Design Lab Experiments

Design Laboratory Manual
INTRODUCTION:
EXPERIMENT NO.1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 1
SIMPLE PENDULUM EXPERIMENT
AIM:
L
To verify the relation T = 2
g
Where, T = Periodic time in sec.
L = Length of Pendulum in cms.
DESCRIPTION:
For conducting the experiment, each ball is supported by nylon thread into the hook. It is
possible to change the length of pendulum. This makes it possible to study the effect of
variation of length on periodic time. A small ball may be substituted for large ball to
illustrate that the period of oscillation is independent of the mass of the ball.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 1. Simple pendulum Set up
PROCEDURE:
1. Attach each ball to one end of the thread.
2. Allow the ball to oscillate and determine the periodic time ‘T’ by knowing the time ‘t’
for say ‘n’ oscillations.
3. Repeat the experiment by changing the length.
4. Complete the observation table given below.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Length No. of Time for T-‘ sec’

Sr. Mass of
L Oscs. ‘n’ Osc. (Expt) T Theo in “secs”
No. ball (gms)
Cms. ‘n’ ‘t’ Secs. t/n
Weight of big ball : 75 gms., dia : 60mm
Weight of small ball : 125 gms., dia : 80mm
CALCULATIONS:
L
TTh = 2
g
RESULTS:
Sl.No. Length of Time period Time

pendulum in cms Experimental in Period
“secs” Theoretical
in “secs”
Plot the graph T Vs L. It should yield the straight line.

EXPERIMENT NO.2
COMPOUND PENDULUM
AIM:
1. To determine the radius of gyration ‘K’ of given compound pendulum.
K2 + (OG)2
2. To verify the relation T = 2
g (OG)
Where, T = Periodic time in sec.
K = Radius of gyration about C.G. c.m.
OG1= Distance of the C.G. of beam from support : 300 mm
OG2= Distance of C.G. of beam from 2nd point : 150mm
L = Length of suspended pendulum : 800 mm
DESCRIPTION:
The compound pendulum consists of steel bar. The bar is supported in the hole by the
knife edge.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 2: Coumpound Pendulum set up
PROCEDURE:
1. Support the rod on knife edge.
2. Note the length of suspended pendulum.

3. Allow the bar to oscillate and determine periodic time ‘T’ by knowing the time “t” for
say ‘n’ oscillations.
4. Repeat the experiment by varying the length of pendulum.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
No. of Time for T- sec K

Sr. OG K
Osc ‘n’ Osc. (Expt) Experim- Theore-
No. cms ental tical
‘n’ ‘t’ Secs. t/n
CALCULATIONS:
01. Find ‘K’ experimental from the relation
K2 + (OG)2
Tex = 2
g(OG)
Where, Tex = Periodic time.
Tex = t/n
t = Time for ‘n’ osc.
n = No. of osc.
L
Find K theoretical =
2√ 3
Compare values of ‘K’ obtained theo. And expt. and verify the same.
RESULTS:
Sl.No. Length of Time period Time Period Theoretical

pendulum in cms Experimental in “secs” in “secs”

EXPERIMENT NO.3
BI-FILAR SUSPENSION
AIM :
1. To determine the radius of gyration ‘K’ of given plate by using Bi-Filar suspension.
DESCRIPTION :
A uniform rectangular swinging plate is suspended from the pendulum support frame by
two parallel cords. Top ends of the cords are attached to hooks fitted at the top. Other ends
are secured in the Bi-filar swinging plate. It is possible to change the length of the cord.
The suspension may also be used to determine the radius of gyration of any body. In this
case the body (weight) under investigation is kept on the plate. Radius of gyration of the
swinging plate with weight & without weight is determined.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 3: Bifilar Supension set up
PROCEDURE:
1. Suspend the swinging plate from hook. The suspension length of each cord must be
the same.
2. Allow the swinging plate to oscillate about the vertical axis passing through the center
and measure the periodic time T by knowing the time ‘t’ for say ‘n’ oscillations.
3. Repeat the experiment by mounting the weights at equal distance from the center.
OBSERVATION TABLE.
Sr. Length No. of Time for Periodic K K

‘a’
Time Experim-

No. L cms. Oscn ‘n’ Osc. Texpt = ental Theore-

tical
Cms ‘n’ t Secs. t/n
CALCULATIONS
For Bi-Filar suspension (1) Find ‘K’ experimental by using given formula
Kex L
Tex = 2 X
a g
Where, 2a = distance between two cords cms. : 500mm
Kex = Radius of gyration of bi-filar suspension.
(2) Radius of gyration (Kth) is theoretically found out by following formula
L
K theoretical =
2 3
[3] Wt. No. 1 – 0.5 Kg. – 2 Nos.
Wt. No. 2 – 1.0 Kgs. – 2 Nos.
RESULTS
Sr.No. K Experimental K Theoretical

EXPERIMENT NO.4
SPRING MASS SYSTEM
TITLE:
1. To study the longitudinal vibrations of helical spring and to determine the frequency or
period of vibration (oscillation) theoretically and actually by experiment.
DESCRIPTION:
One end of open coil spring is fixed in the hole provided on the bolt, which is attached to
the support of the main frame. Lower end of the spring is attached to the platform carrying
the weights. Thus the design of the system incorporates vertical positioning of the unit to
suit the convenience.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 4: Spring Mass system
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix one end of the helical spring in the hole provided on the bolt.
2. Determine free length of the spring, which is initial length.
3. Now put 1 Kg. weight on the platform and tight the weight by the clamping strip to
avoid falling of weight. Note down the deflection of the spring.
4. Stretch the spring vertically through some distance and release to obtain oscillations.
5. Count the time ‘t’ required (in sec.) for some say ‘n’ oscillations.
6. Determine the actual period.
7. Repeat the procedure for different weights and note down the time required.
OBSERVATIONS :
1. Length of spring :

2. Mean dia. Of spring :
3. Wire dia. : 3mm
OBSERVATION TABLE
Wt. Attached W Km
Obs. Deflections of spring K =
'Kgs'  (mean)
No.  (cm.)
Kg / cm Kg /cm
No. of Osc. Time required Periodic time Periodic time

for ‘n’ osc. ‘t’ in Tth.
‘n’ sec. T expt = t/n
CALCULATIONS:
01. Find Km. (mean stiffness) of the spring as follows
K1 + K2 + K3
Km = ….. Kg /cm.
n
Where,
W1 W2 W3
, K2 = , K3 =
K1 =
1 2 1

n = number of readings
02. Find T theoretical by using relation
W
T theoretical = 2
Km x g
03. t
Check with experimental value Texpt. =
n
1
Hence, f theoretical = T (theo) cps(
1
cps
And, f experimental =
T (expt)
RESULTS:
Time Period Time Period Frequency Frequency

SL.NO.
(expt.) secs (Theo.) secs (theo)cps (Expt.)cps

EXPERIMENT NO5.
FORCED VIBRATION OF EQUIVALENT SPRING MASS SYSTEM
AIM: To study the forced vibration of the equivalent spring mass system.
DESCRIPTION:
It is similar to that described for Expt. No.5. The exciter unit is coupled to D. C. variable
speed motor. Speed of the motor can be varied with the Dimmerstat provided on the control
panel. Speed of rotation can be known from the speed indicator on the control panel. It is
necessary to connect the damper unit to the exciter. Amplitude record of vibration is to be
obtained on the Strip Chart Recorder.
DIAGRAM:
Fig: Spring mass System.
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the set-up as described for Expt. No.5.
2. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.

