Central Bicol State of Agriculture – Sipocot

Impig Sipocot Camarines Sur

S/Y 2019 – 2020

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING MODULE

MECHANICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Prepared by:

CHRISTOPHER R. CAMAING

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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What This Module Is About
This module is about the Mechanical Tools and Equipment. It is an exploratory
guide that a student of technology must be aware of. It is an 8 Lesson guide which
will help students to understand what Mechanical tools about. It consists of an
introduction, activity, analysis, abstraction/ generalization and application. The
answer keys are located at the end part of this book.

The Lesson is as Follows:

1. Introduction to mechanical tools and equipment

2. Vices

3. Hammers

4. Chisels

5. Files

6. Hacksaw

7. Drill

8. Taps and Dies

Your success in this exploratory guide on Mechanical Tools and Equipment is shown
in your ability to perform the activities and applications found in each lesson.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
LESSON 1

 Introduction to mechanical tools and equipment

LESSON 2

 Vices ………………………………………………………
LESSON 3

 Hammers .....................................................................
LESSON 4

 Chisels ...........................................................................
LESSON 5

 Files ……………………………………………………….
LESSON 6

 Hacksaw ………………………………………………….
LESSON 7

 Drill ………………………………………………………….
LESSON 8

 Taps and Dies ……………………………………………..

LESSON 9

 Punch ………………………………………………….

ANSWER KEYS …………………………………………………

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 LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT

INTRODUCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

1.

2. Define the different tools and equipment used in mechanical

3. Determine

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 LESSON 2

VICES

INTRODUCTION
Vices are the most suitable and widely used tools for gripping different jobs in
position during various operations carried out in a fitting shop.

There are a fairly good number of different types of vices such as parallel jaw vice,
machine vice, hand vice and pipe vice.

From these, the parallel jaw vice is the most commonly used in general fitting work.
These vices are available in different trade sizes and the selection of a suitable size
will depend upon the maximum size of the work. The width of the jaws determines
the size of the vice..

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

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VICE
A vice is a mechanical apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be
performed on it. Vice have two parallel jaws, one fixed and the other movable,
threaded in and out by a screw and lever.

5 Types of Various Vice

 Bench vice
 Leg vice
 Pipe vice
 Hand vice
 Pin vice

1. BENCH VICE
A bench vice is a vice that is attached to a bench. It is a device for firmly
holding an object that someone is working on. It consists of two flat jaws, one fixed
and the other movable that can be brought together with a screw mechanism.

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 Parts of Bench Vice

2. LEG VICE
The leg vice is used by blacksmiths but it is also suitable for heavy
hammering, chipping, and cutting fitters work. The vice is secured to the bench by a
strap which is fastened to the bench leg with strapless and it ends fit into a hole in
the floor. This construction of the vice makes it suitable for heavy work.

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 Parts of the Leg Vice

3. PIPE VICE
A pipe vice is a plumbing tool used to hold pipe or tubing securely so that it
can be cut or threaded. Pipe vice are also useful for pipe welding. In a manufacturing
environment, a pipe vice is a critical piece of apparatus in the assembly of pipeline
component.

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 Different Parts of Pipe Vice

4. HAND VICE
A hand vice is similar in appearance to a pair of tongs, and has a simple
design which consist of two connected handles, each with an integrated jaw on the
end. It is called a hand vice because it designed to be used in hand. A hand vice is
probably the most versatile of all hand held vice types, as its tong-like structure
means it can be used to hold minute work pieces as well as slightly larger ones. A
hand vice is a tool which is designed to grip things. It can be either be held in the
hand, as the name implies, or fastened in a bench vice.

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 Parts of Hand Vice

5. PIN VICE
A pin vice is a miniature drill or twist drill, similar to a hand drill. It can hold
very small drill bits, reamers, small files and other miniature tools. It has a chuck
heed which can be removed for different sized collet to be inserted. Collet is circular
device that grip an object to hold it securely in the vice. There are a number of
different types of pin vice, including swivel head and ball headed pin vice.

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 LESSON 3

HAMMERS

Introduction
The hammer is one of the most widely used fitter’s tools. It is used for striking chisels
in chipping and cutting and the punch in marking.

