colouration in ethanol: Generally as in male but DS reddish-yellow (Figs 15C–D).
Distribution. China (Yunnan) (Fig. 19).

Pseudopoda peronata sp. nov.

Figs 16A–B, 17A–B, 18A–B, 19

Type material. Holotype female: CHINA: Yunnan Province: Chuxiong City, Mt. Zixi, 25.0039°N, 101.4189°E,
2461 m, 15 May 2014, Yang Zhong & Xiaowei Cao (CBEE).
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective peronatus, -a, -um, meaning “wearing
boots”, referring to the shape of lateral lobes (Figs 16A, 17A); adjective.
Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from other species in P. daliensis group by the curved
anterior margins of lateral lobes and the boot-shaped lateral lobes (Figs 16A–B, 17A–B).
Description. Female (holotype): Measurements: Mediaum sized Heteropodinae. Body length 10.5. DS length
4.3, width 4.0, OS length 6.2, width 4.2. Eyes: AME 0.15, ALE 0.21, PME 0.16, PLE 0.18, AME–AME 0.24,
AME–ALE 0.12, PME–PME 0.33, PME–PLE 0.39, AME–PME 0.36, ALE–PLE 0.29, CH AME 0.29, CH ALE
0.26. Spination: Pp 131, -, -; Fe I–II 323, III -, IV -; Pa I-, II 000, III–IV -; Ti I -, II 2228, III–IV -; Mt I–IV -.
Measurement of palps and legs (legs III–IV, Pa I, Ti I, Mt I and II, terminal of palps missing): Pp - (1.5,-, -,–,-); I -
(4.5, -, -, -, -); II - (4.8, 1.4, 4.2, -, -). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with four teeth,
cheliceral furrow with ca. 20 denticles.

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FIGURES 16A–C. Pseudopoda peronata sp. nov. A Epigyne, ventral; B Vulva, dorsal; C Schematic course of internal duct
system in right part, dorsal. Abbreviations: AML—anterior margin of lobe; CO—copulatory opening; FD—fertilization duct;
FW—first winding; LL—lateral lobes; S—spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Arrow indicates the curved anterior margin of lobe.

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FIGURES 17A–B. Pseudopoda peronata sp. nov. A Epigyne, ventral; B Vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Epigynal field wider than long. The anterior margins of lateral lobes broad “V”-shaped, posterior part of lateral
lobes with distinct lateral projections. FW covering most of internal duct except the middle part, spermathecae
spoon-shaped (Figs 16A–B, 17A–B).
Colouration in ethanol: DS yellow with dark spots and small patches of dark hairs. Fovea and radial furrows
distinctly marked. OS dorsally creamy white with reddish-brown patches, laterally spotted, ventrally creamy white
with sparser, but larger marks (Figs 18A–B).
Distribution. China (Yunnan) (Fig. 19).

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FIGURES 18A–B Pseudopoda peronata sp. nov. A. Female habitus (A dorsal, B ventral). Scale bars: 2 mm.

Acknowledgements

We thank Yang Zhong, Xiaowei Cao and Yang Zhu for providing Sparassidae specimens. This study was
financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31572236/31272268/
31172113/31772420), two anonymous referees and the editor Christoph Muster for their helpful comments and
the Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China (Q20141001) for Youths.

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FIGURE 19 Collection localities of five Pseudopoda species from Yunnan Province, China.

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