NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
NAME: DATE:

GROUP # SECTION:
LABORATORY ACTIVITY # 7
ORIFICE AND JET FLOW

I. INTRODUCTION
An orifice is an opening of any size or shape, in a pipe or at the bottom or
side wall of a container (water tank, reservoir, etc.), through which fluid is
discharged. If the geometric properties of the orifice and the inherent
properties of the fluid are known, the orifice is based on the application of
Bernoulli’s equation, which states that a relationship exists between the
pressure of the fluid and its velocity. The flow velocity and discharge
calculated based on the Bernoulli’s equation should be corrected to include
the effects of energy loss and viscosity. Therefore, for accurate results, the
coefficient of velocity (𝐶𝑣) and the coefficient of discharge (𝐶𝑑) should be
calculated for an orifice. This experiment is being conducted to calibrate the
coefficients of the given orifices in the lab. Orifices have many applications in
engineering practice besides the metering of fluid flow in pipes and reservoirs.
Flow entering a culvert or storm drain inlet may act as orifice flow; the bottom
outlet of a dam is another example. The coefficients of velocity and discharge
are necessary to accurately predict flow rates from orifices.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
II. OBJECTIVES
To determine the flow rate, the coefficient of discharge and the coefficient of
velocity using the HB 019 Orifice and Jet Flow apparatus

III. APPARATUS:
 Hydraulic Bench Apparatus
 Orifice and Jet Flow Measuring Device
 Graduated Pitcher
 Stopwatch/Timer

IV. THEORY:

As the water level in the tank is above the orifice with a height of H, the velocity of
water discharged through the orifice can be found from Bernoulli’s equation
applied between point (1) at the water surface in the tank and point (20 in the jet
flowing out of the tank this velocity is V = √2𝑔𝐻. This velocity consists of two
components a horizontal and vertical component as air resistance is negligible
velocity V can be considered as a constant.

At the same time the jet path is dropping due to the forces of gravity starting from
0 velocity at the orifice.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY
If the effect of air resistance on the jet leaving the orifice is neglected, the horizontal
component of the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal
distance traveled by jet (x) in time (t) is equal to:
𝑥 =𝑣∙𝑡 (1)

The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration
downward due to the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may
be calculated as:

1
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡2 (2)
2

Rearranging Equation (2) gives:

2𝑦 0.5
𝑡=( ) (3)
𝑔
Substitution of t and v from Equations (3) and (2)2𝑦into Equation (1) results in:
𝑥 = 𝐶 √2𝑔ℎ ( )0.5 (4)
𝑣 𝑔

Equations (4) can be rearranged to find 𝐶𝑣:

𝑥
𝐶𝑣 =
2√𝑦ℎ

Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of 𝐶𝑣 can
be determined from the x and y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against
√𝑦ℎ will have a slope of 2𝐶𝑣

When the lower end of needle is at the same level as the center of the orifice then Y = 0 is
made on the panel behind the needle near the end of the first needle.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
The Coefficient of Discharge, 𝐶𝑑
The volume of water in experiment of item 2.1 is directly measured by the measuring tank or
the measuring cup. Therefore, actual flow rate can be determined by dividing the volume of
water with a measured unit of time recorded on a stopwatch.

Theoretical flow rate:

𝑸𝒕𝒉 = 𝑨𝑽𝒕𝒉
𝑚
Where: 𝑉 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, ; (𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻)
𝑡ℎ 𝑠 𝑡ℎ
𝜋𝑑2
A = Cross sectional area 𝑚2 ; (𝐴 = )
4
D = diameter of the orifice, m (d = 4mm or 8mm)

Actual flow rate 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 can be measure in the experiment:

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Thus, the coefficient of discharge will be:
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑑 = =
𝑄𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑑 = 𝜋𝑑2
4 √2𝑔𝐻

From the experiment, we can see that 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 is lower than 𝑄𝑡ℎ. This is because of the
contraction of the diameter of the jet after passing through the orifice. This is known as vena
contracta which will be found at a distance of one-half d outwards. Another reason is that there
is some energy loss due to the viscosity of the water then flowing.

By varying the water level in the tank or changing the orifice size various values 𝐶𝑑 can
be found.

V. PROCEDURE:

1. Place the apparatus on the bench and adjust for leveling.

2. Connect the bench outlet to the apparatus inlet.
3. Adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a required level in the tank.
4. Open the water supply valve to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow.
5. Wait until the water level in the tank and jet profile is stable before adjusting
the tips of the probes to be in line with the center of the jet.
6. Record the tip of the probe profile (upper tips) from scales.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
7. Record the volume of flow using a stopwatch and the bench measuring tank
or measuring cup.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXZe5VREIt4&t=1s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3bVnho3NXc&t=63s
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

VI. SAMPLE DATA AND RESULTS:

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

ORIFICE AND JET FLOW

Experiment No.

