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Principles of Research
Methodology

What is the scientific research ?

We can summarize the definition of scientific research
in the letters of word “PQOEA”

P Problem

Q Question

O Observation

E Experimentation

A Answer

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From the letters of word research we can extract the definition of word

R Repeat

E Examination

S Scientific Method

E Educate yourself

A Answer the question

R Revise

C Collecting

H Hunt for truth

Aims of research ?
Research has two main aims :

Answer the question ;that is

mainly a basic science and Answer
its called pure research . question

Solve a problem ; its Solve

requiring application and its problem
called applied research

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Biomedical research
In biomedical
research, this may
include

application of an
description of a definition of a new development of a existing principle
new phenomenon relationship new model or procedure to a
new context

What is difference between researcher and scientist?

Researcher is the person who doing research

depending on hypothesis .
While scientist is the one who dealing with science
depending on theories.

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Qualities of qualified researcher :

Knowing the difficulties lying ahead

Critical thinking

Creative thinking

Active planning

Time management

Team work

Qualities of qualified researcher :

Self-learning

Motivation

Interesting

Inquisitiveness ‫فضول‬

Scholarly approach

Presentation

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Things you should to do.

Self-learning

Always ask

Consider theories

Practical application

Volunteer activities

Methods of research

Inductive )‫(استقرائي‬
Deductive) ‫(استنتاجي‬

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Inductive Method )‫(استقرائي‬

Inductive is employed to develop generalizations
from repeated observations.

we conclude that all

people with
All people deficiencies in
observed with symptoms of pancreatic insulin
deficiencies in diabetes production have the
pancreatic insulin symptoms of
production diabetes.

Deductive Method )‫(استنتاجي‬

Deductive inference from general statements

( rules) to particular statements (conclusions)

If all people with Mr D has diabetes

diabetes are known to (case), then Mr D has
have deficiencies in deficiencies in
pancreatic insulin pancreatic
production (rule), insulin production
(conclusion).

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Basic and applied Researches

Basic
In basic research its objective is to :-
• expand knowledge by exploring ideas
and questions and developing
models and theories to explain
phenomena.
• Basic research typically does not seek
to provide immediate solutions to
practical problems

Basic and applied Researches

Applied
In applied research its objective is to :-
• Find solutions to practical problems
• In medicine, applied research searches improve the
treatment of a specific disease
• clinical trials of new drugs and devices in human subjects
or evaluation of new uses for existing
therapeutic interventions.

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Retrospective Versus Prospective

Research

Prospective
Prospective when data are collected starting with or
subsequent to initiation of the study.

The present The future

Retrospective Versus Prospective

Research

Retrospective
Retrospective when data are generated prior to initiation of
the study.

The past The present

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Descriptive Versus Analytic Research

Descriptive studies
Describes data and characteristics about the population or
phenomenon being studied . However it dose not answer
questions about eg; how/when/why the characteristics
occurred .

Descriptive Versus Analytic Research

Analytic studies
Analytic studies attempt to determine how/when or why
these problems occurred .

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Observational Versus Experimental

Research

Observational studies

the investigator is passive with respect to the factors of

interest as these usually are naturally
occurring risk factors or exposures outside of the
investigator’s control.

Observational Versus Experimental

Research

Experimental studies

Experimental studies, the input of interest not

only is measured or observed but is purposively
applied by the investigator, who manipulates
events by arranging for the intervention to occur

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