3. Wait for 1 to 2 minutes for the amplitude to build the particular forcing frequency.

4. Adjust the position of strip chart recorder. Take the record of amplitude Vs. forcing
frequency on strip chart by starting recording motor. Press the recorder platform on
the pen gently. Pen should be wet with ink. Avoid excessive pressure to get good
record.
5. Take record by changing forcing frequencies.
6. Repeat the experiment for different damping. Damping can be changed by adjusting
the holes on the piston of the damper.
7. Plot the graph of amplitude Vs. forcing frequency for each damping condition.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Forcing Frequency cp.s. Amplitude mm.
Prepare similar observation tables for various damping conditions.
CALCULATIONS
Plot the graph of amplitude Vs. frequency for each setting.

EXPERIMENT NO.6.
TORSIONAL VIBRATION EXPERIMENT(SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM)
AIM :
To study the Torsional Vibration (un-damped) of single rotor shaft system.
DESCRIPTION:
Fig.No.8 shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiments.
One end of the shaft is gripped in the chuck and heavy flywheel free to rotate in ball
bearing is fixed at the other end of the shaft.
The bracket with fixed end of shaft can be clamped at any convenient position along lower
beam. Thus length of the shaft can be varied during the experiments. Specially designed
chucks are used for clamping ends of the shaft. The ball bearing support to the flywheel
provides negligible damping during experiment. The bearing housing is fixed to side
member of the main frame.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 7: Single Rotor System
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the lower beam.
2. Grip one end of the shaft at the bracket by the chuck.

3. Fix the rotor on the other end of the shaft.
4. Give Torque to the rotor & release.
5. Note down the time ‘t’ required for ‘n’ oscillations.

6. Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft.
7. Make the following observations.
a) Shaft dia. (d) = 4mm S.S. shaft
b) Rad. Of Disc. ‘A’, (R) = 95mm x 10mm thickness (Small Disc)
c) Wt. Of the Disc. ‘A’ 'WA' = 2 Kgs.
d) Modulus of rigidity for shaft = 0.8 x 106 Kg/cm2
OBSERVATION TABLE
Obs Length of Shaft ‘L’ No. of Time ‘t’ Periodic Periodic time
. cm. Osc. ‘n’ required for time T T Theo.
‘n’ Osc. expt. = t/n
CALCULATIONS:
1. Determination of Torsional stiffness ‘Kt’
G IP
Kt
=
L
L = Length of the shaft.
 d4
IP = Polar M.I. of shaft =
32
d = Shaft dia. = 4mm
G = Modulus of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 x 106 Kg/cm2
2. Determine ‘T’ theoretical

I WA x D 2
Where I= M.I. of disc =
Tth = 2 
Kt gx8
3. Determine T experimental
Time ‘t’ .
= = Sec.
‘n’
1 1
4.FTheo = FExp. =
TTheo TExp.
RESULTS:
Obs. T(Theo) T(Exp) F(Theo) F(Exp)

Length of Shaft Kt
No. Secs. Secs. Secs. secs

EXPERIMENT NO.7.
TORSIONAL VIBRATION EXPERIMENT (TWO ROTOR SYSTEM)
TITLE :
To study the free vibrations of two rotor system and to determine the natural frequency of
vibration theoretically and experimentally.
DESCRIPTION:
Fig.No.9 shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiment.
Two disc having different mass moment of inertia are clamped one at each end of shaft by
means of collect and chucks. Attaching the cross lever weights can change Mass moment of
inertia of disc. Both discs are free to oscillate in the ball bearings. This provides negligible
damping experiment.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 8: Two Rotor System

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix two discs to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearings.
2. Deflect the discs in opposite direction by hand and release.

3. Note down time ‘t’ required for ‘n’ oscillations.
4. Fit the cross arm to the disc B and again note down time ‘t’.
5. Repeat the procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm
and note down the time ‘t’ for ‘n’ oscillations.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Rad. Of disc A ( R1 ) (Small Disc) = 95mm x 10 mm thickness.
2. Rad. Of disc B ( R2 ) (Big Disc) = 112.5mm. x 10mm thickness.
3. Mass Of disc A (WA) = 2Kgs.
4. Mass Of disc B (WB) = 3Kgs with cross arm.
5. Length of the cross arm (R3) = 115 mm R1 & 165mm R2.
6. Dia. Of shaft (d) = 4mm
7. Length of shaft between rotors - L = 1080mm
8. Weight attached to cross arm ( w ) = Kgs.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Obs. IA IB No. of Time ‘t’ T expt

No. oscillations required = t/n
‘n’ secs.
for ‘n’ osc.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Find Torsional stiffness ‘Kt’ of shaft as follows :
G IP
Kt=
L
Where , G = modulus of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 x 106 Kg/cm2
 d4
32
Let, IA = M.I. of disc A
IB = M.I. of disc B
( with ‘w’ wts. On cross arm)
d = shaft dia.

L = Length of the shaft
Then,
WA DA2 Kg.cm.sec2
IA = IA
gx8
IB = WB DB2 2w r2 Kg.cm.sec2
+
gx8 gx8
( neglecting effect of cross arm )
Where, w = Weight Attached to the cross arm.
r = Radius of fixation of mass On the arm.
IA x I B
T theoretical = 2
Kt (IA + IB)
Time ‘t’ for ‘n’ osc

T Experimental =
No. of osc. ‘n’
1 1
FExp. = FTher =
TExp TTher
RESULTS:
IA IB
T theo. Sec. F Theo. Cps. T Expt. Secs. F Expt. Cps.

