TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401069
GENERATION AND TRANSPORT
OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CHAPTER 2: TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
 CHAPTER 2: TRANSSMISION
LINE PARAMETERS

2.1 Conductor characteristics

2.2 Transmission line resistance
2.3 Transmission line reactance
2.4 Transmission line conductance
2.5 Transmission line capacitance

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 OBJECTIVES

 Understand about conductor characteristics,

transmission line parameters such as
resistance, reactance, conductance and
capacitance.
 Calculate transmission line resistance.
 Calculate transmission line reactance.
 Calculate transmission line capacitance.

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 2.1 CONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
2.1.1 Single strand conductors
 It is hard and can be broken down
 It is not suitable for transmission line but for low
voltage distribution lines
 Its area is not large, under 35mm2

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 2.1 CONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
2.1.2 Multi-strand conductors
 Each conductor consists of many same metal
strands, normally copper or aluminum.

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 2.1 CONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
2.1.2 Multi-strand conductors
 Aluminum conductor steel reinforced conductors

Steel strands Aluminum strands

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 2.1 CONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
2.1.3. Empty core conductors

The conductors are employed to be bus bar in

transformer stations, normally 110/22 kV station

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 2.1 CONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
2.1.3. Empty core conductors

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 2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE
RESISTANCE
2.2.1. Effect of temperature on the resistance
 Over head transmission line resistance is
influenced by atmosphere temperature as shown in
the following equation:

Where:
 R0 is the resistance at 0 oC
 α is a constant depending on the kind metal of

conductor
 t is the atmosphere temperature

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 2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE
RESISTANCE
Material % Resistivity
Conductivity (200C)
Ωm
Copper 100% 1.72
Aluminum 61% 2.83
Iron 17.2% 10
Silver 108% 1.59
 2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE
RESISTANCE
2.2.2 Skin effect
 Current is non-uniformly distributed over cross-
section.

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 2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE
RESISTANCE
 The current density is high at the surface of the
conductor
 The density is low at the center of the conductor.
 The effect becomes more pronounced since the
frequency is increased

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
2.3.1. Unsymmetrical spacing three phases
without transposition:
 Điện cảm của một vật dẫn:
 D7
L  2 10 ln  ( H m)
 r 
Where
 Dm: mutual geometric mean distance (MGMD)

among three phases meter

 r': self geometric mean radius (SGMR) in meter

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
 Due to the unbalance of the reactance among three
phases, the configuration is not adopted for the high
voltage such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 500 kV or more

 In order to deal with the problem, another

configuration is proposed where the position of the
three phased are exchanged each one third the line.

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
2.3.2. Unsymmetrical spacing three phases
with transposition:

The inductance is obtained by:

 D 
LA  2  107  ln m  ( H m)
 r 
Dm  3 DAB DBC DCA

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE

 GMD tự thân của dây dẫn bện nhiều sợi với số sợi khác
nhau
Dây dẫn GMD
1 (dây tròn đặc ruột) 0,779R
7 0,726R
19 0,758R
37 0,768R
61 0,772R
91 0,774R
127 0,776R

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
2.3.3. Unsymmetrical spacing three phases with
transposition and two feeders per phase:

The inductance is obtained by:

 Dm 
7
LA  2 10 ln  ( H m)
 Ds 

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
MGMD is obtained by

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
The SGMR is obtained by:

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
2.3.4. Unsymmetrical spacing three phases with
transposition and bundled feeders per phase:

2 dây

3 dây

4 dây

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
The inductance is obtained by:
 Dm 
7
LA  2 10 ln  ( H m)
 Ds 

MGMD is obtained by

Dm  3 D AB D BC D C A

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 2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE
REACTANCE
The SGMR is obtained by:
2 dây Ds  r '.d

Ds  r '.d3 2

3 dây

Ds  4 r '.d 3 2
4 dây

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 2.4 TRANSMISSION LINE
CONDUCTANCE
 The conductance considered in transmission lines is
the energy leaked via the electrical tower and
insulators
 The conductance leaked on the towers and insulator
is not fixed but dependent on the condition of them
 The conductance is only considered in transmission
line whose voltage is higher than 110 kV.
 Normally, the conductance is neglected in
transmission lines when calculating the voltage drop
and power losses.

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 2.5 TRANSMISSION LINE
CAPACITANCE
The capacitance is obtained by
1
C AN  ( F m)
D
18 10 ln9

r
Shunt admittance is then calculated by

Reactive power generated by the shunt admittance is

Where U is voltage between each two phases; L is

length of line
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 2.5 TRANSMISSION LINE
CAPACITANCE
 The effect of earth on capacitance of transmission
lines is taken into account
 The effect will lead to a capacitor which is formed
between each phase and earth.
 During transmission line operation, the capacitors
have significant impact on drop voltage and power
losses.
 In fact, there are three capacitor formed between
each phase and earth, generating reactive power
transferred into the lines.

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS
 In this chapter, we have learnt:
- Several kinds of conductors
- Transmission line parameters such as resistance,
reactance, conductance and capacitance
 ASSIGNMENTS:
 Refer : [1]: 87-94; 123-127;143-146
 [2]: 81-84 ;
 [3]: 72-74; 93-94; [4]: 12 - 21 , 32 - 36
 Do exercises next slide

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS
Loại đường dây Điện cảm Điện dung
(H/m) (F/m)
3 pha lộ đơn, phân bố  D  1
không đều, hoán vị
7
L  2 10 ln m  CAN 
 Ds  Dm
đầy đủ
DS  k .r
18 109 ln
r
Lộ kép, hoán vị đầy đủ  D  1
L  2 107 ln m  C AN 
 Ds  18 109 ln
Dm
DS  6 (k .r )3 .Daa ' Dbb ' Dcc ' rs
rs  6 r 3 .Daa ' Dbb ' Dcc '
Phân pha: 2 dây/pha
 D  1
L  2 107 ln m  C AN 
Dm
 Ds  18 109 ln
rs
DS  (k .r ).D
rs  r.D

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

Loại đường dây Điện cảm Điện dung

(H/m) (F/m)
Phân pha: 3  D 
7
L  2 10 ln m 
C AN 
1
Dm
dây/pha  Ds  18 109 ln
rs
DS  3 (k .r ).D 2
rs  3 r.D 2

1
 D  C AN 
Phân pha: 4 L  2  107 ln m 
18 109 ln
Dm
 Ds 
dây/pha rs
DS  4 (k .r ).D 3 2
rs  4 r.D3 2

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 EXERCISES

1/ Find reactance in a transmission line 100 km

long, 50 Hz. As known, the line voltage, MGMD
and SGMR are respectively 220 kV, 6 m and
5mm.

2/ Find reactive power generated into the

transmission line. As known, the voltage,
admittance and length of line are respectively
220 kV, 2.5x10-6 (Ω-1/km) and 200 km.

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