sinuses open into the middle meatus.

The bulla ethmoidalis is a smooth, rounded mass formed by

the anterior ethmoidal cells. The ostia of these cells open on to the bulla or above it. Inferior
meatus receives the nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct. Bulla ethmoidalis is a smooth,
rounded mass formed by the anterior ethmoidal cells (Wolfgang Draf, 2008).

Figure 2.1 Lateral wall of nasal cavity (Dhingra PL, 6th edition, 2014)
2.6 Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses are air spaces within certain bones of the skull. There are four on each
side: maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinuses, frontal sinus, sphenoidal sinus. They are lined with a
mucous membrane continuous with that of the corresponding nasal fossa through the Ostia. The
mucous membrane of the nose is of two types;
Respiratory: This lines the lower two thirds of the nasal septum, the lateral wall of the
nose below the superior turbinate and the floor of the nasal fossa. It is covered by a ciliated,
columnar epithelium. Goblet cells containing thick mucus, lie among the ciliated cells.
Olfactory: It lies the upper one third of the nasal septum, the roof of the nose and the
lateral wall above and including the superior turbinate. The olfactory epithelium is of non-
ciliated columnar cells. It contains serous glands of Bowman (Wolfgang Draf, 2008).
2.7 Physiology of the nose
The nose contains the organ of smell as well as that of respiration. It warms, cleans and
humidifies the inspired air, and cools and removes water from the expired air, it also adds quality
to speech production (Drake-Lee, 2008).