All the hammers used in a fitting shop are similar in construction to the smith’s hand
hammers, such as ball peen, cross peen, straight peen, etc. The only difference lies
in weight. Hammers used in fitting work are comparatively lighter in weight than the
smith’s hand hammers. They normally weigh from 0.45 kg to 0.7 kg.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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HAMMER
A hammer is a tool or device that delivers a blow a sudden impact to an object. Most
hammer are hand tools used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, and break apart
object. Hammers vary in shape, size and structure, depending n their purpose.
Hammers are basic tools in many trades. The usual features are a hand most often
made of steel and a hand tools, powered version exist; they are known as powered
hammer. Types of power hammer include steam hammers and trip hammers, often
for heavier uses, such us forging.

4 Various Type Of Hammers

 Ball peen hammer
 Cross peen hammer
 Straight peen hammer
 Soft hammer

1. BALL PEEN HAMMER

A ball peen (also spelled ball-pein) hammer, also known as a machinist’s
hammer, is a type of peeing hammer used in metalworking. It is distinguished from a
cross-peen hammer, diagonal-peen hammer, point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen
hammer by having a hemispherical head. It is commonly used as a tool for
metalworking. Though the process of peeing (surface hardening by impact) has
become rarer in metal fabrication, the ball-peen hammer remains useful for many
task, such as striking punches and chisels (usually performed with the flat face of the
hammer).

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 Parts of Ball Peen Hammer

2. CROSS PEEN HAMMER

This is similar to ball peen hammer in shape and size except the peen which is
across the shaft or eye. This is mainly used for bending, stretching, hammering into
shoulders, inside curves, etc.

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3. STRAIGHT PEEN HAMMER
A type of hand hammer used for forming sheet metal. One end of the head is round
and has a flat face. The other end is wedge-shaped, with the apex(peak) of the
wedge parallel to the handle.

4. SOFT HAMMER
A hammer having a head made of a soft material, such as copper, lead, rawhide:
used to prevent damage to a finished surface.

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 LESSON 4
CHISELS

Introduction
There are many verities of chisels used for chipping work by a fitter. Some very
commonly used forms are Flat, Cross-cut, Round nose and Diamond point.

All the chisels are forged from bar stock of carbon steel, to the desired shape and
the cutting edge ground to the correct angle.

The forging operation is followed by annealing, hardening and tempering to make

chisel body tough and obtain a sharp cutting edge.

Full length of the chisel is never hardened, only a small length about the cutting edge
(say about 20 to 30 mm) is hardened.

The included angle at the cutting edge varies between 40 and 70, depending upon
the material on which it is to be used. 

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

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CHISEL
A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood
chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for
carving or cutting a hard material such wood, stone or metal by hand, struck with a
mallet or mechanical power. The handle and blade of some types of chisel are made
of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it. Chiselling use involves forcing the blade
into some material to cut it. The driving force maybe applied by pushing hand, or by
using mallet or hammer.

The various types of chisel used, are as follows:

 Flat chisel
 Cross cut chisel
 Half round chisel
 Diamond point chisel
 Side chisel

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1. FLAT CHISEL
A flat chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood
chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blades on its end, for
carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand, struck with
a mallet, or mechanical power. The handle and blade of some types of chisel are
made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it. Chiselling use involves forcing the
blade into some material to cut it.

2. CROSS CUT CHISEL

The cross cut chisel or cape chisel s it is sometimes called, is used for cutting
grooves in large surfaces previous to using the flat chisel, and also used in cutting
key ways in wheels and shafts.

3. HALF ROUND CHISEL

It’s a cold chisel with a semi-circular cutting edge used for making narrow channel.
LESSON 5
FILES

Introduction
Files of different types are the principal hand tools used by a fitter. All the files,
irrespective of their shape, size and grade, essentially consist of two main parts, viz.,
a toothed blade and a pointed tang, which is fitted in a handle. Files are generally
forged out of high carbon steel, followed by cutting of teeth, hardening and tempering
etc. Common shapes of the files available are flat, hand, square, pillar, round, half
round, triangular, knife edge, etc.

These files are manufactured in different varieties and their classification is governed
by the following factors: effective length- i.e. excluding the length of tang, shape or
form of the cross-section, depth, spacing and cut of teeth

Length of the files varies according to the need but the most commonly used lengths
range from 10 cm to 30 cm and they cover almost all sorts of filing work done by
hand.

Length between 10 cm and 15 cm are generally used for fine work, between 15 cm
and 25 cm for medium sized work and above 25 cm for all general and large sized
jobs.