EXPERIMENT NO. 8:
AIM: To study the Single Rotor System with Viscous Damping:
TITLE : a) Single Rotor System with viscous damping.
b) To study the Torsional oscillations and determine M.I.
DESCRIPTION:
Fig. shows the general arrangement for the experiment. It consists of a long elastic shaft
gripped at the upper end by the chuck in the bracket. The bracket is clamped to the upper
beam of the main frame. A heavy steel flywheel clamped at the lower end of the shaft
suspends from the bracket. Damping drum is fixed to the lower face of the flywheel. This
drum is immersed in the oil which provides damping. Rotor can be taken up and down for
varying the depth of immersion of damping drum. Depth of immersion can be read from the
scale.
Recording drum is mounted to the upper face of the flywheel. Paper is to be wrapped
around the recording drum. Oscillations are recorded on the paper with the help of
specially designed piston of dash pot. The piston carries the attachment for fixing the
sketching pen.
DIAGRAM:
Fig: Single Rotor with Viscous damping

PROCEDURE:
1. With no oil in the container allow the flywheel to oscillate and measure the time for
some (say 10) oscillations.
2. Put thin mineral oil (no. 10 or 20) in the drum and note the depth of immersion.
3. Put the sketching pen in its bracket.
4. Allow the flywheel to vibrate.
5. Allow the pen to descend. See that the pen always makes contact with the paper, and
record oscillations.
6. Measure the time for some oscillations by means of stop clock.
7. Determine Xn i.e. amplitude at any position and X ntr amplitude after ‘n’ cycles.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.No. Length of Xn cm. X ntr.cm.

suspension of
shaft m.
CALCULATIONS:
01. Calculate Kt by using equation :
G IP
Kt =
L
Where , G = modulus of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 x 106 Kg/m2
 d4
32
Let,
d = shaft dia. = 4mm

L = Length of the shaft
02. Calculate M.I. of flywheel by using equation …..
W x D2
I = I
gx8
W = Wt. of disc = 9.3kgs.
D = Dia. Of disc. = 250mm.
03. Tth = 2 I where Tth = Periodic time.

K
Tth = Sec.t
04. Calculate critical damping factor.
Ctc = 4 x I x Kt
05. Determine logarithmic decrement ‘’ as follows :
1 Xn
 = loge
r Xntr
Where, Xn = Amplitude of Vib. At the beginning of measurement to be found

from record.
Xntr = Amplitude of Vib. After ‘r’ cycles from record.
r = No. of cycles.
EXPERIMENT NO.09.
FORCED VIBRATIONS

AIM :
To study the forced lateral vibrations of the beam for different damping.
DESCRIPTION:
Fig.11 shows the general set-up. Slightly heavy rectangular section bar than used for
Expt.No.10 is supported at both ends in trunion fittings. Exciter unit with the weight
platform can be clamped at any convenient position along the beam. Exciter unit is
connected to the damper which provides the necessary damping.
DIAGRAM:
Fig11: Forced vibration of spring mass system with damping.
PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange the set up as shown in Fig.11.
2. Connect he exciter D.C. Motor to supply.

3. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
4. Wait for minutes for amplitude to build up for particular forcing frequency.
5. Adjust the position of strip chart recorder. Take the record of amplitude Vs. forcing
frequency on strip chart recorder by starting recorder motor.
6. Take record by changing forcing frequency.

7. Repeat the experiment for different damping.
8. Plot graph of amplitude Vs. frequency for each damping.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Forcing frequency Amplitude
C.S. of the beam – 25 x 8mm Wt. of the beam = 2.1Kg/m.
Prepare similar observation tables for different damping conditions.

EXPERIMENT 10
JOURNAL BEARING APPARATUS
AIM: To study the characteristics of oil distribution in a journal bearing apparatus
INTRODUCTION:
Journal Bearing Apparatus is designed on the bearing action used in practice.
To formulate the bearing action accurately in mathematical terms is a more complex job.
However, one can visualize the pattern of bearing pressure distribution due to the
hydrodynamic action with the help of experimental rig. This helps to understand the
subject properly.
The experimental rig consists of a small journal bearing as shown in Fig. No.1. This
apparatus helps to demonstrate and study the effect of important variables such as speed,
viscosity and load, on the pressure distribution in a Journal Bearing. This pressure
distribution can be verified with Sommerfield equations.
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is illustrated in fig. No.1. It consists of an MS bearing mounted freely on
steel Journal shaft (A). This journal shaft is fixed directly on to a motor shaft (S). A
Dimmerstat finely controls the speed of the D.C motor. The Journal Bearing (E) has twelve
(No 1 to 12) equispaced pressure tapings around its circumference and four No. A, B, C, D
additional pressure tapings are positioned on the topside of the bearing. The two sides of
bearing are closed with two MS plates and sealed with gasket packing to avoid leakage.
Small balancing weights (J) are provided to maintain the bearing taking the readings. Both
the weights can be adjusted freely along the rod.
Oil film pressures are indicated in a tall 16-tube manometer board reading directly in head
of oil. Clear flexible plastic tubes are closed on the manometer board and connected to the
tapings spaced around bearing, and thus permit the bearing to turn freely. The oil reservoir
can be adjusted at required height and is connected to the bearing by a flexible plastic
tube. From this reservoir oil enters the bearing through this plastic tube.
DIAGRAM:

Fig12 :Journal Bearing Apparatus set up
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Diameter of Journal (A) = 2r = 50.7mm
2. Diameter of bearing (E) = 2r = 54.7mm( with 16 radial tapings)
3. Bearing width (L) = 70mm
4. Weight of the bearing with attachments1.870kg without
5. Weight of balancing load (J) =
6. Weight set (F) = Wt. No. 1 : 962gms, Wt. No. 2 : 630gms
7. Motor (C) = ½ HP, PMDC Motor, 1500rpm variable speed.
8. Motor control = 2amp. DC dimmer for motor speed control upto 1500rpm.
9. Manometer board with 16 tubes of 200cm. Height with suitable scales and adjustable
oil supply tank.
10. Recommended oil = Lubricating oil SAE 20 or SAE 30.
11. Supply required AC single phase 230v. 50Hz stabilized.
NOTE: Various speeds of the motor are to be measured by Tachometer during the
experiments in procedure. (Tachometer to be made available by user.)
THEORY OF JOURNAL BEARINGS:
The mathematical analysis of the behavior of a journal in a bearing falls into two distinct
categories as given in the appendix to this manual. They are:
1. Hydrodynamics of fluid flow between plates.
2. Journal bearing analysis where the motion of the journal in the oil films is considered.