1 2 3 4 5
Water Level (H), mm 410 390 370 350 200
Volume (v), L 2 2 2 2 2
Time (t), sec 141.8 142.97 147.29 148.6 199.23
𝟑
Flow Rate (𝑸 ), 𝒎 (x𝟏𝟎−𝟓) 1.41 1.40 1.36 1.35 1.00
𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄
Y from scale
𝑿𝟏 = 50, 𝒀𝟏 0 0 0 0 3
𝑿𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝒀𝟐 4 5 6 7 15
𝑿𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎, 𝒀𝟑 12 14 15 17 36
𝑿𝟒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝒀𝟒 25 26 29 31 62
𝑿𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝒀𝟓 41 44 46 50 97
𝑿𝟔 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎, 𝒀𝟔 57 63 66 71 138
𝑿𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎, 𝒀𝟕 79 86 93 99 186
𝑿𝟖 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝒀𝟖 105 113 122 128 241
Coefficient of Velocity, 𝑪𝒗
𝑪𝒗 , 1 0 0 0 0 1.021
𝑪𝒗 , 2 1.2347 1.1323 1.0612 1.0102 0.9129
𝑪𝒗 , 3 1.0692 1.0150 1.0067 0.9723 0.8839
𝑪𝒗 , 4 1.0081 0.9931 0.9654 0.9600 0.8980
𝑪𝒗 , 5 0.9641 0.9542 0.9581 0.9449 0.8974
𝑪𝒗 , 6 0.9812 0.9569 0.9599 0.9519 0.9029
𝑪𝒗 , 7 0.9724 0.9556 0.9434 0.9401 0.9073
𝑪𝒗 , 8 0.9639 0.9527 0.9413 0.9449 0.9110
Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝒅
𝐶𝑑 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.73 0.71
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

SAMPLE COMPUTATION:

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

𝐶𝑣1 = 0 𝐶𝑣1 = 0
𝐶𝑉2 =
1
[
100 ] = 1.2347 𝐶 = 1
[
100 ] = 1.1323
2 √(4)(410) 𝑉2 2 √(5)(390)

𝐶𝑉3 =
1
[
150 ] = 1.0692 𝐶 = 1
[
150 ] = 1.0150
3 2 √(14)(390)
2 √(12)(410)

𝐶𝑉4 =
1
[
200 ] = 1.0081 𝐶 = 1
[
200 ] = 0.9931
2 √(24)(410) 𝑉4 2 √(26)(390)

𝐶𝑉5 =
1
[
250 ] = 0.9641 𝐶 = 1
[
250 ] = 0.9542
2 √(41)(410) 𝑉5 2 √(44)(390)

𝐶𝑉6 =
1
[
300 ] = 0.9812 𝐶 = 1
[
300 ] = 0.9569
2 √(57)(410) 𝑉6 2 √(63)(390)

𝐶𝑉7 =
1
[
350 ] = 0.9724 𝐶 = 1
[
350 ] = 0.9556
2 √(79)(410) 𝑉7 2 √(86)(390)

𝐶𝑉8 =
1
[
400 ] = 0.9639 𝐶 = 1
[
400 ] = 0.9527
2 √(105)(410) 𝑉8 2 √(113)(390)

TRIAL 3

𝐶 =0 𝐶 = 1
[
250 ] = 0.9581
𝑣1 𝑉5 2 √(46)(370)

𝐶𝑉2 =
1
[
100 ] = 1.0612 𝐶 = 1
[
300 ] = 0.9434
2 √(6)(370) 𝑉6 2 √(66)(370)

𝐶𝑉3 =
1
[
150 ] = 1.0067 𝐶 = 1
[
350 ] = 0.9434
2 √(15)(370) 𝑉7 2 √(93)(370)

𝐶𝑉4 =
1
[
200 ] = 0.9654 𝐶 = 1
[
400 ] = 0.94
2 √(29)(370) 𝑉8 2 √(122)(370)
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

TRIAL 4

𝐶 =0 𝐶 = 1
[
250 ] = 0.9449
𝑣1 𝑉5 2 √(50)(350)

𝐶𝑉2 =
1
[
100 ] = 1.0102 𝐶 = 1
[
300 ] = 0.9515
2 √(7)(350) 𝑉6 2 √(71)(350)

𝐶𝑉3 =
1
[
150 ] = 0.9723 𝐶 = 1
[
350 ] = 0.9401
2 √(17)(350) 𝑉7 2 √(99)(350)

