LAB MANUAL

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

ATTOCK CAMPUS
PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Group Members
NAMES REG NO
FARHAN HAIDER FA19-BEE-033
UMAR KHAN FA19-BEE-023
M.SUBHAN FA19-BEE-044

LAB Instructor: Engr. IramShahzadi

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 Rubrics for Principle of Communications (EEE351) Lab

Lab # 08
Lab Title: Sampling Theorem
Submitted by:
Names Registration # Marks
Muhammad FarhanHaider FA19-BEE-033
Muhammad Umar khan FA19-BEE-023
Muhammad Subhan FA19-BEE-044

Rubrics name & number Marks

In-Lab Post-Lab

Engineering R2: Use of Engineering Knowledge and follow Experiment Procedures:

Knowledge Ability to follow experimental procedures, control variables, and record
procedural steps on lab report.

R3: Interpretation of Subject Knowledge:

Ability to interpret and explain mathematical and/or visual forms, including
equations, diagrams, graphics, figures and tables.

Problem R5: Data/Evidence Measurements:

Analysis Ability to record raw data / evidence.

R6: Experimental Data Analysis:

Ability to interpret findings, compare them to values in the literature, identify
weaknesses and limitations.

Design R7: Implementing Design Strategy:

Ability to execute a solution taking into consideration design requirements
and pertinent contextual elements. [Block Diagram/Flow chart/Circuit
Diagram]

R8: Best Coding Standards:

Ability to follow the coding standards and programming practices.
Modern Tools R9: Understand Tools:
Usage Ability to describe and explain the principles behind and applicability of
engineering tools.
R11: Tools Evaluation:
Ability to simulate the experiment and then using hardware tools to verify the
results.
Individual and R12: Individual Work Contributions:
Teamwork Ability to carry out individual responsibilities.

R13: Management of Team Work:

Ability to appreciate, understand and work with multidisciplinary team
members.

Rubrics to follow

Rubrics # R2 R3 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 R12 R13

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 In –Lab

Post- Lab
LAB #08

Sampling Theorem

Objective:
Observe the sampling theorem concept by varying the simulated signal frequency and sampling
frequency and to observe the aliasing effect by varying the simulated frequency.

Introduction:
Reduction of a continuous time signal to a discrete time signal is called sampling. If the
sampling rate exceeds twice the maximum signal frequency, the original signal can be
reconstructed in the receiver with minimal distortion.

Sampling Frequency:
The output sample signal is represented by the samples. These samples are maintained with a
gap, these gaps are termed as sample period or sampling interval (Ts). And the reciprocal of the
sampling period is known as “sampling frequency” or “sampling rate”. The number of samples
is represented in the sampled signal is indicated by the sampling rate.

Sampling frequency Fs=1/Ts

Sampling Theorem Statement:

Sampling theorem states that “continues form of a time-variant signal can be represented in the
discrete form of a signal with help of samples and the sampled (discrete) signal can be recovered

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to original form when the sampling signal frequency Fs having the greater frequency value than
or equal to the input signal frequency Fm.

Fs ≥ 2Fm

Aliasing Effect:
If the sampling frequency (Fs) is less than twice the input signal frequency, such criteria called
an Aliasing effect.

Fs<2Fm

INLAB TASK:
Task#01:
Observe the sampled signal with following sampling rates:
fS = 4*fmax, fS = 8*fmax, and fS = 16*fmax
Also observe the aliasing effect by taking sampling frequency less the 2*fmax.

Task description (derivationetc):

In this task we want to perform when the frequency is the minimum of twice then what they
perform while when the frequency is equal or greater then the twice then what they do.

Brief description of blocks used in VI:

Waveform Graph:A Waveform Graph accepts arrays of data in various forms, e.g. array,
waveform, or dynamic data. It then plots all the received points at once. It does not accept single
point values.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM FRONT PANEL

Pointer Slide

The Horizontal Pointer Slide object allows you to change or adjust an input value from the front
panel.

Graph Indicator:We use graph indicator which contain the waveform.

Get waveform subset:Retrieves a subset of a waveform at a specified time or index.

Aliasing:

Aliasing causes a false lower frequency component to appear in the sampled data of a signal. In
an aliased signal, frequency components actually above the Nyquist frequency appear as frequency
components below the Nyquist frequency.

Convert from dynamic:Use the Convert from Dynamic Data Express VI to convert dynamic data to

numeric, waveform, and array data types for use with other VIs and functions.When you
wire dynamic data to an array indicator, LabVIEW places the Convert from Dynamic Data.

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 BLOCK Digram

FRONT PANEL

Fs ≥ 2Fm

FRONT PANEL

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 Fs<2Fm

 When fS = 4*fmax
fS = 4*fmax

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  When fS = 8*fmax,
When fS = 8*fmax,

When fS = 16*fmax,
fS = 16*fmax,

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Results:
In this task we see that when the frequency is the minimum of twice then they show us aliasing
but when the frequency is equal or greater the twice then they show no aliasing and gives us
better results.

POST-LAB TASKS:

Task# 01Consider a following composite signal:

y = A1sin(2pif1t) + A2sin(2pif2t)
Where
• • A1 = 1 V and A2 = 1/3 V
• • f1 = 1 Hz and f2 = 3 Hz

Sample above composite signal according to Nyquist criteria in LabVIEW using LABVIEW
blocks.

Task description (derivationetc):In this task we want to perform when the frequency is
the minimum of twice then what they perform while when the frequency is equal or greater than
the twice then what they do.

Brief description of main blocks used in VI:

Simulate Signal:The Simulate Signal Express VI allows you to create a waveform.

Addition:This block is used for the addition of two or more numbers.

Subtraction:This block is used for the subtraction of two or more numbers.

Multiplication:This block is used for the multiplication of two or more numbers.

Waveform Graph:A Waveform Graph accepts arrays of data in various forms, e.g. array,

waveform, or dynamic data. It then plots all the received points at once. It does not accept single
point values.

BLOCK DIAGRAM FRONT PANEL

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Pointer Slide:The Horizontal Pointer Slide object allows you to change or adjust an input value
from the front panel.

Graph Indicator:We use graph indicator which contain the waveform.

Get waveform subset:Retrieves a subset of a waveform at a specified time or index

Aliasing:Aliasing causes a false lower frequency component to appear in the sampled data of a signal.
In an aliased signal, frequency components actually above the Nyquist frequency appear as frequency
components below the Nyquist frequency.

Convert from dynamic:Use the Convert from Dynamic Data Express VI to convert dynamic data to

numeric, waveform, and array data types for use with other VIs and functions.When you
wire dynamic data to an array indicator, LabVIEW places the Convert from Dynamic Data.

BLOCK Digram

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 FRONT PANEL

FRONT PANEL

Results:
In this task we see that when the frequency is the minimum of twice then they show us aliasing
but when the frequency is equal or greater the twice then they show no aliasing and gives us
better results.

Conclusion:
In this lab I conclude that we learned about the introduction of Lab View. After performing this
lab, we are familiar to perform that which frequency that signal show aliasing and which
frequency that signal gives us good result.

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