According to the equation the Sommerfield pressure function (when the velocity of the
eccentricity and the whirl-speed of the journal are both zero) is given by:
-6 r2 n * sin   (+ n cos )

P- Po = 
2(2+n2) (1+n cos ) 2
Where ‘p’ is the pressure of the oil film at the point measured clockwise from the line of
common centers (00) and P = Po and  =  refer to fig no.2
NOTE: Some books on lubrication give the Sommerfield function with a negative sign for
‘n’. This is true if it is measured from the point of minimum thickness of the oil film that is
n =  (1 – n cos  )
It is also proved in the analysis that maximum pressure occurs at
Cos  m = 3n + n2
Hence minimum pressure occurs at the point  = - m. The total load ‘p’ on the journal is
given by equation (acting perpendicular to the line of centers ‘oo’
P = -12 r3 l    n * 1
 (  + n 2) ( − n2 )
Where l is width of the bearing and the total force along oo` is zero.
The total tractional couple ‘M’ necessary to rotate the journal is given by
M = 4 r3   L * 1 + 2n 2
 ( + n2 )  1 – n2

NOTE
1. When comparing the above expressions for pressures, loads and so on, with
experimental data obtained from the small journal bearing rig, must be measured
from the point where the thickness of the oil film is maximum and in anticlockwise
direction.
2. P – po = 0 at  = 
i.e. p = po at 180 apart from zero.
That is on the pressure curve (head of oil/ angular position) select two points of equal
pressure 180 apart. Of these two points take as origin the point where the thickness of
the oil film is greater, and measure anticlockwise to plot the sommerfield curve after
determining graphically the values of ‘n’ from:
- 3n
Cos m =
2 + n2
and the value of ‘k’ in
(P –Po) max = -k sin m ( 2 + n cos m )
(1 + n cos m)2
Where ‘k’ has the same units of dimensions as ‘p’, ‘n’ is non-dimensional.
RANGE OF EXPERIMENTS:
Determine the pressure distribution in the oil film of the bearing for various speeds and
a) Plot the Cartesian and polar pressure curves for various speeds.
b) Determine the constants ‘n’ and ‘k’ = -6 r2 n

(2+n2)
in the sommerfield pressure function from the Cartesian pressure curves.

c) Plot the sommerfield pressure curve for each speed.
p-po = -k sin  ( 2+ncos )
(  + n cos)
d) Compare the mean load, due to the mean upward pressure on the projected and
developed areas of the bearing with the total applied load.
e) With the aid of the values of ‘n’ and ‘k’ determined as above for each speed ,
determine the total load on the journal
P = 12  r3 l    n * 1
  + n2  1 - n2
and compare with total load on the bearing.
DETERMINATION OF TRACTIONAL TORQUE.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the oil tank by using SAE 20 or SAE 30 lubricating oil under test and position the
tank at the desired height.
2. Drain out the air from the tubes on the manometer and
3. Check that some oil leakage is there. Some leakage of oil is necessary for cooling
purpose.
4. Check the direction of rotation and increase the speed of the motor slowly.
5. Set the speed and let the journal run for about an hour until the oil in the bearing is
warmed up and check the steady oil levels at various tapings.
6. Add the required loads and keep the balancing weight ‘j’ on the rod and observe the
steady levels.
7. When the manometer levels have settled down, take the pressure readings on 1-12
manometer tubes. For circumferential pressure distribution and ab-12-cd tubes for
axial pressure distribution.
8. Repeat the experiment for various speed and loads.
9. After the test is over set dimmer to zero position and switch off the main supply.
10. Keep the oil tank at lower most position so that there will be no leakage in the idle
period.
GRAPHS:

I. Graph to be plotted for pressure head of oil above supply head in cm. Of oil, at
angular intervals of 30 of the oil film. The angular interval positions are measured
clockwise, commencing with position marked ‘1’ in fig.
II. Graph is drawn for theoretical and experimental pressure curves for journal N1 =
N.R.P.M.
III. Graph is plotted for experimental pressure curves along the length of bearing at
these speeds.
TABLE – 1
TYPICAL RESULTS W.R.T. MANOMETER TUBES
PS = SUPPLY HEAD = P0
WEIGHT OF BEARING =
Speed : Rev/min
TUBE NO.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A B C D
Pr.
Hd
‘P’
OBSERVATIONS:
The sommerfield pressure function agrees with the experimental pressure curve within
reasonable limits as indicated in fig. Any deviations between the experimental and
theoretical curves can be due to:
1. Human error in taking readings, for example in deciding whether or not the oil levels
in the manometer are absolutely steady before taking a reading.
2. The theoretical analysis is based on the assumption that the thickness of the oil film
h =  +e cos  which is true only if the radial clearance is very small. In practical
journal bearings this assumption is true but in this test rig  = 2.5mm which is very
large. This has been purposely done so that the oil film profile is clearly visible.
3. The total weight of the bearing is = 1.375kg.it can be seen that the oil film in the
bearing does not carry this full weight, a part of the weight appears to be taken by
the seal, and the flexible plastic tubes attached to the bearing.

EXPERIMENT 11
GYROSCOPE SET UP
AIM: To verify the relation T = I x  x p to gyroscope set up
INTRODUCTION:
A) AXIS OF SPIN:
If a body is revolving about an axis the latter is known as axis of spin. (Refer Fig.1 where OX
is the axis of spin).
B) PRECESSION:
Precession means the rotation about the third axis OZ (Refer Fig.1) which is
perpendicular to both the axis of spin ‘OX’ and that of couple ‘OY’.
C) AXIS OF PRECESSION:
The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis of spin ‘OX’ and that of couple ‘OY’ is
known as axis of precession.
D) GYROSCOPE:
It is a body, which, while spinning about an axis, is free to rotate in either directions
under the action of external forces.
Examples : Locomotive, automobile and aero-plane making a turn. In certain cases the
gyroscopic forces are undesirable whereas in other cases the gyroscopic effect may be utilized
in developing desirable forces.
E) GYROSCOPIC EFFECT:
To a body, revolving (or spinning) about an axis say ‘OX’ (Refer fig.1), if a couple
represented by a vector OY perpendicular to ‘OX’ is applied, the body tries to precess
about an axis ‘OZ’ which is perpendicular both to ‘OX’ and ‘OY’. Thus the plane of spin,
plane of precession and plane of gyroscopic couple are mutually perpendicular.
The above combined effect is known as precession or gyroscopic effect.
DESCRIPTION AND WORKING INSTRUCTIONS:

