School of Nursing

BIOCHEMISTRY
1st Year
2nd Semester

Lecture By
Sir Aneeq Ahmed Mughal
M.Phil. Physics
Medical Physicist (THI)
 BIOMOLECULES
Complex molecules that is formed living organisms they have.
1. Carbohydrates.
2. Proteins and Amino Acids.
3. Lipids.
4. Enzymes.
5. Hormones.
6. Nucleic Acids.
7. Minerals.
8. Vitamins.
9. Water.

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 ENZYMES
• Enzymes are proteins which act as biological catalysts to run the biological reactions at a faster
speed.
• However, some of the substances like RNA which act as enzymes and not proteins.
• A catalyst is any substance that increase the rate of chemical reaction but does not take part in the
reaction or without being converted.
• The enzymes reduce the activation energy of a reaction. The required energy to run a biochemical
reaction is called activation energy.
• Enzymes are found around us in every plant and animal. Any living organism needs enzymes for
its functioning.
• All the functions and biological reactions are controlled by enzymes.
• Biochemical reactions that are involved in growth, blood coagulation, combating diseases,
breathing, digestion, reproduction and everything else are catalyzed by enzymes.
• All the metabolic reactions within a cell occur through the catalytic reaction of enzymes.
• Our body contains about 3000 enzymes that are constantly regenerating, repairing and protecting.
• Enzymes are powerhouses that are able to perform variety of functions in the human body,

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
• There are six classes of enzymes as following.
• Oxidoreductases
• Transferases.
• Hydrolases.
• Isomerases.
• Ligases.
• Lyases.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
• Oxidoreductases:
• The enzyme Oxidoreductases catalyzes the oxidation reaction where the
electrons tend to travel from one, from of a molecule to the other.
• Transferases:
• These enzymes catalyze help in the transportation of the functional
group among acceptors and donor molecules. Common examples are
acetyl Transferases, which transfers an amino group from one molecule
to another.
• Hydrolases:
• Catalyze hydrolysis reactions where a molecule is split into two smaller
molecules by addition of water. Common examples are proteases split
proteins. Nuclease splits nucleic acid (DNA/RNA).

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
• Isomerases:
• They catalyze the formation of an isomer of a compound. Example:
phosphoglucomutase catalyzes the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to
glucose-6-phosphate (phosphate group is transferred from one to another
position in the same compound) in glycogenolysis (glycogen is converted to
glucose for energy to be released quickly).
• Hydrolases:
• Ligases catalyze the association of two molecules. For example, DNA ligase
catalyzes the joining of two fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester
bond.
• Lyases:
• These catalyze the breakage of bonds without catalysis, e.g. aldolase (an
enzyme in glycolysis) catalyzes the splitting of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate to
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

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 FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES
There are variety of functions of enzymes in living organisms.
• They help movement with the help of protein myosin
which AIDS in muscle contraction.
• Enzymes present in the viruses are infecting cell.
• Enzymes play an important role in the digestive activity.
• Amylases and proteases are enzymes that breakdown
large molecules into absorbable molecules.
• Various enzymes work together in order forming
metabolic pathways. Example is glycolysis.

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 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF
ENZYMES
1. Food Processing: Amylases enzymes from fungi and plants are used
in the production of sugars from starch in making corn syrup.
2. Body Foods: Trypsin enzyme is used in pre-digestion of body foods.
3. Proteases enzymes help in the manufacture of biscuits in body
lowering the protein level.
4. Fruit Juice: Enzymes like celluloses pectinases are used in clarifying
fruit juice.
5. Dairy Industry: renin is used in manufacture of cheese. Lipases are in
ripening blue-mold cheese. Lactases break down lactose to glucose.
6. Molecular Biology: Restriction enzymes, DNA ligase and
polymerases are used in genetic engineering, pharmacology,
agriculture, medicine, PCR techniques.

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