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Square file which carried double cut teeth on all the four faces and is normally made
tapered for about one-third of its length near the end opposite to the tang.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

FILE
A file is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a work piece. It is
common in woodworking, metalworking, and other similar trade and hobby tasks.
Most are hand tools, made of a case hardened steel bar of rectangular, square,
triangular or round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with sharp, generally
parallel teeth.

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The various types of files used:
 Flat file
 Hand file
 Square file
 Triangular file
 Half round file
 Round file
 Knife edge file

1. FLAT FILE
The flat file is a double cut on both faces and single cut on the edges. It tapers
slightly towards the point. Used for general purposes.

2. HAND FILE
The hand file is parallel in width for its length. It is double cut on both faces; single
cut on one edge but the other edge is blank and called the safe edge. Used for
general purposes.

3. SQUARE FILE

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The square file is double cut on all sides. It tapers slightly towards the point. Used for
rectangular slots, square holes and internal corners.

4. TRIANGULAR FILE
A triangular file is a specialized tool for trimming and sharpening edges. Its unique,
three sided design makes it a great tool for sharpening hard to reach places such as
saw teeth. With proper care and cleaning, this type of file will last for many years and
consistently sharpen and smooth surface. A triangular file looks much different than
a traditional file. A traditional file has three sides, each at 60- degree angle.

5. HALF ROUND FILE

The half round file is double cut on flat side and single cut on the curved side. It
tapers slightly towards the point in both width and thickness. Used for filing concave
surface and internal corners.

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6. ROUND FILE
The round file is double cut. It tapers slightly towards the point. Used for enlarging
holes and internal corners.

7. KNIFE EDGE FILE

This is shaped like a knife, tapered in width and thickness and double cut. They are
used filing narrow slots, notches and grooves.

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FILING
Filing is a material removal process in manufacturing.
Similar, depending on use, to both sawing and grinding in
effort, it is functionally versatile, but used mostly for
finishing operation. Filing helps achieve work piece
function by removing some excess material and debarring
the surface. Sandpaper may be used as a filing tool for
other materials, such as glass.

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 LESSON 6

HACK-SAW

Introduction
Desired lengths of bar stocks, rods, tubes, iron flats and metal sheets, etc. are
always required to be cut in fitting shop. Hack-saw is a common tool used for this
purpose. It consists of a metal frame, fitted with a wooden handle, carrying metal
clips with wing-nut at its end to hold. The clip carrying the wing nut is threaded so as
to stretch the blade to the desired extent. The frame can be either of fixed type,
which can accommodate the same length of blades or adjustable type which is
capable of accommodating different lengths of blades.

Hack saw blades are made of high carbon steel or low alloy steel. Hack saw blade is
the main part. Push type blades, those which cut in forward stroke only, are
generally used. In these, the teeth always point away from the operator. The blades
in common use are generally 0.7 mm thick, 12.7 mm wide and 20 cm to 30 long.
About 5 to 7 teeth per cm length of blade from the course group and 8 to 12 teeth
per cm from the fine group of teeth.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

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HACKSAW
A hacksaw is a fine toothed saw, originally and principally made for cutting metal.
They can also cut various other materials, such as plastic and wood; for example,
plumbers and electricians often cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them. There
are saw version and powered versions (power hacksaw). Most hacksaws are hand
saw with a C-shape frame that holds a blade under tension. Such hacksaws have a
handle; usually frames may also be adjustable to accommodate blades of different
size.

2 KINDS OF HACKSAW
 Hand Saw
 Power Hacksaw

1. HAND SAW

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2. POWER HACKSAW
It is a metal cutting machine tool that has a crosscut saw blade as a cutting member.
The power hacksaw is used for cut off sawing of blanks. The cut may be made
perpendicularly or at an angle to the axis of the blank. Most power hacksaw is driven
by the electric power through mechanical transmission. Power hacksaws may have a
horizontal or vertical cutting member and rotating frame.

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SAWING
Sawing is the quickest method of severing, shaping and slotting cold metal. The
work to be sawn should be held tightly in the vice. As a rule, the work piece must be
held in such a way that the marking line is situated a fell millimetres to the left of the
vice jaws. The blade is hung on two slightly hooked pegs projecting from pins which
fit into each end of the frame. The blade is made tight by screwing a wing nut on the
leading pin. The blades are fixed with the teeth facing forward for work on forward
stroke. Placing the saw on the work with the right hand on the handle and the left
hand on the other end of the saw frame firmly, the sawing should begin with a
backward stroke. The pressure is applied on the forward stroke and a little lift is
necessary on the return stroke, because the blade cuts only on the forward stroke.