Schematic arrangement of Gyroscope is as shown in the Figure No.3. The motor is coupled
to the disc rotor, which is balanced. The disc shaft rotates about ‘X-X’ axis in two-ball
bearing housed in the frame No.1. This frame can swing about ‘Y-Y’ axis in bearings
provided in the yoke type frame No.2. While in a steady position, Frame No.1 is balanced.
The yoke frame is free to rotate about vertical axis ‘Z-Z’. Thus freedom of rotation about
three perpendicular axis is given to the rotor.
DIAGRAM:

Fig13 :Gyroscope set up
TECHNICAL DATA:
1) Weight of Rotor (W) : 6.3 Kgs.
2) Rotor Diameter (D) : 300 mm ( 30 cm. )
3) Rotor Thickness : 10mm ( 1 cm )
4) Moment of inertia of the : W x D2/g x 8
disc, coupling and motor : 0.724 kg.cm.sec2
rotor about central axis (I)
5) Distance of bolt of : 20.1cm.
weight pan from disc
center (L)
6) Motor : AC/DC, Fractional HP, Single Phase, 6000 rpm.
RULE NO.1
“The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which tends to make the axis of
spin coincides with that of the precession.”
To study the rule of gyroscopic behaviour following procedure may be adopted.

a) Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor.
b) Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the dimmer, and wait until it attains constant
speed.
c) Process the yoke frame No.2 about vertical axis by applying necessary force by hand to
the same ( in the clockwise sense seen from above).
d) It will be observed that the rotor frame swings about the horizontal axis ‘YY’. Motor side
is seen coming upward and the weight pan side going downwards.
e) Rotate the vertical yoke axis in the anti-clockwise direction seen from above and observe
that the rotor frame swing in opposite sense (as compared to that in previous case
following the above rule).
RULE NO.2
“The spinning body precesses in such a way as to make the axis of spin coincide with that
of the couple applied, through 90o turn axis.”
a) Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame.
b) Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the dimmer and wait till the disc attains
constant speed.
c) Put weight ( 1 Kg., 1.5 Kg. or 2 Kg) in the weight pan, and start the stop watch to note
o o
the time in seconds required for precession, through 30 or 90 etc.
d) The vertical yoke precesses about OZ axis as per the rule No.2.
e) Speed may be measured by the tachometer
f) Enter the observation in the table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Speed Load Time Degrees p Tact Tth

No. N (RPM) (w ) Kgs (dt) sec (d) (rad/sec) (Kg.cm) (Kg.cm)
GYROSCOPIC RELATION:
Tactual = I x  x p, where (Kg.cm) Tact = Gyroscopic Couple

I = M.I. of disc Kg.cm.sec.2
 = Angular velocity of precession of disc in radians per second
2xxN xN
= =
 rad/sec
60 30
Where N = RPM of disc
p = Angular velocity of precession of yoke about vertical axis - radians

per second.
d 
= x
rad/sec.
dt 180
From above find
Tactual = I .  . p Kg.cm
L = Distance of weight
Tth = w.L (Kg.cm.) w = weight applied in kgs.
p is to be calculated for short duration of time, as the balance of rotation of disc about
the horizontal axis YY is due to application of torque, and because of which p goes on
reducing gradually.
CONCLUSION:
It is found that the equation T = I x  x p is verified.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. While measuring the speed with tachometer do not exert pressure on rotor shaft. Use of Non-
contact type tachometer or stroboscope for measurement of motor speed will give better
results.

2. When the speed of rotor spin is changed, it takes some time to attain the constant speed due to
rotor inertia. Hence, it is advised to wait until the rotor spin reaches constant speed.

EXPERIMENT NO.12
STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINE
AIM : To study the static and dynamic balancing for the given mass set up .This
apparatus has been designed to allow the student to check experimentally the normal
method of calculating the position of counter balancing weight in rotating mass systems.
DESCRIPTION:-
The apparatus basically consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff
rectangular main frame. A set of six blocks of different weights is provided and may be
clamped in any position on the shaft, and also be easily detached from the shaft.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame.
Shaft carries a disc and rim of this disc is grooved to take a light cold provided with the
cylindrical metal containers of exactly the same weight.
A scale is fitted to the lower member of the main frame and when used in conjunction
with the circular protractor scale, allows the exact longitudinal and angular position of
each adjustable block to be determined.
The shaft is driven by a 230v single-phase 50hz electric motor, mounted under the main
frame, through a belt.
For static balancing of individual weights the main frame is suspended to the support
frame by chains and in this position the motor driving belt is removed.
For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system the main frame is suspended from
the support frame by two short links such that the main frame and the supporting frame
are in the same plane.
DIAGRAM:
Fig14: Balancing of rotating masses set up

PROCEDURE:-
STATIC BALANCING:
Remove the drive belt. The value of Wr. For each block is determined by clamping each
block in turn on the shaft and with the cord and container system suspended over the
protractor disc, the number of steel balls, which are of equal weight, are placed into one
of the containers to exactly balance the blocks on the shaft. When the block becomes
horizontal, the number of balls ‘N` will give the value of ‘Wr.’ for the block.
For finding out ‘Wr’ during static balancing proceed as follows:
1. Remove the belt.

2. Screw the combined hook to the pulley with groove.
( this pulley is different than the belt pulley.)
3. Attach the cord ends of the pans to the above combined hook.
4. Attach the block no. 1 to the shaft at any convenient position and in vertical
downward direction.
5. Put steel balls in one of the pans till the block starts moving up.(up to horizontal
position.)
6. Number of balls gives the ‘Wr’ value of block 1. Repeat this for 2-3 times and find
the average no of balls.
7. Repeat the procedure for other blocks.
DYNAMIC BALANCING: (REFER FIG.NO.2)
It is necessary to leave the machine before the experiments. Using the values of ‘Wr’
obtained as above, and if the angular positions and planes of rotation of three of four
blocks are known, the student can calculate the positions of other blocks(s) for balancing
of the complete system. From the calculations, the student finally clamps all the blocks
on the shaft in there appropriate positions. Replace the motor belt; transfer the main
frame to its hanging position and then by running the motor, one can verify that these
calculations are correct and the blocks are perfectly balanced.
1. DYNAMIC BALANCING OF 4 BLOCKS

Obtain dynamic balance on a set of four blocks with unbalance as shown, by properly
positioning them in angular and lateral position on the shaft.
SL.No. UNBALANCE (Wr product)
1 74
2 71
3 --
4 76

Distance between each block is 3cm. The arrangement is as shown in fig bellow
3 4 1 2
3cm 3cm 3cm 0 4
(Planes 4 and 1 are unbalance planes 3 and 2 are balancing planes)
First of all assume that reference plane is 3. Then find out the couples for blocks 4,1,&2
with respect to 3 and then draw couple polygon.
Plane Wr Distance from N0.3 Couple
3 70 0. 0.
4 76 3. 228.
1 74 6. 444.
2 71 9. 639.
EXPERIMENT NO.13
UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
INTRODUCTION & DESCRIPTION:
This equipment is designed & developed to enable the students to study the
characteristics of various types of Governors by fixing the mechanisms properly to the
spindle shaft. On this apparatus four types of Governor.
1) Watt 2) Porter 3) Proell 4) Hartnell
can be studied. Characteristics curves of the dead weight Governors and spring loaded
Governor can be drawn.
The apparatus can perform following experiments.
1. Determination of characteristic curve of sleeve position against controlling force
and speed.
2. Plotting of characteristic curve of radius of rotation.