𝐶𝑉4 =
1
[
200 ] = 0.9600 𝐶 = 1
[
400 ] = 0.9449
2 √(31)(350) 𝑉8 2 √(128)(350)

TRIAL 5

1
𝐶𝑣1 = [
50 ] = 1.0206 𝐶 = 1
[
250 ] = 0.8974
2 √(3)(200) 𝑉5 2 √(97)(200)

𝐶𝑉2 =
1
[
100 ] = 0.9129 𝐶 = 1
[
300 ] = 0.9029
2 √(7)(350) 𝑉6 2 √(138)(200)

𝐶𝑉3 =
1
[
150 ] = 0.8839 𝐶 = 1
[
350 ] = 0.9073
2 √(17)(350) 𝑉7 2 √(186)(200)

𝐶𝑉4 =
1
[
200 ] = 0.8980 𝐶 = 1
[
400 ] = 0.9110
2 √(62)(200) 𝑉8 2 √(241)(200)

TRIAL 1:
1.41 𝑋10−5
𝐶𝑑 = 𝜋 = 0.70
[ (0.003)2]√2(9.81)(0.41)
4
TRIAL 2:
1.40 𝑋10−5
𝐶𝑑 = 𝜋 = 0.72
[ (0.003)2]√2(9.81)(0.39)
4
TRIAL 3:
1.36 𝑋10−5
𝐶𝑑 = 𝜋 = 0.71
[ (0.003)2]√2(9.81)(0.37)
4
TRIAL 4:
1.35 𝑋10−5
𝐶𝑑 = 𝜋 = 0.73
[ (0.003)2]√2(9.81)(0.35)
4
TRIAL 5:
1.00 𝑋10−5
𝐶𝑑 = 𝜋 = 0.71
[ (0.003)2]√2(9.81)(0.20)
4
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

VII. CRITIQUE GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. How does the Orifice and Jet flow apparatus measure the different device
coefficients?
2. If you increase the head acting on the orifice, how does it affect the
discharge flowing out of the orifice and the device coefficients?
3. If you increase the diameter the orifice, how does it affect the discharge
flowing out of the orifice and the device coefficients?
4. How does the flow rate coming in the apparatus affect the trajectory of the
water stream flowing out of the orifice?

Answer to Critic Guide Questions:

1. How does the Orifice and Jet flow apparatus measure the different device
coefficients?

By measuring the trajectory of the water stream coming out of the orifice
plate, the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge of the Orifice
and Jet flow may be calculated. The vertical needles can be used to
measure the jet's trajectory. The fixed-horizontal and vertical coordinates
of the jet trajectory may thus be used to calculate the value of Coefficient
of Velocity by plotting in a graph. The coefficient of velocity can be
calculated by measuring the height and the distance of the water flowing
through the orifice, getting its slope, and dividing it by two.

2. If you increase the head acting on the orifice, how does it affect the
discharge flowing out of the orifice and the device coefficients?

Increasing the head acting, the value of its discharge also increases
given it is directly proportional with the cross-sectional of the orifice same
and when the head acting on the orifice is increasing, the velocity also
increases thus the formula √2𝐺ℎ which states that the head is directly
proportional to its velocity.
The head is also directly related to the coefficient of velocity. Given the
same orifice diameter, a drop in the head will result in decrease in the
coefficient of velocity, according to the group's sample data.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

3. If you increase the diameter the orifice, how does it affect the discharge
flowing out of the orifice and the device coefficients?

The cross-sectional area and discharge are inversely proportional,

meaning that as the diameter of the orifice increases, the velocity of the
fluid reduces, and the discharge of the fluid flowing through the device or
pipe reduces as well.

4. How does the flow rate coming in the apparatus affect the trajectory of the
water stream flowing out of the orifice?

The trajectory of the fluid will reach a greater distance if the flow rate
entering the apparatus is high, which also provides it a high velocity, and it
will reach a shorter distance if the flow rate is low. The fluid's trajectory is
simply affected by the flow rate.

VIII. LABORATORY SET-UP

 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

IX. OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION

By measuring the trajectory of the water stream flowing out of the orifice
the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge can be determined,
using the orifice and free jet flow apparatus. The trajectory of the fluid
coming out from the orifice can be tracked by graphing and plotting the
change in height per distance x. As the head increases, the velocity also
increases since velocity they are directly proportional as discussed and
when the velocity is high, the trajectory of the fluid will reach farther.

Furthermore, percentage error during experiment was unavoidable but

the result of the data can always be checked using the formulas. Errors are
inevitable and may have happened before, after, or during the experiment
Students should ensure that the equipment are set up properly and
calibrated before performing the experiment.