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Case Studies Shiffbauer Singer Engineering Ethics
Case Studies Shiffbauer Singer Engineering Ethics
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_(1940)
VON KARMAN VORTEX STREET
(observed from space):
• Wind blowing above the sea is disturbed by an island, creating a "vortex street."
Clouds serve as markers, allowing us to see the vortices in the flow downstream
of the island.
Von Karman Vortex Street in the atmosphere: SeaWiFS image courtesy of Orbimage,
Inc., SeaWiFS Project (Code 970.2) and Distributed Active Archive Center (Code 902) at
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE: before,
during and after failure
• 3 hrs transverse flexural (up and down) vibration, amplitude 1.5 ft, 35 mph wind
• Wind rose to 42 mph, a midspan hanger cable broke (slipped), and the torsional
mode started. Frequency 0.2 Hz, 28 ft double amplitude
• Frequency associated with von Karman vortices at 42 mph wind: ~ 1 Hz
• Federal Works Agency's Failure Commission concluded: Vortex shedding unlikely
important because of the frequency difference.
• Violins teach that excitation with RANDOM frequency content produces
responses at resonant frequencies AND AT HARMONICS unless the vibrating
system provides substantial internal damping.
• Currently popular attribution: AEROELASTIC FLUTTER: jargon for stimulation of
multiple degrees of freedom CONCURRENTLY, A MURPHY’S LAW EVENT.
SIMILAR PHENOMENA
from: www.clarktesting.com
• Fracture Surface, lower side: corner crack 0.28 inch long (parallel to 2 inch thickness), and
0.12 inch deep radially.
• Technology enabling quantifying the relationship between flaw size and failure load didn't
yet exist in the 1920's when Silver Bridge was designed.
• 1920’s era brittle fracture provisions for steels for buildings and bridges commonly
reflected a 15 ft lb minimum CVN (Charpy Vee Notch Impact Test)
• Eyebar steel, at 2X the strength, provided less than 20% as much fracture energy
• Steinman’s view (evidently): Stronger eyebars either too much extrapolation from prior
experience or too little fracture energy for Florianopolis, as far from equator as Miami and
much warmer than Kanauga.
SILVER BRIDGE: post-mortem
• Found original stress analysis reasonably accurate
• Evaluated actual loading at time of failure to estimate actual load on failed
eyebar.
• Conducted extensive material testing program, including modern fracture
toughness tests and related crack growth rate quantifications, and scale model
testing program.
• Final Highway Accident Report NTSB Report SS-H-2 (adopted 12-16-1970):
– Fig 36: approximate positions of all vehicles on the bridge at time of failure.
– Westbound lane 1/3 empty, eastbound lane more than half empty.
– Page 98: "the probability of 100 percent of design stress is quite remote."
– Failed eyebar head obviously loaded to actual capability when it failed.
– The state-of-the-art circa 1920’s lacked recognition of potential premature - - flaw-
induced - - failure in brittle materials at low temperatures.
– Fracture cause: a flaw grew over 40 years to critical size by stress corrosion and
corrosion fatigue. Which was dominant is unknown.
– No indication main member deterioration by rusting to a point of inadequacy under
intended or actual loading.
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
– Are There Relevant Ethical Issues Or Just 20-20 Hindsight?