LESSON 7

DRILLS

Introduction

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Drilling is an important operation carried out in a fitting shop for producing different
types and sizes of holes in various materials. There are many forms of drills used for
this purpose.

The simplest form is a flat drill which is used for wood work. The other important and
most widely used is a fluted twist drill. It has a cylindrical body carrying the spiral
flutes cut on its surface. Twist drills are usually made of high-speed steel; some
cheaper varieties are made of high carbon steel. They are made in different forms to
suit the work but the most commonly used types are (i) those having parallel shank
and (ii) those having tapered shank,Parallel shank is provided on small sized drills
(say up to 12.7 mm) only and those above this size are usually provided with a
tapered shank.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

DRILL
A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment, usually
drills bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials or fastening various
materials together. The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and
rotated while passed against the target material. The tip, and sometimes edges, of
the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the target material. The tip, and
sometimes edges, of the cutting tools does the work of cutting into the target
material. This may be slicing off thin shavings (twist drill or auger bits). Grinding off
small particles (oil drilling), crushing and removing pieces of the work piece (SDS
masonry drill), counter sinking, counter boring, or the other operation.

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3 Types of Drill
 Flat drill
 Straight fluted drill
 Twist drill

FLAT DRILL

STRAIGHT FLUTED DRILL

TWIST DRILL

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Drilling
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section
in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of
revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting
chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled. In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made
through a circular cutting motion, though the bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is
usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole with quickly repeated short
movements. The hammering action can be performed from outside of the hole (top-
hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole-drill,DTH). Drills used for horizontal
drilling are called drifter drills.

LESSON 8

TAP AND DIES

The hand operated taps used in fitting shops are employed for cutting internal
threads in cylindrical holes or for cleaning damaged threads in similar parts. A tap

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consists of a toothed body having flutes (usually 4) cut on its surface, a round shank
and a square formation at the end of the shank. The flutes are provided for the same
purpose as in case of a twist drill and square formation at the top enables to grip by
the tapping handle.

All the hand taps of different sizes are usually available in a set of three taps of each
size known as taper or rough, second and finish or plug respectively. The main
difference between the three taps is the chamfer angle. In the threading operations
they are used in the same order as taper, second and plug.

Dies are used to cut threads on a round bar of a metal, such as the threads on a
bolt. It is a round or square block of hardened steel with a hole containing threads
and flutes which form cutting edges. Die may be a solid or adjustable type. Solid die
has fixed dimensions. An adjustable die may be split type with a split through one
side or two piece rectangular types. These types of dies are fitted into special stocks
and closed by means of adjusting screws. The size of a die is specified by the
outside diameter of the thread to be cut and pitch of the thread.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

TAP and DIES

Tap and dies are tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. Many
are cutting tools; others are forming tools. A tap is used to cut or form the female
portion of the portion of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut or form the
male portion of the mating pair (e.g., a bolt). The process of the cutting or forming
threads using a tap is called tapping, whereas the process using a die is called
threading. Both tools can be used to clean up thread, which is called chasing.
However, using an ordinary tap or die to clean threads will generally result in the
removal of the some materials, which will result in looser or weaker threads.

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Because of this, threads are typically cleaned using special taps and dies made for
this purpose, which are known as ‘chaser’. Chaser are made of softer materials and
are not capable of cutting new threads, however they are still tighter fitting than
actual fasteners and are fluted like regular taps and dies.

TAPPING
Tapping is the process of cutting a thread inside a hole so that a cap screw or bolt
can be threaded into the hole. Taps and are tools used to create screw threads,
which is called threading. Many are ... Tapping may either be achieved by a hand
tapping by using a set of taps (first tap, second tap & final (finish) tap.

3 SET OF TAPS

DIEING
Threading dies are used to form or cut a male thread on the outside of rods or
bars. Threading dies provide precision in cutting and extend the life of a die by
reducing wear. Taps and dies are the tools used for cutting threads

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Parts of thread

LESSON 9

PUNCH
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A punch made from a steel rod with a length of 90 to 150 mm and a diameter of 8 to
13 mm is used in bench work for marking purpose and locating centres in more
permanent manner. The punch with a tapered point angle of 40 0 is called a princk
punch and that of600 point angle is called a centre punch.

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