The drive unit consists of a small electric motor connected by a ‘V’ belt to drive
the shaft. The Motor & main shaft are mounted on a rigid M.S. base frame in
vertical fashion. The Governor spindle is supported in a ball bearing.
The unit has a unique facility of fixing optional Governor Mechanisms on spindle, by
removing the nut fitted on top of the spindle shaft. The Dimmerstat provided with this
unit achieves precise speed control. A counter hole over the spindle shaft allows the use
of a hand tachometer to measure the speed of the shaft. (Tachometer is not in the scope
of supply). A graduated scale is fixed to the bracket and guided in vertical direction to
measure the lift.
The center sleeve of the porter and proell Governors incorporates a weight sleeve to
which weights can be added. In the Hartnell Governor spring rate and initial
compression level can be varied. This enables the Hartnell Governor, to be operated as a
stable or unstable Governor.
SPECIFICATIONS:-
1. Electric Motor : DC Motor, Capacity - ¼ hp, 1500rpm speed, Single Phase, 230 V AC.
2. Dimmerstat – 2 Amp., DC Type – for controlling the speed.
3. Separate linkages with balls are provided for Watt & Porter type governor and proell governor
mechanism.
4. Spring loaded linkage for Hartnel Governor Mechanism.
5. Weights for Porter and Proell Governor.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :-
The Governor mechanism as desired, to be tested is fitted with the chosen weights and
spring, where applicable, to the spindle shaft. Ensure that the nut & bolts of all the
moving parts and of the spindle shaft are properly tightened. Then following simple
procedure is to be followed.
1. Keep the knob of the dimmerstat in zero position before switching on the main
supply.
2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor.
Due to this the center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on
the scale. This is initial lift of the sleeve.
3. Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed of
the motor is to be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on
the spindle.
4. Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note down the readings of sleeve
displacement and the corresponding speed. All the readings are to be entered in a tabular
observation table.
5. This procedure is adopted for all the other three Governor mechanisms by properly fitting the assembly
to the spindle shaft.
6. After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmerstat to its original position i.e. zero
slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.

7. Then the results may be plotted as.

a) The graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter & Proell Governor.
b) Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for Watt Governor.
c) Plot the Governor characteristic after doing the necessary
calculations.
SERVICES REQUIRED:-
Earthed A.C. Single Phase, Stabilised Electric Supply, 230V, 50Hz, as standard supply.
SPACE REQUIRED:-
A bench area of 1220 x 610mm (4 x 2 ft.) is suitable.
FOUNDATION:-
It is advisable to fix the base on a solid foundation.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Do not keep the mains ON when the trial is complete.
2. Make proper connections of field of armature of the DC motor.
3. Increase the speed slowly & gradually. Avoid abrupt use of dimmerstat for
controlling the speed.
4. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer is steady.
5. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of
the Governor.
6. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero position and then switch
OFF the motor.
7. Put some lubricating oil on the spindle shaft before it is driven.

EXPERIMENTS:-
1. WATT GOVERNOR :-
Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.5 by using the proper linkages provided.
Tighten the bolts and nuts properly. The assembly is ready for conducting the
experiment. Now follow experimental procedure as mentioned above.Go on
increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speedof rotation `N`
and corresponding sleeve displacement `X`.
DIMENSIONS :-
a) Length of each link - L = 0.125 m.
b) Initial height of Governor – ho = 0.105 m.
c) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.120 m.
d) Weight of each ball - W = 0.6 kgs.
Radius of rotation `r` at any position could be found as
follows
a) Find height h = ho – X/2 mtr.

b) Find “  “ by using  = Cos (h/L)
–1 in Degrees
c) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin  mtr.
d) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr.No. Speed Sleeve Height Radius of Force

Displacement rotation
F = (W/g) x 2 r
N rpm X in meter h in m r in m in Kgf
Following graphs to be plotted :
a) Force Vs Radius of rotation.
b) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

A 100
h
o W
B
B

2) PORTER GOVERNOR
Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig. 5 by using the proper linkages

& weights provided. Tighten the bolts and nuts properly. The
assembly is ready for conducting the experiment. Now follow
experimental procedure as mentioned above.
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of

speed of rotation `N` and corresponding sleeve displacement `X`.
Dimensions

d) Weight of each ball - W = 0.6 kgs.
e) Weight of Sleeve weight = 0.5 kgs.
Radius of rotation `r` at any position could be found as follows

a) Find height h = ho – X/2 mtr. ho = 0.10 m
b) Find “  “ by using  = Cos –1 (h/L) in Degrees
c) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin  mtr.
d) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec
OBSERVATION TABLE
F = (W/g) x 2 r


3) PROEL GOVERNOR
Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.5. In the Proell governor, with the use of fly
weights (forming full ball) the governor becomes highly sensitive. Under these conditions
large sleeve displacement is observed for very small change in speed. Hence, it is suggested
that increase the speed of the motor very slowly and carefully to get the lift.
Dimensions
d) Weight of ball - W = 0.6 kgs.
e) Extension of length BG = 0.075 m.
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of

rotation ‘N’ and corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’. Complete the following
observation table.

F = (W/g) x 2 r
a) Find height h = ho – ( x/2 )
b) Find r in static condition for different sleeve displacement

c) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec

a) Sleeve Disp. 'X' Vs 'r' Radius of rotation.
To draw this graph proceed as follows :
1) Keep the Governor in static position.
2) By lifting the Governor Mechanism manually measure the

sleeve displacement and corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of
balls.
b) Force Vs Radius of rotation 'r'.
c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

Proell Governor Assembly

Link Spindle Shaft
Ball
Sleeve Weight
Drive Motor
Sleeve
Scale
Dimmerstat
Bearing
Block
Belt
ro
A 100
h0
BG
ro
B
Sleeve Weight

L
C

4) HARTNEL GOVERNOR
Make the arrangement as shown in Fig. 4 & 5

Dimensions
a) Length - a = 0.077 m.
b) Length – b = 0.102 m.
c) Weight of ball - W = 0.6 kgs.
d) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.165 m.
e) Spring stiffness - P = 5 Kg/cm.
f) Free Length of spring = 0.13 m.
1) Measure initial compression of the spring.
2) Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed

of rotation ‘N’ and corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’. Radius of
rotation ‘r’ at any position could be found as follows:
r = ro + x (a/b) mtr.
3) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec
4) Spring force = in ( Kgs. )

( Free Length of Spring – Compressed Length of Spring ) x spring Stiffness
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr.No. Speed Sleeve Radius of rotation Force

Displacement
F = (W/g) x 2 r
N rpm X in m r in m
Following graphs then be plotted to study governor characteristics:


EXPERIMENT NO.14
STRESS ANALYSIS IN CURVED BEAMS

Working Procedure
• Fix the specimens in the C-clamp arrangement of the frame, so that it provides point
loading for the specimen.
• Connect the Strain Indicator to the AC Supply, and switch on the strain indicator.
• Connect the Strain Gauge of the inner fibre point whose strain is to be calculated, to the
probe of Strain Indicator.
• Hang the weighing pan to the specimen whose strain is to be calculated.
• Set the Strain Indicator reading to zero, using coarse and fine knob provided on the strain
indicator.
• Put the weight in the weighing pan, and wait till we get the stable readings
• Note down the strain from display of the strain indicator.
• Repeat the same procedure for different loads, and note down the readings.
• Disconnect the Strain Gauge from the strain indicator, and attach the strain indicator to
the outer fibre point Strain gauge.
• Note down the readings by applying weights.
• Repeat the experiment for different specimens
Disconnect all the wires and switch off the Strain Indicator
1.1.1 Circular Beam
Dimensions of Circular Beam Specimen:

1. Inner diameter (Di) = 200mm
2. Outer diameter (Do) = 212mm
3. Thickness (h) = 6mm
4. Width (b) = 30mm
5. Young’s Modulus = 0.71×105 N/mm2
Calculations:

For rectangular c/s:

ℎ
𝑅𝑛 =
𝑅𝑜
ln ( 𝑅𝑖 )
Where, Rn = Radius of Neutral axis. ; h = Height of c/s.; Ro = Outer radius of curvature.

Ri = Inner radius of curvature.
6
𝑅𝑛 =
106
𝑙𝑛 (100)
Rn = 102.97mm
e = R-Rn = 103 - 102.97 = 0.03mm.

Therefore,
𝐶𝑖 = 𝑅𝑛 − 𝑅𝑖
Ci = Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber.
Ci = 102.97- 100 = 2.97mm.
𝐶𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖
Co = Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber
Co = 106 - 102.97 = 3.03mm.
Bending Moment about centroidal axis (at section 900 away from the axis of loading)
MB = -0.182F×R
MB = -0182×F×103
MB = -18.74×F N-mm
Stress at inner fiber
𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑀𝐶𝑖
𝜎𝑖 = −
2𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑖
σi = F - (-18.74) F×2.97
2×30×6 30×6×0.03×100
σi = 0.105F N/mm2
Stress at outer fiber
𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑀𝐶𝑜
𝜎𝑜 = +
2𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑜
σo = F + (-18.74) F×2.97
2×30×6 30×6×0.03×100
σo= - 0.096F N/mm2

Strain
𝜎
𝐸 =
𝜀𝑖
Or
𝜎
𝜀𝑖 =
𝐸
For 2kg load
Inner Fiber
𝜀𝑖 = 0.105 ×9.81×2
0.71×105
𝜀𝑖 = 29.01×10-6
Outer fiber
𝜀𝑜 = -0.096×9.81×2
0.71×105
𝜀𝑜 = 26.47×10-6
Tabular Column:
Results at 900 away from the application of load
Stress at inner Stress at Strain at inner Strain at outer
fiber σi outer fiber fiber εi fiber
Trial Weight Weight F(N) (N/mm2) σ0 (N/mm2)
No. W(kg) (µ-strain) εo
(µ-strain)
1 0.2 1.962 0.2 -0.188 2.81 -2.64
2 0.5 4.905 0.515 -0.47 7.25 -6.61
3 1 9.81 1.03 -0.941 14.5 -13.23
4 1.5 14.72 1.55 -1.412 21.8 -19.89
5 2 19.62 2.06 -1.882 29.01 -26.47
1.1.2 Semi - Circular Beam

Dimensions of Semi-Circular Specimen:

4. Width (b) = 30mm
Calculations:
ℎ
𝑅𝑛 =
𝑅𝑜
ln ( 𝑅𝑖 )
Where, Rn = Radius of Neutral axis.

h = Height of c/s.
Ro = Outer radius of curvature.
6
𝑅𝑛 =
106
𝑙𝑛 (100)
Rn = 102.97mm
e = R-Rn = 103 - 102.97 = 0.03mm.

Therefore,

𝐶𝑖 = 𝑅𝑛 − 𝑅𝑖 Ci = Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber.

Ci = 102.97- 100 = 2.97mm. 𝐶𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖
Co = Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber Co = 106 - 102.97 = 3.03mm
Bending Moment about centroidal axis
M = F×R
M = 103F N-mm
𝐹 𝑀𝐶𝑖
𝜎𝑖 = +
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑖
σi = F + 103F×2.97
30×6 30×6×0.03×100
σi = 0.572F N/mm2
𝐹 𝑀𝐶𝑜
𝜎𝑜 = −
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑜
σo = F - 103F×3.03
30×6 30×6×0.03×100
σ o = - 0.539F N/mm2
Strain
𝜎
𝐸 =
𝜀𝑖
Or
𝜎
𝜀𝑖 =
𝐸
For 2kg load
Inner Fiber
𝜀𝑖 = 0.572×9.81×2
0.71×105
𝜀𝑖 = 118.59×10-6
Outer Fiber

𝜀𝑖 = -0.539×9.81×2
0.71×105
𝜀𝑜 = 111.69×10-6
Tabular Column:
Results at 90o away from the application of load
Trial Weight Weight Stress at Stress at Strain at Strain at
No. inner fiber σi outer fiber inner fiber outer fiber
W(kg) F(N) (N/mm2) εi εo
σ0 (N/mm2)
(µ-strain) (µ-strain)
1 0.2 1.962 1.12 -1.05 17.18 -14.78
2 0.5 4.905 2.80 -2.646 39.43 -37.26
3 1 9.81 5.61 -5.29 79.02 -74.50
4 1.5 14.72 8.42 -7.93 118.59 -111.69
5 2 19.62 11.22 -10.25 158.02 -149.01
Quarter Beam
Dimensions of Circular Beam Specimen:

4. Width (b) = 30mm

Calculations:
ℎ
𝑅𝑛 =
𝑅𝑜
ln ( 𝑅𝑖 )
Where, Rn = Radius of Neutral axis.

h = Height of c/s.
Ro = Outer radius of curvature.
6
𝑅𝑛 =
106
𝑙𝑛 (100)
Rn = 102.97mm
e = R-Rn = 103 - 102.97 = 0.03mm.

Therefore,
𝐶𝑖 = 𝑅𝑛 − 𝑅𝑖
Ci = Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber.
Ci = 102.97- 100 = 2.97mm.
𝐶𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖
Co = Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber
Co = 106 - 102.97 = 3.03mm.
Bending Moment about centroidal axis
M = F cos 10o× R
M = F cos10o × 103
M = 101.43 F N-mm
𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑀𝐶𝑖
𝜎𝑖 = −
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑖
σi = F - 101.43F× 2.97
30×6 30×6×0.03×100
σi = - 0.5523 F N/mm2


𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑀𝐶𝑜
𝜎𝑜 = +
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑜
Stress at Strain at Strain at

Weight Stress at inner fiber outer fiber
Trial Weight inner fiber σo =
No. W(kg) σi
outer fiber εi (µ-strain) εo (µ-strain)
F(N) σ0 (N/mm2) F +
(N/mm2)
101.4
1 0.2 1.962 -1.083 1.064 -15.25 14.98 3×
2 0.5 4.905 -2.70 2.66 -38.02 37.46 3.03
3 1 9.81 -5.41 5.32 -76.19 74.92

30×6
4 1.5 14.72 -8.13 7.98 -114.5 112.39
30×6×
5 2 19.62 -10.83 10.64 -152.53 149.85 0.03×
100
σo= 0.5424 F N/mm2
Strain
𝜎
𝐸 =
𝜀𝑖
Or
𝜎
𝜀𝑖 =
𝐸
For 2kg load
Inner Fiber
𝜀𝑖 = -0.5523×9.81×2
0.71×105
𝜀𝑖 = 114.5×106
Outer Fiber
𝜀𝑜 = 0.5424×9.81×2
0.71×105
𝜀𝑜 = 112.39×106

Tabular Column:
Results at 800 away from the application of load
1.3 Experimental Results

1.3.1Circular Beam (A)
1.3.2 Circular Beam (B)
Sl. Weight Strain at Inner Fiber (µ-strain) Strain at Outer Fiber ( µ-strain)
No W(Kg) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg.
1. 0.2 -14 -16 -15 -15 14 14 15 14.33
2. 0.5 -38 -39 -39 -38.6 36 37 38 37
3. 1.0 -77 -76 -78 -77 74 75 75 74.67
4. 1.5 -115 -116 -114 -115 114 112 113 112
5. 2.0 -152 -154 -153 -152.3 150 151 150 150.33

Sl. Weight Strain at Inner Fiber (µ-strain) Strain at Outer Fiber (µ-strain)
No W(Kg) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg.
1. 0.2 3 3 3 3 -2.5 -3 -2 -2.5
2. 0.5 7 8 7.5 7.5 -6 -6.5 -7 -6.5
3. 1.0 15 14.5 14 14.5 -13 -14 -12 -13
4. 1.5 21.5 23.5 22.5 22.5 -20 -20 -20 -20
5. 2.0 31 29 30 30 -24.5 -25.5 -25 -25
1.3.4 Quarter Beam
Sl. Weight Strain at Inner Fiber (µ-strain) Strain at Outer Fiber (µ-strain)
No W(Kg) Trial Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg.
1. 0.2 16.5 15.5 16 16 -16 -15.5 -15 -15.5
2. 0.5 40 39 39.5 39.5 -38.5 -36.5 -37.5 -37.5
3. 1.0 80 82 81 81 -75 -74 -76 -75
4. 1.5 121.5 122.5 122 122 -113 -111 -112 -112
5. 2.0 160 159 161 160 -152 -153 -154 -153
VIVA QUESTIONS

Design Lab Experiments

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design Lab Experiments

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design Laboratory Manual

SIMPLE PENDULUM EXPERIMENT

Where, T = Periodic time in sec.

L = Length of Pendulum in cms.

Fig 1. Simple pendulum Set up

1. Attach each ball to one end of the thread.

4. Complete the observation table given below.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 2

Length No. of Time for T-‘ sec’

Weight of big ball : 75 gms., dia : 60mm

Weight of small ball : 125 gms., dia : 80mm

Sl.No. Length of Time period Time

Plot the graph T Vs L. It should yield the straight line.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 3

1. To determine the radius of gyration ‘K’ of given compound pendulum.

Where, T = Periodic time in sec.

K = Radius of gyration about C.G. c.m.

OG1= Distance of the C.G. of beam from support : 300 mm

OG2= Distance of C.G. of beam from 2nd point : 150mm

L = Length of suspended pendulum : 800 mm

Fig 2: Coumpound Pendulum set up

2. Note the length of suspended pendulum.

4. Repeat the experiment by varying the length of pendulum.

5. Complete the observation table given below.

No. of Time for T- sec K

Where, Tex = Periodic time.

t = Time for ‘n’ osc.

Sl.No. Length of Time period Time Period Theoretical

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 5

Fig 3: Bifilar Supension set up

4. Complete the observation table given below.

Sr. Length No. of Time for Periodic K K

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 6

No. L cms. Oscn ‘n’ Osc. Texpt = ental Theore-

Where, 2a = distance between two cords cms. : 500mm

Kex = Radius of gyration of bi-filar suspension.

(2) Radius of gyration (Kth) is theoretically found out by following formula

[3] Wt. No. 1 – 0.5 Kg. – 2 Nos.

Wt. No. 2 – 1.0 Kgs. – 2 Nos.

Sr.No. K Experimental K Theoretical

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 7

SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Fig 4: Spring Mass system

2. Determine free length of the spring, which is initial length.

6. Determine the actual period.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 8

2. Mean dia. Of spring :

3. Wire dia. : 3mm

No. of Osc. Time required Periodic time Periodic time

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 9

02. Find T theoretical by using relation

Time Period Time Period Frequency Frequency

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 10

FORCED VIBRATION OF EQUIVALENT SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Fig: Spring mass System.

2. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 11

5. Take record by changing forcing frequencies.

Forcing Frequency cp.s. Amplitude mm.

Prepare similar observation tables for various damping conditions.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi-10 Page 12

TORSIONAL VIBRATION EXPERIMENT(SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM)